{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T07:15:38Z","timestamp":1782890138796,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.111853","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T05:36:08Z","timestamp":1782884168000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Fatal Administration of Propofol: A Comprehensive Narrative Forensic Review of Propofol Deaths From Accidents, Suicides, and Homicides"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Philip R","family":"Cohen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2010.01583.x","article-title":"Clinical effects and lethal and forensic aspects of propofol","volume":"56","author":"Levy RJ","year":"2011","unstructured":"Levy RJ. Clinical effects and lethal and forensic aspects of propofol. J Forensic Sci. 2011, 56:S142-7. 10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2010.01583.x","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/6852857","article-title":"Metabolic profiles of propofol and fospropofol: clinical and forensic interpretative aspects","volume":"2018","author":"Dinis-Oliveira RJ","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dinis-Oliveira RJ. Metabolic profiles of propofol and fospropofol: clinical and forensic interpretative aspects. Biomed Res Int. 2018, 2018:6852857. 10.1155\/2018\/6852857","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/15563651003757954","article-title":"The abuse potential of propofol","volume":"48","author":"Wilson C","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wilson C, Canning P, Caravati EM. The abuse potential of propofol. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2010, 48:165-70. 10.3109\/15563651003757954","journal-title":"Clin Toxicol (Phila)"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12630-022-02382-2","article-title":"Propofol misuse in medical professions: a scoping review","volume":"70","author":"Burnett GW","year":"2023","unstructured":"Burnett GW, Taree A, Martin L, Bryson EO. Propofol misuse in medical professions: a scoping review. Can J Anaesth. 2023, 70:395-405. 10.1007\/s12630-022-02382-2","journal-title":"Can J Anaesth"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10826084.2011.564705","article-title":"The misuse and abuse of propofol","volume":"46","author":"Monroe T","year":"2011","unstructured":"Monroe T, Hamza H, Stocks G, Scimeca PD, Cowan R. The misuse and abuse of propofol. Subst Use Misuse. 2011, 46:1199-205. 10.3109\/10826084.2011.564705","journal-title":"Subst Use Misuse"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612043382846","article-title":"Propofol: therapeutic indications and side-effects","volume":"10","author":"Marik PE","year":"2004","unstructured":"Marik PE. Propofol: therapeutic indications and side-effects. Curr Pharm Des. 2004, 10:3639-49. 10.2174\/1381612043382846","journal-title":"Curr Pharm Des"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2013.04.003","article-title":"Fatal self administration of tramadol and propofol: a case report","volume":"20","author":"Mannocchi G","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mannocchi G, Napoleoni F, Napoletano S, Pantano F, Santoni M, Tittarelli R, Arbarello P. Fatal self administration of tramadol and propofol: a case report. J Forensic Leg Med. 2013, 20:715-9. 10.1016\/j.jflm.2013.04.003","journal-title":"J Forensic Leg Med"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004140100240","article-title":"Determination of chronic abuse of the anaesthetic agents midazolam and propofol as demonstrated by hair analysis","volume":"116","author":"Cirimele V","year":"2002","unstructured":"Cirimele V, Kintz P, Doray S, Ludes B. Determination of chronic abuse of the anaesthetic agents midazolam and propofol as demonstrated by hair analysis. Int J Legal Med. 2002, 116:54-7. 10.1007\/s004140100240","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004149900129","article-title":"Death after excessive propofol abuse","volume":"114","author":"Iwersen-Bergmann S","year":"2001","unstructured":"Iwersen-Bergmann S, R\u00f6sner P, K\u00fchnau HC, Junge M, Schmoldt A. Death after excessive propofol abuse. Int J Legal Med. 2001, 114:248-51. 10.1007\/s004149900129","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1472-8206.2007.00497.x","article-title":"Pharmacological and clinical evidences on the potential for abuse and dependence of propofol: a review of the literature","volume":"21","author":"Roussin A","year":"2007","unstructured":"Roussin A, Montastruc JL, Lapeyre-Mestre M. Pharmacological and clinical evidences on the potential for abuse and dependence of propofol: a review of the literature. Fundam Clin Pharmacol. 2007, 21:459-66. 10.1111\/j.1472-8206.2007.00497.x","journal-title":"Fundam Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkv067","article-title":"Detection of drugs in nails: three year experience","volume":"39","author":"Shu I","year":"2015","unstructured":"Shu I, Jones J, Jones M, Lewis D, Negrusz A. Detection of drugs in nails: three year experience. J Anal Toxicol. 2015, 39:624-8. 10.1093\/jat\/bkv067","journal-title":"J Anal Toxicol"},{"key":"ref12","unstructured":"USDTL. Propofol abuse and dangers. (2025). Accessed: May 18, 2026: https:\/\/www.usdtl.com\/blog\/propofol-abuse-and-dangers."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ADM.0b013e3182872901","article-title":"Addiction to propofol: a study of 22 treatment cases","volume":"7","author":"Earley PH","year":"2013","unstructured":"Earley PH, Finver T. Addiction to propofol: a study of 22 treatment cases. J Addict Med. 2013, 7:169-76. 10.1097\/ADM.0b013e3182872901","journal-title":"J Addict Med"},{"key":"ref14","article-title":"Death by propofol","volume":"169","author":"Diaz JH","year":"2017","unstructured":"Diaz JH, Kaye AD. Death by propofol. J La State Med Soc. 2017, 169:28-32.","journal-title":"J La State Med Soc"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ane.0000270215.86253.30","article-title":"A survey of propofol abuse in academic anesthesia programs","volume":"105","author":"Wischmeyer PE","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wischmeyer PE, Johnson BR, Wilson JE, et al.. A survey of propofol abuse in academic anesthesia programs. Anesth Analg. 2007, 105:1066-71. 10.1213\/01.ane.0000270215.86253.30","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2013.10.008","article-title":"Deaths from recreational use of propofol in Korea","volume":"233","author":"Han E","year":"2013","unstructured":"Han E, Jung S, Baeck S, Lee S, Chung H. Deaths from recreational use of propofol in Korea. Forensic Sci Int. 2013, 233:333-7. 10.1016\/j.forsciint.2013.10.008","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"ref17","article-title":"Lethal mixed intoxication with propofol in a medical layman","volume":"217","author":"Strehler M","year":"2006","unstructured":"Strehler M, Preuss J, Wollersen H, Madea B. Lethal mixed intoxication with propofol in a medical layman. Arch Kriminol. 2006, 217:153-60.","journal-title":"Arch Kriminol"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15563650902887842","article-title":"Brugada-like EKG pattern and myocardial effects in a chronic propofol abuser","volume":"47","author":"Riezzo I","year":"2009","unstructured":"Riezzo I, Centini F, Neri M, Rossi G, Spanoudaki E, Turillazzi E, Fineschi V. Brugada-like EKG pattern and myocardial effects in a chronic propofol abuser. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2009, 47:358-63. 10.1080\/15563650902887842","journal-title":"Clin Toxicol (Phila)"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/ael168","article-title":"Death related to a recreational abuse of propofol at therapeutic dose range","volume":"97","author":"Roussin A","year":"2006","unstructured":"Roussin A, Mirepoix M, Lassabe G, Dumestre-Toulet V, Gardette V, Montastruc JL, Lapeyre-Mestre M. Death related to a recreational abuse of propofol at therapeutic dose range. Br J Anaesth. 2006, 97:268. 10.1093\/bja\/ael168","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5152\/TJAR.2015.54872","article-title":"A case report of the first propofol addiction in Turkey","volume":"43","author":"K\u00f6ro\u011flu G","year":"2015","unstructured":"K\u00f6ro\u011flu G, Tezcan AH. A case report of the first propofol addiction in Turkey. Turk J Anaesthesiol Reanim. 2015, 43:434-6. 10.5152\/TJAR.2015.54872","journal-title":"Turk J Anaesthesiol Reanim"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS13305J","article-title":"A fatality due to propofol poisoning","volume":"37","author":"Drummer OH","year":"1992","unstructured":"Drummer OH. A fatality due to propofol poisoning. J Forensic Sci. 1992, 37:1186-9.","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2005.12.027","article-title":"Lethal self administration of propofol (Diprivan). A case report and review of the literature","volume":"167","author":"Kranioti EF","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kranioti EF, Mavroforou A, Mylonakis P, Michalodimitrakis M. Lethal self administration of propofol (Diprivan). A case report and review of the literature. Forensic Sci Int. 2007, 167:56-8. 10.1016\/j.forsciint.2005.12.027","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2008.12.010","article-title":"Evaluation of a fatal propofol intoxication due to self administration","volume":"16","author":"Klausz G","year":"2009","unstructured":"Klausz G, R\u00f3na K, Krist\u00f3f I, T\u00f6ro K. Evaluation of a fatal propofol intoxication due to self administration. J Forensic Leg Med. 2009, 16:287-9. 10.1016\/j.jflm.2008.12.010","journal-title":"J Forensic Leg Med"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.3851","article-title":"Fentanyl and propofol misuse: hair analysis provides significant evidence in the death of a young doctor","volume":"17","author":"Burgue\u00f1o MJ","year":"2025","unstructured":"Burgue\u00f1o MJ, Bueno JR, Meg\u00eda C, Quintela O, Vel\u00e1zquez S, Bravo B. Fentanyl and propofol misuse: hair analysis provides significant evidence in the death of a young doctor. Drug Test Anal. 2025, 17:1601-6. 10.1002\/dta.3851","journal-title":"Drug Test Anal"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2021.110909","article-title":"Propofol misuse in Ireland-two case reports and a review of the literature","volume":"326","author":"Gwiazda S","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gwiazda S, Dixon E, Cronly M, Kavanagh Y, Cullinane M, Mulligan LM. Propofol misuse in Ireland-two case reports and a review of the literature. Forensic Sci Int. 2021, 326:110909. 10.1016\/j.forsciint.2021.110909","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxac.2018.03.002","article-title":"Self-administrated propofol-a case report of a physician suicide","volume":"30","author":"Stoykova S","year":"2018","unstructured":"Stoykova S, Kiryakova T, Nikolav D, Nedzhib A, Pantcheva I, Atanasov V. Self-administrated propofol-a case report of a physician suicide. Toxicol Anal Clin. 2018, 30:142-8. 10.1016\/j.toxac.2018.03.002","journal-title":"Toxicol Anal Clin"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12024-012-9374-6","article-title":"Circumstantial and toxicological features of deaths from self-administered intravenous anesthetic\/narcotic agents","volume":"9","author":"Hayashi T","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hayashi T, Buschmann C, Riesselmann B, Roscher S, Tsokos M. Circumstantial and toxicological features of deaths from self-administered intravenous anesthetic\/narcotic agents. Forensic Sci Med Pathol. 2013, 9:138-44. 10.1007\/s12024-012-9374-6","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Med Pathol"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00101-016-0260-6","article-title":"Deaths from propofol abuse: survey of institutes of forensic medicine in Germany, Austria and Switzerland","volume":"66","author":"Maier C","year":"2017","unstructured":"Maier C, Iwunna J, Tsokos M, Mu\u00dfhoff F. Deaths from propofol abuse: survey of institutes of forensic medicine in Germany, Austria and Switzerland. Anaesthesist. 2017, 66:109-14. 10.1007\/s00101-016-0260-6","journal-title":"Anaesthesist"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0379-0738(94)90314-x","article-title":"The first fatal 2,6-di-isoproplyphenol (propofol) poisoning in Singapore: a case report","volume":"66","author":"Chao TC","year":"1994","unstructured":"Chao TC, Lo DST, Chui PPS, Koh TH. The first fatal 2,6-di-isoproplyphenol (propofol) poisoning in Singapore: a case report. Forensic Sci Int. 1994, 66:1-7. 10.1016\/0379-0738(94)90314-x","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.12053","article-title":"Suicide by self-administration of a drug mixture (propofol, midazolam, and zolpidem) in an anesthesiologist: the first case report in Italy","volume":"58","author":"Colucci AP","year":"2013","unstructured":"Colucci AP, Gagliano-Candela R, Aventaggiato L, De Donno A, Leonardi S, Strisciullo G, Introna F. Suicide by self-administration of a drug mixture (propofol, midazolam, and zolpidem) in an anesthesiologist: the first case report in Italy. J Forensic Sci. 2013, 58:837-41. 10.1111\/1556-4029.12053","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkx056","article-title":"Determination of propofol by GC\/MS and fast GC\/MS-TOF in two cases of poisoning","volume":"41","author":"Procaccianti P","year":"2017","unstructured":"Procaccianti P, Far\u00e8 F, Argo A, et al.. Determination of propofol by GC\/MS and fast GC\/MS-TOF in two cases of poisoning. J Anal Toxicol. 2017, 41:771-6. 10.1093\/jat\/bkx056","journal-title":"J Anal Toxicol"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.13035","article-title":"Homicidal poisoning in China using several anesthetic drugs","volume":"61","author":"Ye Y","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ye Y, Yan Y, Gong D, Guo R, Yang L, Liao L. Homicidal poisoning in China using several anesthetic drugs. J Forensic Sci. 2016, 61:864-6. 10.1111\/1556-4029.13035","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4323\/rjlm.2015.45","article-title":"A murder disguised as a medical accident: a case report of homicidal poisoning of three anesthetics","volume":"23","author":"Yu Y","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yu Y, Gong D, Cao Y, Lu M. Huang F, Deng Z. A murder disguised as a medical accident: a case report of homicidal poisoning of three anesthetics. Rom J Leg Med. 2015, 23:45-8. 10.4323\/rjlm.2015.45","journal-title":"Rom J Leg Med"},{"key":"ref34","unstructured":"Michael Jackson case has similarities to Gainesville murder case. (2011). Accessed. May 2, 2026: https:\/\/www.gainesville.com\/story\/news\/local\/2011\/11\/02\/michael-jackson-case-has-similarities-to-gainesville-murder-c...."},{"key":"ref35","unstructured":"Psychology Today. Murder by propofol. (2026). Accessed: May 1, 2026: https:\/\/www.psychologytoday.com\/us\/blog\/crime-she-writes\/201305\/murder-by-propofol."},{"key":"ref36","article-title":"Medical manslaughter","volume":"106","author":"Lyons B","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lyons B. Medical manslaughter. Ir Med J. 2013, 106:26-7.","journal-title":"Ir Med J"},{"key":"ref37","unstructured":"Wikipedia. Death of Michael Jackson. (2026). Accessed: May 6, 2026: https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Death_of_Michael_Jackson."},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/pme-2016-0076","article-title":"Personalized justice: the potential use of genotyping in wrongful death investigations","volume":"14","author":"Wu AH","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wu AH. Personalized justice: the potential use of genotyping in wrongful death investigations. Pers Med. 2017, 14:9-12. 10.2217\/pme-2016-0076","journal-title":"Pers Med"},{"key":"ref39","unstructured":"Alabama charged with murder of stepfather. (2010). Accessed. May 1, 2026: https:\/\/chattooga1180.com\/alabama-woman-charged-with-murder-of-stepfather\/."},{"key":"ref40","unstructured":"Waff 48. Attorney for Ider woman accused of killing step-father insists she didn\u2019t do it. (2010). Accessed: May 1, 2026: https:\/\/www.waff.com\/story\/12489336\/attorney-for-ider-woman-accused-of-killing-step-father-insists-she-didnt-do-it\/."},{"key":"ref41","unstructured":"Trial of stepdaughter set in drug dose death. (2011). Accessed. May 1, 2026: https:\/\/www.timesfreepress.com\/news\/2011\/nov\/09\/trial-of-stepdaughter-set-in-drug-dose-death\/?print."},{"key":"ref42","unstructured":"Waff 48. Jury selection begins in capital murder trial of DeKalb County woman. (2012). Accessed: May 1, 2026: https:\/\/www.waff.com\/story\/16688241\/jury-selection-begins-in-capital-murder-trial-of-dekalb-county-woman\/."},{"key":"ref43","unstructured":"AL.COM. Woman pleads guilty to murder of stepfather in DeKalb County. (2012). Accessed: May 1, 2026: https:\/\/www.al.com\/breaking\/2012\/02\/woman_pleads_guilty_of_murder.html."},{"key":"ref44","unstructured":"Times Journal. Karri explains Shaw\u2019s killing. (2012)). Accessed: May 1, 2026: https:\/\/times-journal.com\/news\/article_bb675d2c-8a63-11e1-90f9-0019bb2963f4.html."},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2021.110893","article-title":"Drug detection in decomposed cadavers confirms testimonial evidence in a case of serial homicides","volume":"325","author":"Ottaviano V","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ottaviano V, Tavone AM, Scipione C, Potenza S, Petroni G, Marella GL. Drug detection in decomposed cadavers confirms testimonial evidence in a case of serial homicides. Forensic Sci Int. 2021, 325:110893. 10.1016\/j.forsciint.2021.110893","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"ref46","unstructured":"A UF murder mystery. (2006). Accessed. May 1, 2026: https:\/\/www.gainesville.com\/story\/news\/2006\/04\/19\/a-uf-murder-mystery\/31481565007\/."},{"key":"ref47","unstructured":"Irish Times. Nurse wanted for murder in US now living in Dublin. (2006). Accessed: May 1, 2026: https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/news\/nurse-wanted-for-murder-in-us-now-living-in-dublin-1.1040566."},{"key":"ref48","unstructured":"Murder trial begins for ex-Shands nurse. (2008). Accessed. May 1, 2026: https:\/\/www.gainesville.com\/story\/news\/2008\/05\/21\/murder-trial-begins-for-ex-shands-nurse\/31566348007\/."},{"key":"ref49","unstructured":"The Valdosta Daily Times. Trial begins in death of Michelle Herndon. (2008). Accessed: May 1, 2026: https:\/\/valdostadailytimes.com\/2008\/05\/21\/trial-begins-in-death-of-michelle-herndon\/."},{"key":"ref50","unstructured":"Ex-Shands nurse O\u2019Quinn gets life without parole. (2008). Accessed. May 1, 2026: https:\/\/www.gainesville.com\/story\/news\/2008\/05\/24\/ex-shands-nurse-oquinn-gets-life-without-parole\/31566770007\/."},{"key":"ref51","unstructured":"Ex-nurse sentenced in injection slaying. (2008). Accessed. May 1, 2026: https:\/\/www.theledger.com\/story\/news\/2008\/05\/26\/ex-nurse-sentenced-in-injection-slaying\/25922315007\/?gnt-cfr=1&amp;gca-ca...."},{"key":"ref52","unstructured":"NBC News. Obsession. (2008). Accessed: May 1, 2026: https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna25855779."},{"key":"ref53","unstructured":"Irish Central. Nurse convicted of murder. (2008). Accessed: May 1, 2026: https:\/\/www.irishcentral.com\/news\/nurse-convicted-of-murder-1135-237603671."},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1213\/ane.0b013e318198d45e","article-title":"Death from propofol: accident, suicide, or murder?","volume":"108","author":"Kirby RR","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kirby RR, Colaw JM, Douglas MM. Death from propofol: accident, suicide, or murder?. Anesth Analg. 2009, 108:1182-4. 10.1213\/ane.0b013e318198d45e","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"ref55","unstructured":"Oxygen True Crime. Florida nurse injects his crush with fatal dose of anesthetic medication, flees the country. (2020). Accessed: May 1, 2026: https:\/\/www.oxygen.com\/license-to-kill\/crime-news\/oliver-oquinn-guilty-propofol-murder-michelle-herndon."},{"key":"ref56","unstructured":"Needle in a haystack. Michelle Herndon propofol poisoning by Oliver O\u2019Quinn. (2023). Accessed: May 1, 2026: https:\/\/www.forensicfilesfiles.com\/michelle-herndon-propofol-murder-oliver-oquinn.php."},{"key":"ref57","unstructured":"Michelle Herndon murder. Hospital nurse Oliver O\u2019Quinn was obsessed with the woman he killed. (2023). Accessed: May 1, 2026: https:\/\/www.dailycrime.com\/michelle-herndon-murder-hospital-nurse-oliver-oquinn-was-obsessed-with-the-woman-he-killed\/."},{"key":"ref58","unstructured":"Nursing a grudge. (2025). Accessed. May 1, 2026: https:\/\/forensicfilesnow.com\/index.php\/2025\/01\/31\/oliver-oquinn-nursing-a-grudge\/."},{"key":"ref59","unstructured":"The angel of death in the guest room. the obsessive betrayal and murder of Michelle Herndon. (2026). Accessed: May 1, 2026: https:\/\/axterling.medium.com\/the-angel-of-death-in-the-guest-room-the-obsessive-betrayal-and-murder-of-michelle-hernd...."},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2024.1327293","article-title":"Propofol-induced anesthesia involves the direct inhibition of glutamatergic neurons in the lateral hypothalamus","volume":"18","author":"Huang Y","year":"2024","unstructured":"Huang Y, Xiao Y, Li L, Feng X, Ding W, Cai F. Propofol-induced anesthesia involves the direct inhibition of glutamatergic neurons in the lateral hypothalamus. Front Neurosci. 2024, 18:1327293. 10.3389\/fnins.2024.1327293","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.2c00755","article-title":"Propofol-induced developmental neurotoxicity: from mechanisms to therapeutic strategies","volume":"14","author":"Zhang J","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang J, Li Y. Propofol-induced developmental neurotoxicity: from mechanisms to therapeutic strategies. ACS Chem Neurosci. 2023, 14:1017-32. 10.1021\/acschemneuro.2c00755","journal-title":"ACS Chem Neurosci"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S2040174424000059","article-title":"Anaesthesia and brain development: a review of propofol-induced neurotoxicity in pediatric populations","volume":"15","author":"Zhang W","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang W, Liu Q, Wang J, Liu L. Anaesthesia and brain development: a review of propofol-induced neurotoxicity in pediatric populations. J Dev Orig Health Dis. 2024, 15:e2. 10.1017\/S2040174424000059","journal-title":"J Dev Orig Health Dis"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2025.1614362","article-title":"Exploring the correlation between Drp1 protein and the neurotoxicity of propofol","volume":"19","author":"Guo P","year":"2025","unstructured":"Guo P, Mei J. Exploring the correlation between Drp1 protein and the neurotoxicity of propofol. Front Neurosci. 2025, 19:1614362. 10.3389\/fnins.2025.1614362","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.05.036","article-title":"Impact of genetic variations on the pharmacokinetics, dose requirements, and clinical effects of propofol: a systematic review","volume":"135","author":"Gerstman MD","year":"2025","unstructured":"Gerstman MD, Zhang RK, Ho KM, Kirkpatrick CM, Riedel B, Somogyi AA. Impact of genetic variations on the pharmacokinetics, dose requirements, and clinical effects of propofol: a systematic review. Br J Anaesth. 2025, 135:594-607. 10.1016\/j.bja.2025.05.036","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/FPC.0000000000000582","article-title":"Pharmacogenomics of commonly used intravenous anesthetics","volume":"36","author":"Kassab N","year":"2026","unstructured":"Kassab N, Abourjeili J, Eid MJ, Raphael CK. Pharmacogenomics of commonly used intravenous anesthetics. Pharmacogenet Genomics. 2026, 36:25-31. 10.1097\/FPC.0000000000000582","journal-title":"Pharmacogenet Genomics"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2025.1718328","article-title":"The safety of high dose continuous propofol infusion in the pediatric intensive care unit at an academic medical center","volume":"13","author":"Fashina OA","year":"2025","unstructured":"Fashina OA, Arteaga GM, Crow SS, et al.. The safety of high dose continuous propofol infusion in the pediatric intensive care unit at an academic medical center. Front Pediatr. 2025, 13:1718328. 10.3389\/fped.2025.1718328","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/children13040579","article-title":"Potentially hazardous drugs in the paediatric ICU: a narrative review on the exemplary cases of propofol, chloramphenicol, and acetylsalicylic acid","volume":"13","author":"Beckers L","year":"2026","unstructured":"Beckers L, Verbruggen J, Saldien V, et al.. Potentially hazardous drugs in the paediatric ICU: a narrative review on the exemplary cases of propofol, chloramphenicol, and acetylsalicylic acid. Children (Basel). 2026, 13:579. 10.3390\/children13040579","journal-title":"Children (Basel)"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.59948","article-title":"Safety of extended propofol infusions in critically ill pediatric patients","volume":"16","author":"Moas D","year":"2024","unstructured":"Moas D, Aydin EY, Irazuzta J, Filipp S, Guthrie KK, Manasco K, Pringle C. Safety of extended propofol infusions in critically ill pediatric patients. Cureus. 2024, 16:e59948. 10.7759\/cureus.59948","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcph.6135","article-title":"The role of propofol in alcohol withdrawal syndrome: a systematic review","volume":"65","author":"Shirk L","year":"2025","unstructured":"Shirk L, Reinert JP. The role of propofol in alcohol withdrawal syndrome: a systematic review. J Clin Pharmacol. 2025, 65:170-8. 10.1002\/jcph.6135","journal-title":"J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.88930","article-title":"Effectiveness and safety of low-dose propofol for the treatment of migraine in the emergency department: a matched retrospective cohort study","volume":"17","author":"C\u00f4t\u00e9 S","year":"2025","unstructured":"C\u00f4t\u00e9 S, Simonyan D, Mallet M, Baril S, Ouellet L, Berthelot S. Effectiveness and safety of low-dose propofol for the treatment of migraine in the emergency department: a matched retrospective cohort study. Cureus. 2025, 17:e88930. 10.7759\/cureus.88930","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07743-z","article-title":"Propofol rescues voltage-dependent gating of HCN1 channel epilepsy mutants","volume":"632","author":"Kim ED","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kim ED, Wu X, Lee S, et al.. Propofol rescues voltage-dependent gating of HCN1 channel epilepsy mutants. Nature. 2024, 632:451-9. 10.1038\/s41586-024-07743-z","journal-title":"Nature"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/506595-fatal-administration-of-propofol-a-comprehensive-narrative-forensic-review-of-propofol-deaths-from-accidents-suicides-and-homicides","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T05:37:02Z","timestamp":1782884222000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/506595-fatal-administration-of-propofol-a-comprehensive-narrative-forensic-review-of-propofol-deaths-from-accidents-suicides-and-homicides"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]]},"references-count":71,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.111853","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]]}}}