{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T17:15:08Z","timestamp":1783358108233,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.112152","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T16:21:29Z","timestamp":1783354889000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cracks in the Diagnosis: A Case of Hypermobility Spectrum Disorder as a Mechanical Mimic of Spondyloarthritis With a Brief Review"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Syed Ahmad","family":"Moosa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abira A","family":"Chowdhury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eugeniya","family":"Golub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aleksander","family":"Feoktistov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2024.20917","article-title":"Axial spondyloarthritis: a review","volume":"333","author":"Bittar M","year":"2025","unstructured":"Bittar M, Deodhar A. Axial spondyloarthritis: a review. JAMA. 2025, 333:408-20. 10.1001\/jama.2024.20917","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00256-025-04958-7","article-title":"When it is not sacroiliitis","volume":"54","author":"De Leeuw A","year":"2025","unstructured":"De Leeuw A, Cherkaoui Jaouad R, Kamoun M, Abidi S, Michelin P, Cotten A. When it is not sacroiliitis. Skeletal Radiol. 2025, 54:2433-42. 10.1007\/s00256-025-04958-7","journal-title":"Skeletal Radiol"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31591-4","article-title":"Axial spondyloarthritis","volume":"390","author":"Sieper J","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sieper J, Poddubnyy D. Axial spondyloarthritis. Lancet. 2017, 390:73-84. 10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31591-4","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00256-022-04067-9","article-title":"Sacroiliac joint beyond sacroiliitis-further insights and old concepts on magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"51","author":"Carneiro BC","year":"2022","unstructured":"Carneiro BC, Rizzetto TA, Silva FD, da Cruz IA, Guimar\u00e3es JB, Ormond Filho AG, Nico MA. Sacroiliac joint beyond sacroiliitis-further insights and old concepts on magnetic resonance imaging. Skeletal Radiol. 2022, 51:1923-35. 10.1007\/s00256-022-04067-9","journal-title":"Skeletal Radiol"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.40429","article-title":"Frequency and anatomic distribution of magnetic resonance imaging features in the sacroiliac joints of young athletes: exploring \"background noise\" toward a data-driven definition of sacroiliitis in early spondyloarthritis","volume":"70","author":"Weber U","year":"2018","unstructured":"Weber U, Jurik AG, Zejden A, et al.. Frequency and anatomic distribution of magnetic resonance imaging features in the sacroiliac joints of young athletes: exploring \"background noise\" toward a data-driven definition of sacroiliitis in early spondyloarthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2018, 70:736-45. 10.1002\/art.40429","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.40475","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging of the sacroiliac joints indicating sacroiliitis according to the Assessment of SpondyloArthritis International Society definition in healthy individuals, runners, and women with postpartum back pain","volume":"70","author":"de Winter J","year":"2018","unstructured":"de Winter J, de Hooge M, van de Sande M, et al.. Magnetic resonance imaging of the sacroiliac joints indicating sacroiliitis according to the Assessment of SpondyloArthritis International Society definition in healthy individuals, runners, and women with postpartum back pain. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2018, 70:1042-8. 10.1002\/art.40475","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2017.02.013","article-title":"Joint hypermobility syndrome: recognizing a commonly overlooked cause of chronic pain","volume":"130","author":"Kumar B","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kumar B, Lenert P. Joint hypermobility syndrome: recognizing a commonly overlooked cause of chronic pain. Am J Med. 2017, 130:640-7. 10.1016\/j.amjmed.2017.02.013","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"ref8","article-title":"Pain, distress and joint hyperlaxity","volume":"67","author":"Grahame R","year":"2000","unstructured":"Grahame R. Pain, distress and joint hyperlaxity. Joint Bone Spine. 2000, 67:157-63.","journal-title":"Joint Bone Spine"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-021-04832-4","article-title":"The Beighton Score as a measure of generalised joint hypermobility","volume":"41","author":"Malek S","year":"2021","unstructured":"Malek S, Reinhold EJ, Pearce GS. The Beighton Score as a measure of generalised joint hypermobility. Rheumatol Int. 2021, 41:1707-16. 10.1007\/s00296-021-04832-4","journal-title":"Rheumatol Int"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2009.108233","article-title":"The development of Assessment of SpondyloArthritis international Society classification criteria for axial spondyloarthritis (part II): validation and final selection","volume":"68","author":"Rudwaleit M","year":"2009","unstructured":"Rudwaleit M, van der Heijde D, Landew\u00e9 R, et al.. The development of Assessment of SpondyloArthritis international Society classification criteria for axial spondyloarthritis (part II): validation and final selection. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009, 68:777-83. 10.1136\/ard.2009.108233","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"ref11","article-title":"The Assessments in Spondyloarthritis International Society (ASAS) and Spondyloarthritis Research and Treatment Network (SPARTAN) revised classification criteria for axial spondyloarthritis: development and validation in the classification of axial SpA inception cohort study","volume":"77","author":"Maksymowych WP","year":"2025","unstructured":"Maksymowych WP, van der Heijde D, Caplan R, et al.. The Assessments in Spondyloarthritis International Society (ASAS) and Spondyloarthritis Research and Treatment Network (SPARTAN) revised classification criteria for axial spondyloarthritis: development and validation in the classification of axial SpA inception cohort study. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2025, 77:","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-026-08157-0","article-title":"Challenges in diagnosing and monitoring radiographic and non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis in daily clinical practice","author":"Spoorenberg A","year":"2026","unstructured":"Spoorenberg A, van der Kraan YM, de Hair M, Arends S. Challenges in diagnosing and monitoring radiographic and non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis in daily clinical practice. Clin Rheumatol. 2026, 10.1007\/s10067-026-08157-0","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2016-210119","article-title":"Presence of multiple spondyloarthritis (SpA) features is important but not sufficient for a diagnosis of axial spondyloarthritis: data from the SPondyloArthritis Caught Early (SPACE) cohort","volume":"76","author":"Ez-Zaitouni Z","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ez-Zaitouni Z, Bakker PA, van Lunteren M, et al.. Presence of multiple spondyloarthritis (SpA) features is important but not sufficient for a diagnosis of axial spondyloarthritis: data from the SPondyloArthritis Caught Early (SPACE) cohort. Ann Rheum Dis. 2017, 76:1086-92. 10.1136\/annrheumdis-2016-210119","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00256-022-04018-4","article-title":"MRI in axial spondyloarthritis: understanding an 'ASAS-positive MRI' and the ASAS classification criteria","volume":"51","author":"Diekhoff T","year":"2022","unstructured":"Diekhoff T, Lambert R, Hermann KG. MRI in axial spondyloarthritis: understanding an 'ASAS-positive MRI' and the ASAS classification criteria. Skeletal Radiol. 2022, 51:1721-30. 10.1007\/s00256-022-04018-4","journal-title":"Skeletal Radiol"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keab099","article-title":"Data-driven definitions for active and structural MRI lesions in the sacroiliac joint in spondyloarthritis and their predictive utility","volume":"60","author":"Maksymowych WP","year":"2021","unstructured":"Maksymowych WP, Lambert RG, Baraliakos X, et al.. Data-driven definitions for active and structural MRI lesions in the sacroiliac joint in spondyloarthritis and their predictive utility. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2021, 60:4778-89. 10.1093\/rheumatology\/keab099","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e31820bc705","article-title":"A finite element analysis of sacroiliac joint ligaments in response to different loading conditions","volume":"36","author":"Eichenseer PH","year":"2011","unstructured":"Eichenseer PH, Sybert DR, Cotton JR. A finite element analysis of sacroiliac joint ligaments in response to different loading conditions. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2011, 36:E1446-52. 10.1097\/BRS.0b013e31820bc705","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiographics.20.suppl_1.g00oc19s135","article-title":"Bone contusion patterns of the knee at MR imaging: footprint of the mechanism of injury","volume":"20 Spec No","author":"Sanders TG","year":"2000","unstructured":"Sanders TG, Medynski MA, Feller JF, Lawhorn KW. Bone contusion patterns of the knee at MR imaging: footprint of the mechanism of injury. Radiographics. 2000, 20 Spec No:S135-51. 10.1148\/radiographics.20.suppl_1.g00oc19s135","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.081320","article-title":"Can magnetic resonance imaging differentiate undifferentiated arthritis based on knee imaging?","volume":"36","author":"Emad Y","year":"2009","unstructured":"Emad Y, Ragab Y, Shaarawy A, et al.. Can magnetic resonance imaging differentiate undifferentiated arthritis based on knee imaging?. J Rheumatol. 2009, 36:1963-70. 10.3899\/jrheum.081320","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-020-04582-9","article-title":"Osteitis condensans ilii: current knowledge and diagnostic approach","volume":"40","author":"Parperis K","year":"2020","unstructured":"Parperis K, Psarelis S, Nikiphorou E. Osteitis condensans ilii: current knowledge and diagnostic approach. Rheumatol Int. 2020, 40:1013-9. 10.1007\/s00296-020-04582-9","journal-title":"Rheumatol Int"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001888-200308000-00003","article-title":"The importance of cognitive errors in diagnosis and strategies to minimize them","volume":"78","author":"Croskerry P","year":"2003","unstructured":"Croskerry P. The importance of cognitive errors in diagnosis and strategies to minimize them. Acad Med. 2003, 78:775-80. 10.1097\/00001888-200308000-00003","journal-title":"Acad Med"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12911-016-0377-1","article-title":"Cognitive biases associated with medical decisions: a systematic review","volume":"16","author":"Saposnik G","year":"2016","unstructured":"Saposnik G, Redelmeier D, Ruff CC, Tobler PN. Cognitive biases associated with medical decisions: a systematic review. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2016, 16:138. 10.1186\/s12911-016-0377-1","journal-title":"BMC Med Inform Decis Mak"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2020.02.034","article-title":"Rome IV functional gastrointestinal disorders and health impairment in subjects with hypermobility spectrum disorders or hypermobile Ehlers-Danlos syndrome","volume":"19","author":"Lam CY","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lam CY, Palsson OS, Whitehead WE, Sperber AD, Tornblom H, Simren M, Aziz I. Rome IV functional gastrointestinal disorders and health impairment in subjects with hypermobility spectrum disorders or hypermobile Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021, 19:277-287.e3. 10.1016\/j.cgh.2020.02.034","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.15927","article-title":"Hypermobile Ehlers-Danlos syndrome and disorders of the gastrointestinal tract: what the gastroenterologist needs to know","volume":"37","author":"Thwaites PA","year":"2022","unstructured":"Thwaites PA, Gibson PR, Burgell RE. Hypermobile Ehlers-Danlos syndrome and disorders of the gastrointestinal tract: what the gastroenterologist needs to know. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022, 37:1693-709. 10.1111\/jgh.15927","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.c.31552","article-title":"The 2017 international classification of the Ehlers-Danlos syndromes","volume":"175","author":"Malfait F","year":"2017","unstructured":"Malfait F, Francomano C, Byers P, et al.. The 2017 international classification of the Ehlers-Danlos syndromes. Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet. 2017, 175:8-26. 10.1002\/ajmg.c.31552","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.41595","article-title":"Which magnetic resonance imaging lesions in the sacroiliac joints are most relevant for diagnosing axial spondyloarthritis? A prospective study comparing rheumatologists' evaluations with radiologists' findings","volume":"73","author":"Baraliakos X","year":"2021","unstructured":"Baraliakos X, Ghadir A, Fruth M, Kiltz U, Redeker I, Braun J. Which magnetic resonance imaging lesions in the sacroiliac joints are most relevant for diagnosing axial spondyloarthritis? A prospective study comparing rheumatologists' evaluations with radiologists' findings. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2021, 73:800-5. 10.1002\/art.41595","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-020-05284-0","article-title":"The effectiveness of conservative interventions for the management of syndromic hypermobility: a systematic literature review","volume":"40","author":"Palmer S","year":"2021","unstructured":"Palmer S, Davey I, Oliver L, Preece A, Sowerby L, House S. The effectiveness of conservative interventions for the management of syndromic hypermobility: a systematic literature review. Clin Rheumatol. 2021, 40:1113-29. 10.1007\/s10067-020-05284-0","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/502688-cracks-in-the-diagnosis-a-case-of-hypermobility-spectrum-disorder-as-a-mechanical-mimic-of-spondyloarthritis-with-a-brief-review","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T16:21:30Z","timestamp":1783354890000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/502688-cracks-in-the-diagnosis-a-case-of-hypermobility-spectrum-disorder-as-a-mechanical-mimic-of-spondyloarthritis-with-a-brief-review"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]]},"references-count":26,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.112152","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]]}}}