{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T04:44:57Z","timestamp":1782708297411,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,28]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.111686","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T04:04:58Z","timestamp":1782705898000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Deep Learning-Based CT Segmentation of a Non-radiopaque Hydrogel Rectal Spacer in Prostate Radiotherapy"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Hideharu","family":"Miura","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuichi","family":"Ozawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masahiro","family":"Kenjo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuji","family":"Murakami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2015.04.030","article-title":"Hydrogel spacer prospective multicenter randomized controlled pivotal trial: dosimetric\u00a0and clinical effects of perirectal spacer application in men undergoing prostate\u00a0image guided intensity modulated radiation\u00a0therapy","volume":"92","author":"Mariados N","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mariados N, Sylvester J, Shah D, et al.. Hydrogel spacer prospective multicenter randomized controlled pivotal trial: dosimetric\u00a0and clinical effects of perirectal spacer application in men undergoing prostate\u00a0image guided intensity modulated radiation\u00a0therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2015, 92:971-7. 10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2015.04.030","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2022.7592","article-title":"Hyaluronic acid spacer for hypofractionated prostate radiation therapy: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"9","author":"Mariados NF","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mariados NF, Orio PF 3rd, Schiffman Z, et al.. Hyaluronic acid spacer for hypofractionated prostate radiation therapy: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Oncol. 2023, 9:511-8. 10.1001\/jamaoncol.2022.7592","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phro.2019.12.001","article-title":"Evaluation of measures for assessing time-saving of automatic organ-at-risk segmentation in radiotherapy","volume":"13","author":"Vaassen F","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vaassen F, Hazelaar C, Vaniqui A, Gooding M, van der Heyden B, Canters R, van Elmpt W. Evaluation of measures for assessing time-saving of automatic organ-at-risk segmentation in radiotherapy. Phys Imaging Radiat Oncol. 2020, 13:1-6. 10.1016\/j.phro.2019.12.001","journal-title":"Phys Imaging Radiat Oncol"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics10110959","article-title":"A deep learning-based automated CT segmentation of prostate cancer anatomy for radiation therapy planning-a retrospective multicenter study","volume":"10","author":"Kiljunen T","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kiljunen T, Akram S, Niemel\u00e4 J, et al.. A deep learning-based automated CT segmentation of prostate cancer anatomy for radiation therapy planning-a retrospective multicenter study. Diagnostics (Basel). 2020, 10:10.3390\/diagnostics10110959","journal-title":"Diagnostics (Basel)"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prro.2021.09.009","article-title":"Characterization of an iodinated rectal spacer for prostate photon and proton radiation therapy","volume":"12","author":"Kamran SC","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kamran SC, McClatchy DM 3rd, Pursley J, et al.. Characterization of an iodinated rectal spacer for prostate photon and proton radiation therapy. Pract Radiat Oncol. 2022, 12:135-44. 10.1016\/j.prro.2021.09.009","journal-title":"Pract Radiat Oncol"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/2632-2153\/ada8f3","article-title":"Deep unsupervised clustering for prostate auto-segmentation with and without hydrogel spacer","volume":"6","author":"Zhao H","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhao H, Wang B, Dohopolski M, Bai T, Jiang S, Nguyen D. Deep unsupervised clustering for prostate auto-segmentation with and without hydrogel spacer. Mach Learn Sci Technol. 2025, 6:10.1088\/2632-2153\/ada8f3","journal-title":"Mach Learn Sci Technol"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.16375","article-title":"A pair of deep learning auto-contouring models for prostate cancer patients injected with a radio-transparent versus radiopaque hydrogel spacer","volume":"50","author":"Wang Y","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang Y, Boyd G, Zieminski S, et al.. A pair of deep learning auto-contouring models for prostate cancer patients injected with a radio-transparent versus radiopaque hydrogel spacer. Med Phys. 2023, 50:3324-37. 10.1002\/mp.16375","journal-title":"Med Phys"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2024.110588","article-title":"Achieving accurate prostate auto-segmentation on CT in the absence of MR imaging","volume":"202","author":"Duan J","year":"2025","unstructured":"Duan J, Tegtmeier RC, Vargas CE, et al.. Achieving accurate prostate auto-segmentation on CT in the absence of MR imaging. Radiother Oncol. 2025, 202:110588. 10.1016\/j.radonc.2024.110588","journal-title":"Radiother Oncol"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.94067","article-title":"Geometric accuracy assessment of ai-based auto-contouring using OncoStudio for prostate cancer treatment planning","volume":"17","author":"Hoshina M","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hoshina M, Kawaguchi M, Sugahara S, Takanashi M, Noguchi M, Oosato A, Masuda K. Geometric accuracy assessment of ai-based auto-contouring using OncoStudio for prostate cancer treatment planning. Cureus. 2025, 17:e94067. 10.7759\/cureus.94067","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2021.05.003","article-title":"Metrics to evaluate the performance of auto-segmentation for radiation treatment planning: a critical review","volume":"160","author":"Sherer MV","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sherer MV, Lin D, Elguindi S, et al.. Metrics to evaluate the performance of auto-segmentation for radiation treatment planning: a critical review. Radiother Oncol. 2021, 160:185-91. 10.1016\/j.radonc.2021.05.003","journal-title":"Radiother Oncol"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meddos.2024.09.002","article-title":"Evaluation of the accuracy of automated segmentation based on deep learning for prostate cancer patients","volume":"50","author":"Miura H","year":"2025","unstructured":"Miura H, Ishihara S, Kenjo M, Nakao M, Ozawa S, Kagemoto M. Evaluation of the accuracy of automated segmentation based on deep learning for prostate cancer patients. Med Dosim. 2025, 50:91-5. 10.1016\/j.meddos.2024.09.002","journal-title":"Med Dosim"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2023.1213068","article-title":"A clinical evaluation of the performance of five commercial artificial intelligence contouring systems for radiotherapy","volume":"13","author":"Doolan PJ","year":"2023","unstructured":"Doolan PJ, Charalambous S, Roussakis Y, et al.. A clinical evaluation of the performance of five commercial artificial intelligence contouring systems for radiotherapy. Front Oncol. 2023, 13:1213068. 10.3389\/fonc.2023.1213068","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prro.2020.05.013","article-title":"Clinical evaluation of deep learning and Atlas-based auto-contouring of bladder and rectum for prostate radiation therapy","volume":"11","author":"Zabel WJ","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zabel WJ, Conway JL, Gladwish A, et al.. Clinical evaluation of deep learning and Atlas-based auto-contouring of bladder and rectum for prostate radiation therapy. Pract Radiat Oncol. 2021, 11:e80-9. 10.1016\/j.prro.2020.05.013","journal-title":"Pract Radiat Oncol"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/507080-deep-learning-based-ct-segmentation-of-a-non-radiopaque-hydrogel-rectal-spacer-in-prostate-radiotherapy","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T04:04:59Z","timestamp":1782705899000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/507080-deep-learning-based-ct-segmentation-of-a-non-radiopaque-hydrogel-rectal-spacer-in-prostate-radiotherapy"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,28]]},"references-count":13,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.111686","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,28]]}}}