{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T05:54:48Z","timestamp":1781675688972,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.110999","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T05:21:17Z","timestamp":1781673677000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Assessment of Salivary Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin (NGAL) Levels Among Subjects With Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma, Periodontitis, Smokeless Tobacco Users, Smokers, and Healthy Individuals: A Cross-Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Sayali S","family":"Dongare","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sameer A","family":"Zope","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Girish","family":"Suragimath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siddhartha","family":"Varma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Apurva V","family":"Kale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(05)67728-8","article-title":"Periodontal diseases","volume":"366","author":"Pihlstrom BL","year":"2005","unstructured":"Pihlstrom BL, Michalowicz BS, Johnson NW. Periodontal diseases. Lancet. 2005, 366:1809-1820. 10.1016\/s0140-6736(05)67728-8","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2017.38","article-title":"Periodontal diseases","volume":"3","author":"Kinane DF","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kinane DF, Stathopoulou PG, Papapanou PN. Periodontal diseases. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2017, 3:17038. 10.1038\/nrdp.2017.38","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-025-04648-6","article-title":"The role of the oral microbiome in periodontal disease: a systematic review of microbial associations and therapeutic implications","volume":"83","author":"Alavi SE","year":"2025","unstructured":"Alavi SE, Ebrahimi Shahmabadi H, Sharma LA, Sharma A. The role of the oral microbiome in periodontal disease: a systematic review of microbial associations and therapeutic implications. Curr Microbiol. 2025, 83:64. 10.1007\/s00284-025-04648-6","journal-title":"Curr Microbiol"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms14030641","article-title":"Periodontal disease and its association with Porphyromonas gingivalis: current understanding of microbial dysbiosis, immunopathology and immune evasion","volume":"14","author":"Robins S","year":"2026","unstructured":"Robins S, Strachan A, Salih V, Foey A. Periodontal disease and its association with Porphyromonas gingivalis: current understanding of microbial dysbiosis, immunopathology and immune evasion. Microorganisms. 2026, 14:641. 10.3390\/microorganisms14030641","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.12169","article-title":"Host modulation: controlling the inflammation to control the infection","volume":"75","author":"Bartold PM","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bartold PM, Van Dyke TE. Host modulation: controlling the inflammation to control the infection. Periodontol 2000. 2017, 75:317-329. 10.1111\/prd.12169","journal-title":"Periodontol 2000"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034514552491","article-title":"Global burden of severe periodontitis in 1990-2010: a systematic review and meta-regression","volume":"93","author":"Kassebaum NJ","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kassebaum NJ, Bernab\u00e9 E, Dahiya M, Bhandari B, Murray CJ, Marcenes W. Global burden of severe periodontitis in 1990-2010: a systematic review and meta-regression. J Dent Res. 2014, 93:1045-1053. 10.1177\/0022034514552491","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/JPER.18-0006","article-title":"Staging and grading of periodontitis: framework and proposal of a new classification and case definition","volume":"89 Suppl 1","author":"Tonetti MS","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tonetti MS, Greenwell H, Kornman KS. Staging and grading of periodontitis: framework and proposal of a new classification and case definition. J Periodontol. 2018, 89 Suppl 1:S159-S172. 10.1002\/JPER.18-0006","journal-title":"J Periodontol"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1993.tb18343.x","article-title":"Methods for collecting saliva","volume":"694","author":"Navazesh M","year":"1993","unstructured":"Navazesh M. Methods for collecting saliva. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1993, 694:72-77. 10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1993.tb18343.x","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10266-004-0043-4","article-title":"Tobacco smoking and chronic destructive periodontal disease","volume":"92","author":"Bergstr\u00f6m J","year":"2004","unstructured":"Bergstr\u00f6m J. Tobacco smoking and chronic destructive periodontal disease. Odontology. 2004, 92:1-8. 10.1007\/s10266-004-0043-4","journal-title":"Odontology"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oraloncology.2008.06.002","article-title":"Global epidemiology of oral and oropharyngeal cancer","volume":"45","author":"Warnakulasuriya S","year":"2009","unstructured":"Warnakulasuriya S. Global epidemiology of oral and oropharyngeal cancer. Oral Oncol. 2009, 45:309-316. 10.1016\/j.oraloncology.2008.06.002","journal-title":"Oral Oncol"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3322\/canjclin.52.4.195","article-title":"Oral cancer and precancerous lesions","volume":"52","author":"Neville BW","year":"2002","unstructured":"Neville BW, Day TA. Oral cancer and precancerous lesions. CA Cancer J Clin. 2002, 52:195-215. 10.3322\/canjclin.52.4.195","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2021.108409","article-title":"DNA damage, DNA repair and carcinogenicity: Tobacco smoke versus electronic cigarette aerosol","volume":"789","author":"Tang MS","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tang MS, Lee HW, Weng MW, et al.. DNA damage, DNA repair and carcinogenicity: Tobacco smoke versus electronic cigarette aerosol. Mutat Res Rev Mutat Res. 2022, 789:108409. 10.1016\/j.mrrev.2021.108409","journal-title":"Mutat Res Rev Mutat Res"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/toxres\/tfaf053","article-title":"Benzo(a)pyrene triggers cytotoxicity by disrupting cell cycle dynamics and activating Caspase-3-mediated apoptosis in multiple human cell lines","volume":"14","author":"Kim CH","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kim CH, Shin GS, Park S, et al.. Benzo(a)pyrene triggers cytotoxicity by disrupting cell cycle dynamics and activating Caspase-3-mediated apoptosis in multiple human cell lines. Toxicol Res (Camb). 2025, 14:tfaf053. 10.1093\/toxres\/tfaf053","journal-title":"Toxicol Res (Camb)"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2337","article-title":"Periodontitis: a polymicrobial disruption of host homeostasis","volume":"8","author":"Darveau RP","year":"2010","unstructured":"Darveau RP. Periodontitis: a polymicrobial disruption of host homeostasis. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2010, 8:481-490. 10.1038\/nrmicro2337","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2013.09.001","article-title":"Immunomicrobial pathogenesis of periodontitis: keystones, pathobionts, and host response","volume":"35","author":"Hajishengallis G","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hajishengallis G. Immunomicrobial pathogenesis of periodontitis: keystones, pathobionts, and host response. Trends Immunol. 2014, 35:3-11. 10.1016\/j.it.2013.09.001","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034510385236","article-title":"Inflammation and uncoupling as mechanisms of periodontal bone loss","volume":"90","author":"Graves DT","year":"2011","unstructured":"Graves DT, Li J, Cochran DL. Inflammation and uncoupling as mechanisms of periodontal bone loss. J Dent Res. 2011, 90:143-153. 10.1177\/0022034510385236","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2008.080220","article-title":"Rethinking periodontal inflammation","volume":"79","author":"Offenbacher S","year":"2008","unstructured":"Offenbacher S, Barros SP, Beck JD. Rethinking periodontal inflammation. J Periodontol. 2008, 79:1577-1584. 10.1902\/jop.2008.080220","journal-title":"J Periodontol"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0167-4838(00)00152-7","article-title":"Human neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin and homologous proteins in rat and mouse","volume":"1482","author":"Kjeldsen L","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kjeldsen L, Cowland JB, Borregaard N. Human neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin and homologous proteins in rat and mouse. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2000, 1482:272-283. 10.1016\/s0167-4838(00)00152-7","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.1738","article-title":"Roles of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) in human cancer","volume":"5","author":"Candido S","year":"2014","unstructured":"Candido S, Maestro R, Polesel J, et al.. Roles of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) in human cancer. Oncotarget. 2014, 5:1576-1594. 10.18632\/oncotarget.1738","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.12380","article-title":"Frailty, aging, and periodontal disease: Basic biologic considerations","volume":"87","author":"Clark D","year":"2021","unstructured":"Clark D, Kotronia E, Ramsay SE. Frailty, aging, and periodontal disease: Basic biologic considerations. Periodontol 2000. 2021, 87:143-156. 10.1111\/prd.12380","journal-title":"Periodontol 2000"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0757.2011.00401.x","article-title":"Squamous cell carcinoma and precursor lesions of the oral cavity: epidemiology and aetiology","volume":"57","author":"Johnson NW","year":"2011","unstructured":"Johnson NW, Jayasekara P, Amarasinghe AA. Squamous cell carcinoma and precursor lesions of the oral cavity: epidemiology and aetiology. Periodontol 2000. 2011, 57:19-37. 10.1111\/j.1600-0757.2011.00401.x","journal-title":"Periodontol 2000"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.34172\/japid.2021.010","article-title":"Periodontal status associated with dual habits of smoking and smokeless tobacco use: a cross-sectional study in young adults","volume":"13","author":"Ahad A","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ahad A, Bey A, Khan S, Ahmad MS. Periodontal status associated with dual habits of smoking and smokeless tobacco use: a cross-sectional study in young adults. J Adv Periodontol Implant Dent. 2021, 13:69-75. 10.34172\/japid.2021.010","journal-title":"J Adv Periodontol Implant Dent"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_1071_19","article-title":"The influence of tobacco consumption on periodontal health: a stratified analysis based on type of tobacco use","volume":"9","author":"Yaragani A","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yaragani A, Sushuma K, Guduri V, Thirumalasetty SSMK, Vishnubhotla G, Kandikatla P, Chandu VC. The influence of tobacco consumption on periodontal health: a stratified analysis based on type of tobacco use. J Family Med Prim Care. 2020, 9:2061-2066. 10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_1071_19","journal-title":"J Family Med Prim Care"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20075368","article-title":"Influence of smoking on periodontal and implant therapy: a narrative review","volume":"20","author":"Madi M","year":"2023","unstructured":"Madi M, Smith S, Alshehri S, Zakaria O, Almas K. Influence of smoking on periodontal and implant therapy: a narrative review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2023, 20:5368. 10.3390\/ijerph20075368","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31557\/APJCP.2021.22.10.3061","article-title":"Association between smokeless tobacco use and risk of periodontitis in Asian countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"22","author":"Mehta A","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mehta A, Ramanarayanan V, Karuveettil V, Janakiram C. Association between smokeless tobacco use and risk of periodontitis in Asian countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2021, 22:3061-3074. 10.31557\/APJCP.2021.22.10.3061","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Cancer Prev"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-7757-2020-0276","article-title":"Increase in serum and salivary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin levels with increased periodontal inflammation","volume":"28","author":"Tan A","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tan A, G\u00fcrb\u00fcz N, \u00d6zbalci F\u0130, Ko\u015fkan \u00d6, Yetkin Ay Z. Increase in serum and salivary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin levels with increased periodontal inflammation. J Appl Oral Sci. 2020, 28:e20200276. 10.1590\/1678-7757-2020-0276","journal-title":"J Appl Oral Sci"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/mi\/4114758","article-title":"Evaluating the association between neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin levels and periodontal health status in patients with chronic kidney disease","volume":"2025","author":"Mutar A","year":"2025","unstructured":"Mutar A, Mahmood MS. Evaluating the association between neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin levels and periodontal health status in patients with chronic kidney disease. Mediators Inflamm. 2025, 2025:4114758. 10.1155\/mi\/4114758","journal-title":"Mediators Inflamm"},{"key":"ref28","article-title":"Is neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin a valid marker of periodontal disease?","volume":"21","author":"Mohamad Fathi MT Al Kayali","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mohamad Fathi MT Al Kayali, Azza AB El Baiomy, Jilan M Youssef. Is neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin a valid marker of periodontal disease?. IOSR J Dent Med Sci. 2022, 21:33-38.","journal-title":"IOSR J Dent Med Sci"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12439\/kqhm.1005-4979.2024.05.006","article-title":"Serum levels of NGAL and YKL-40 in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma and their diagnostic and prognostic value","volume":"34","author":"ZHAO Yuan","year":"2024","unstructured":"ZHAO Yuan, L\u00dc Jilian, YE Keqiang, LIN Nan, PEI Fei. Serum levels of NGAL and YKL-40 in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma and their diagnostic and prognostic value. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2024, 34:365-370. 10.12439\/kqhm.1005-4979.2024.05.006","journal-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers10070228","article-title":"NGAL is downregulated in oral squamous cell carcinoma and leads to increased survival, proliferation, migration and chemoresistance","volume":"10","author":"Monisha J","year":"2018","unstructured":"Monisha J, Roy NK, Padmavathi G, et al.. NGAL is downregulated in oral squamous cell carcinoma and leads to increased survival, proliferation, migration and chemoresistance. Cancers (Basel). 2018, 10:228. 10.3390\/cancers10070228","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/496199-assessment-of-salivary-neutrophil-gelatinase-associated-lipocalin-ngal-levels-among-subjects-with-oral-squamous-cell-carcinoma-periodontitis-smokeless-tobacco-users-smokers-and-healthy-individuals-a-cross-sectional-study","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T05:21:19Z","timestamp":1781673679000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/496199-assessment-of-salivary-neutrophil-gelatinase-associated-lipocalin-ngal-levels-among-subjects-with-oral-squamous-cell-carcinoma-periodontitis-smokeless-tobacco-users-smokers-and-healthy-individuals-a-cross-sectional-study"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]]},"references-count":30,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.110999","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]]}}}