{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,5]],"date-time":"2026-07-05T07:15:03Z","timestamp":1783235703421,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.112068","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,5]],"date-time":"2026-07-05T06:35:14Z","timestamp":1783233314000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Morphometric Characterization of Frontal Sinus and Outflow Tract Anatomy: Implications for Surgical Planning"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Shrikrishna","family":"B H","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deepa","family":"G","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mrudula","family":"Chandrupatla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.23614","article-title":"Frontal sinus development and juvenile age estimation","volume":"300","author":"Moore K","year":"2017","unstructured":"Moore K, Ross A. Frontal sinus development and juvenile age estimation. Anat Rec (Hoboken). 2017, 300:1609-17. 10.1002\/ar.23614","journal-title":"Anat Rec (Hoboken)"},{"key":"ref2","article-title":"Langman's Medical Embryology, 12th ed","author":"Sadler TW","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sadler TW. Langman's Medical Embryology, 12th ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA; 2012."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.24109","article-title":"Exploring the uncharted: Missing anatomical names in the Terminologia Anatomica","volume":"37","author":"Chmielewski PP","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chmielewski PP. Exploring the uncharted: Missing anatomical names in the Terminologia Anatomica. Clin Anat. 2024, 37:193-200. 10.1002\/ca.24109","journal-title":"Clin Anat"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0030-6665(05)70291-7","article-title":"Clinically relevant frontal sinus anatomy and physiology","volume":"34","author":"McLaughlin RB Jr","year":"2001","unstructured":"McLaughlin RB Jr, Rehl RM, Lanza DC. Clinically relevant frontal sinus anatomy and physiology. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 2001, 34:1-22. 10.1016\/s0030-6665(05)70291-7","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Clin North Am"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00183169","article-title":"Functional endoscopic sinus surgery. Concept, indications and results of the Messerklinger technique","volume":"247","author":"Stammberger H","year":"1990","unstructured":"Stammberger H, Posawetz W. Functional endoscopic sinus surgery. Concept, indications and results of the Messerklinger technique. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 1990, 247:63-76. 10.1007\/BF00183169","journal-title":"Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.21864","article-title":"Educational utility of advanced three-dimensional virtual imaging in evaluating the anatomical configuration of the frontal recess","volume":"7","author":"Agbetoba A","year":"2017","unstructured":"Agbetoba A, Luong A, Siow JK, Senior B, Callejas C, Szczygielski K, Citardi MJ. Educational utility of advanced three-dimensional virtual imaging in evaluating the anatomical configuration of the frontal recess. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol. 2017, 7:143-8. 10.1002\/alr.21864","journal-title":"Int Forum Allergy Rhinol"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2473974X18764879","article-title":"The bifurcated frontal sinus","volume":"2","author":"McCoul ED","year":"2018","unstructured":"McCoul ED, Tipirneni KE. The bifurcated frontal sinus. OTO Open. 2018, 2:2473974X18764879. 10.1177\/2473974X18764879","journal-title":"OTO Open"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1713923","article-title":"The frontal sinus and frontal recess: anatomical, radiological and surgical concepts","volume":"24","author":"Dassi CS","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dassi CS, Demarco FR, Mangussi-Gomes J, Weber R, Balsalobre L, Stamm AC. The frontal sinus and frontal recess: anatomical, radiological and surgical concepts. Int Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2020, 24:e364-75. 10.1055\/s-0040-1713923","journal-title":"Int Arch Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.8.278","article-title":"Aplasia and agenesis of the frontal sinus in Turkish individuals: a retrospective study using dental volumetric tomography","volume":"8","author":"\u00c7akur B","year":"2011","unstructured":"\u00c7akur B, Sumbullu MA, Durna NB. Aplasia and agenesis of the frontal sinus in Turkish individuals: a retrospective study using dental volumetric tomography. Int J Med Sci. 2011, 8:278-82. 10.7150\/ijms.8.278","journal-title":"Int J Med Sci"},{"key":"ref10","article-title":"Frontal sinus variations and prevalence of frontal recess cells among adult Egyptians: computerized tomography study","volume":"88","author":"Abdel-Fattah H","year":"2020","unstructured":"Abdel-Fattah H, Mohammed GH, Emam HS, Imam RA. Frontal sinus variations and prevalence of frontal recess cells among adult Egyptians: computerized tomography study. Med J Cairo Univ. 2020, 88:1143-56.","journal-title":"Med J Cairo Univ"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4193\/RHINOL\/23.028","article-title":"A radiological study on anatomical variations of frontal sinus and its drainage pathway in a Nepalese adult population","volume":"7","author":"Gyawali BR","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gyawali BR, Karki UR, Pacchai P, et al.. A radiological study on anatomical variations of frontal sinus and its drainage pathway in a Nepalese adult population. Rhinol Online. 2024, 7:29-38.","journal-title":"Rhinol Online"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2500\/105065897781446720","article-title":"Frontal sinus outflow anatomy","volume":"11","author":"Lee D","year":"1997","unstructured":"Lee D, Brody R, Har-El G. Frontal sinus outflow anatomy. Am J Rhinol. 1997, 11:283-5. 10.2500\/105065897781446720","journal-title":"Am J Rhinol"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/000164801300043965","article-title":"Frontal sinus outflow tract \"anatomic study\"","volume":"121","author":"Gaafar H","year":"2001","unstructured":"Gaafar H, Abdel-Monem MH, Qawas MK. Frontal sinus outflow tract \"anatomic study\". Acta Otolaryngol. 2001, 121:305-9. 10.1080\/000164801300043965","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biology11081145","article-title":"Frontal sinus morphological and dimensional variation as seen on computed tomography scans","volume":"11","author":"Shamlou AA","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shamlou AA, Tallman SD. Frontal sinus morphological and dimensional variation as seen on computed tomography scans. Biology (Basel). 2022, 11:1145. 10.3390\/biology11081145","journal-title":"Biology (Basel)"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.129498.2","article-title":"Anatomical variations of the frontal sinus: a computed tomography-based study","volume":"12","author":"Al Hatmi AS","year":"2023","unstructured":"Al Hatmi AS, Al Ajmi E, Albalushi H, Al Lawati M, Sirasanagandla SR. Anatomical variations of the frontal sinus: a computed tomography-based study. F1000Res. 2023, 12:71. 10.12688\/f1000research.129498.2","journal-title":"F1000Res"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.21738","article-title":"The International Frontal Sinus Anatomy Classification (IFAC) and classification of the extent of endoscopic frontal sinus surgery (EFSS)","volume":"6","author":"Wormald PJ","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wormald PJ, Hoseman W, Callejas C, et al.. The International Frontal Sinus Anatomy Classification (IFAC) and classification of the extent of endoscopic frontal sinus surgery (EFSS). Int Forum Allergy Rhinol. 2016, 6:677-96. 10.1002\/alr.21738","journal-title":"Int Forum Allergy Rhinol"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.291085118","article-title":"Failed endoscopic sinus surgery: spectrum of CT findings in the frontal recess","volume":"29","author":"Huang BY","year":"2009","unstructured":"Huang BY, Lloyd KM, DelGaudio JM, Jablonowski E, Hudgins PA. Failed endoscopic sinus surgery: spectrum of CT findings in the frontal recess. Radiographics. 2009, 29:177-95. 10.1148\/rg.291085118","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/20503121221143628","article-title":"Frontal sinus pattern analysis for human identification using non-contrast computed tomography images: a Sri Lankan experience","volume":"10","author":"Wickramasinghe C","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wickramasinghe C, Vadysinghe AN, Kodikara S, Udupihilla J. Frontal sinus pattern analysis for human identification using non-contrast computed tomography images: a Sri Lankan experience. SAGE Open Med. 2022, 10:20503121221143628. 10.1177\/20503121221143628","journal-title":"SAGE Open Med"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fsurg.2021.746837","article-title":"Remote training of functional endoscopic sinus surgery with advanced manufactured 3D sinus models and a telemedicine system","volume":"8","author":"Suzuki M","year":"20211","unstructured":"Suzuki M, Vyskocil E, Ogi K, et al.. Remote training of functional endoscopic sinus surgery with advanced manufactured 3D sinus models and a telemedicine system. Front Surg. 20211, 8:746837. 10.3389\/fsurg.2021.746837","journal-title":"Front Surg"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599819860832","article-title":"Use of 3D-printed and 2D-illustrated international frontal sinus anatomy classification anatomic models for resident education","volume":"161","author":"Low CM","year":"2019","unstructured":"Low CM, Morris JM, Matsumoto JS, Stokken JK, O'Brien EK, Choby G. Use of 3D-printed and 2D-illustrated international frontal sinus anatomy classification anatomic models for resident education. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2019, 161:705-13. 10.1177\/0194599819860832","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5115\/acb.22.075","article-title":"Distribution of frontal sinus pattern amongst Malaysian population: a skull radiograph study","volume":"55","author":"Zulkiflee ND","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zulkiflee ND, Singh MK, Alias A, et al.. Distribution of frontal sinus pattern amongst Malaysian population: a skull radiograph study. Anat Cell Biol. 2022, 55:294-303. 10.5115\/acb.22.075","journal-title":"Anat Cell Biol"},{"key":"ref22","article-title":"Predictability of sex from frontal sinus in Nepalese population","volume":"19","author":"Singh PK","year":"2021","unstructured":"Singh PK, Paudel RC, Menezes RG. Predictability of sex from frontal sinus in Nepalese population. Kathmandu Univ Med J (KUMJ). 2021, 19:96-101.","journal-title":"Kathmandu Univ Med J (KUMJ)"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjoto.2014.08.011","article-title":"Can sinus anatomy predict quality of life outcomes and operative times of endoscopic frontal sinus surgery?","volume":"36","author":"DeConde AS","year":"2015","unstructured":"DeConde AS, Barton MD, Mace JC, Smith TL. Can sinus anatomy predict quality of life outcomes and operative times of endoscopic frontal sinus surgery?. Am J Otolaryngol. 2015, 36:13-9. 10.1016\/j.amjoto.2014.08.011","journal-title":"Am J Otolaryngol"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/503075-morphometric-characterization-of-frontal-sinus-and-outflow-tract-anatomy-implications-for-surgical-planning","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,5]],"date-time":"2026-07-05T06:35:16Z","timestamp":1783233316000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/503075-morphometric-characterization-of-frontal-sinus-and-outflow-tract-anatomy-implications-for-surgical-planning"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]]},"references-count":23,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.112068","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]]}}}