{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T16:13:15Z","timestamp":1783527195894,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.112278","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T15:13:14Z","timestamp":1783523594000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Systemic Immune Signature of Cholesteatoma: A Comprehensive Cross-Sectional Analysis of Hematological Markers and Clinical Staging"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Sahil","family":"Chauhan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaila","family":"Sidam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vikas","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arati A","family":"Bhadade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ujjawal","family":"Khurana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anjan K","family":"Sahoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aparna","family":"Chavan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ganakalyan","family":"Behera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Utkal P","family":"Mishra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Twisha","family":"Chatterjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otc.2006.09.001","article-title":"Complications of chronic otitis media and cholesteatoma","volume":"39","author":"Smith JA","year":"2006","unstructured":"Smith JA, Danner CJ. Complications of chronic otitis media and cholesteatoma. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 2006, 39:1237-55. 10.1016\/j.otc.2006.09.001","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Clin North Am"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MOO.0b013e3283646467","article-title":"Current trends in the management of the complications of chronic otitis media with cholesteatoma","volume":"21","author":"Prasad SC","year":"2013","unstructured":"Prasad SC, Shin SH, Russo A, Di Trapani G, Sanna M. Current trends in the management of the complications of chronic otitis media with cholesteatoma. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2013, 21:446-54. 10.1097\/MOO.0b013e3283646467","journal-title":"Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000415679","article-title":"Incidence, etiology and pathogenesis of cholesteatoma in children","volume":"40","author":"Tos M","year":"1988","unstructured":"Tos M. Incidence, etiology and pathogenesis of cholesteatoma in children. Adv Otorhinolaryngol. 1988, 40:110-7. 10.1159\/000415679","journal-title":"Adv Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.31153","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment modalities of cholesteatomas: a review","volume":"14","author":"Pachpande TG","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pachpande TG, Singh CV. Diagnosis and treatment modalities of cholesteatomas: a review. Cureus. 2022, 14:e31153. 10.7759\/cureus.31153","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12070-010-0116-3","article-title":"Ossicular chain status in chronic suppurative otitis media in adults","volume":"62","author":"Varshney S","year":"2010","unstructured":"Varshney S, Nangia A, Bist SS, Singh RK, Gupta N, Bhagat S. Ossicular chain status in chronic suppurative otitis media in adults. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2010, 62:421-6. 10.1007\/s12070-010-0116-3","journal-title":"Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5152\/iao.2017.3363","article-title":"EAONO\/JOS joint consensus statements on the definitions, classification and staging of middle ear cholesteatoma","volume":"13","author":"Yung M","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yung M, Tono T, Olszewska E, et al.. EAONO\/JOS joint consensus statements on the definitions, classification and staging of middle ear cholesteatoma. J Int Adv Otol. 2017, 13:1-8. 10.5152\/iao.2017.3363","journal-title":"J Int Adv Otol"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/0109298673404489250515074316","article-title":"Cholesteatoma: an updated review of molecular pathogenesis and potential therapeutic directions","volume":"2026","author":"Xing B","unstructured":"Xing B, Dang Y, Xi K. Cholesteatoma: an updated review of molecular pathogenesis and potential therapeutic directions. Curr Med Chem. 2026:616-629. 10.2174\/0109298673404489250515074316","journal-title":"Curr Med Chem"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/tjem.tjem_198_23","article-title":"Unraveling the clinical significance and prognostic value of the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio, systemic immune-inflammation index, systemic inflammation response index, and delta neutrophil index: an extensive literature review","volume":"24","author":"Islam MM","year":"2024","unstructured":"Islam MM, Satici MO, Eroglu SE. Unraveling the clinical significance and prognostic value of the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio, systemic immune-inflammation index, systemic inflammation response index, and delta neutrophil index: an extensive literature review. Turk J Emerg Med. 2024, 24:8-19. 10.4103\/tjem.tjem_198_23","journal-title":"Turk J Emerg Med"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.91950","article-title":"Can the systemic immune-inflammation index be a prognostic factor for tympanoplasty success?","volume":"10","author":"Topta\u015f G","year":"2025","unstructured":"Topta\u015f G, G\u00fcnay MM, \u00d6ner MC, Baklac\u0131 D, Alicura Tokg\u00f6z S, Aky\u0131ld\u0131z I, Saylam G. Can the systemic immune-inflammation index be a prognostic factor for tympanoplasty success?. Cureus. 2025, 10:91950. 10.7759\/cureus.91950","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21053\/ceo.2015.01662","article-title":"Pathogenesis and bone resorption in acquired cholesteatoma: current knowledge and future prospectives","volume":"9","author":"Hamed MA","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hamed MA, Nakata S, Sayed RH, et al.. Pathogenesis and bone resorption in acquired cholesteatoma: current knowledge and future prospectives. Clin Exp Otorhinolaryngol. 2016, 9:298-308. 10.21053\/ceo.2015.01662","journal-title":"Clin Exp Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/coa.14257","article-title":"Epidemiology of cholesteatoma in the UK Biobank","volume":"50","author":"Wilson E","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wilson E, Jennings BA, Khondoker M, Philpott CM, Prinsley P, Brewer DS. Epidemiology of cholesteatoma in the UK Biobank. Clin Otolaryngol. 2025, 50:316-29. 10.1111\/coa.14257","journal-title":"Clin Otolaryngol"},{"key":"ref12","article-title":"Use of the neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio in the diagnosis of appendicitis","volume":"61","author":"Goodman DA","year":"1995","unstructured":"Goodman DA, Goodman CB, Monk JS. Use of the neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio in the diagnosis of appendicitis. Am Surg. 1995, 61:257-9.","journal-title":"Am Surg"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-14-0442","article-title":"Systemic immune-inflammation index predicts prognosis of patients after curative resection for hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"20","author":"Hu B","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hu B, Yang XR, Xu Y, et al.. Systemic immune-inflammation index predicts prognosis of patients after curative resection for hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res. 2014, 20:6212-22. 10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-14-0442","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ohn.70057","article-title":"The global burden of cholesteatoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"174","author":"Melariri H","year":"2026","unstructured":"Melariri H, Balakrishna Y, Mukhtar A, et al.. The global burden of cholesteatoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2026, 174:45-56. 10.1002\/ohn.70057","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5812\/semj-133899","article-title":"Clinical and surgical features of acquired middle ear cholesteatoma: a 10 years population-based study","volume":"24","author":"Barati B","year":"2023","unstructured":"Barati B, Asadi M. Clinical and surgical features of acquired middle ear cholesteatoma: a 10 years population-based study. Shiraz E-Med J. 2023, 24:133899-10. 10.5812\/semj-133899","journal-title":"Shiraz E-Med J"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2020.110170","article-title":"Is pediatric cholesteatoma more aggressive in children than in adults? A comparative study using the EAONO\/JOS classification","volume":"138","author":"Fontes Lima A","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fontes Lima A, Carvalho Moreira F, Sousa Menezes A, Esteves Costa I, Azevedo C, S\u00e1 Breda M, Dias L. Is pediatric cholesteatoma more aggressive in children than in adults? A comparative study using the EAONO\/JOS classification. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2020, 138:110170. 10.1016\/j.ijporl.2020.110170","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"ref17","article-title":"Middle ear cholesteatoma","author":"Kennedy KL","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kennedy KL, Singh AK. Middle ear cholesteatoma. StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island, FL; 2024."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare12171737","article-title":"Comparison of endoscopic and microscopic surgery for the treatment of acquired cholesteatoma by EAONO\/JOS staging","volume":"12","author":"Otsuka A","year":"2024","unstructured":"Otsuka A, Koyama H, Kashio A, Matsumoto Y, Yamasoba T. Comparison of endoscopic and microscopic surgery for the treatment of acquired cholesteatoma by EAONO\/JOS staging. Healthcare (Basel). 2024, 12:10.3390\/healthcare12171737","journal-title":"Healthcare (Basel)"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0000000000002168","article-title":"International collaborative assessment of the validity of the EAONO-JOS cholesteatoma staging system","volume":"40","author":"James AL","year":"2019","unstructured":"James AL, Tono T, Cohen MS, et al.. International collaborative assessment of the validity of the EAONO-JOS cholesteatoma staging system. Otol Neurotol. 2019, 40:630-7. 10.1097\/MAO.0000000000002168","journal-title":"Otol Neurotol"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep16683","article-title":"TLR4 drives the pathogenesis of acquired cholesteatoma by promoting local inflammation and bone destruction","volume":"5","author":"Si Y","year":"2015","unstructured":"Si Y, Chen YB, Chen SJ, et al.. TLR4 drives the pathogenesis of acquired cholesteatoma by promoting local inflammation and bone destruction. Sci Rep. 2015, 5:16683. 10.1038\/srep16683","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5152\/iao.2020.7598","article-title":"Correlation between surgical outcome and stage of acquired middle ear cholesteatoma: revalidation of the EAONO\/JOS staging system","volume":"16","author":"Ard\u0131\u00e7 FN","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ard\u0131\u00e7 FN, Mengi E, T\u00fcmkaya F, Kara CO, Bir F. Correlation between surgical outcome and stage of acquired middle ear cholesteatoma: revalidation of the EAONO\/JOS staging system. J Int Adv Otol. 2020, 16:34-9. 10.5152\/iao.2020.7598","journal-title":"J Int Adv Otol"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-014-3291-0","article-title":"A review of current progress in acquired cholesteatoma management","volume":"272","author":"Kuo CL","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kuo CL, Liao WH, Shiao AS. A review of current progress in acquired cholesteatoma management. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2015, 272:3601-9. 10.1007\/s00405-014-3291-0","journal-title":"Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26199545","article-title":"Emerging paradigms in cholesteatoma: from a traditional approach to personalized therapy","volume":"26","author":"Zamfir-Chiru-Anton A","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zamfir-Chiru-Anton A, Manda D, Gheorghe DC. Emerging paradigms in cholesteatoma: from a traditional approach to personalized therapy. Int J Mol Sci. 2025, 26:10.3390\/ijms26199545","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12070-021-02857-6","article-title":"A new biomarker in differentiation of mucosal chronic otitis media from squamous chronic otitis media: the Systemic Immune-Inflammation Index (SII)","volume":"74","author":"Y\u0131ld\u0131z E","year":"2022","unstructured":"Y\u0131ld\u0131z E, Kuzu S, G\u00fcnebakan \u00c7. A new biomarker in differentiation of mucosal chronic otitis media from squamous chronic otitis media: the Systemic Immune-Inflammation Index (SII). Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2022, 74:476-82. 10.1007\/s12070-021-02857-6","journal-title":"Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.96526","article-title":"Association of the systemic immune-inflammatory index, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio in the differentiation of chronic otitis media: a prospective observational analytical study","volume":"17","author":"Sidam S","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sidam S, Sahoo AK, Chavan AG, Bharti VK. Association of the systemic immune-inflammatory index, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio in the differentiation of chronic otitis media: a prospective observational analytical study. Cureus. 2025, 17:e96526. 10.7759\/cureus.96526","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-020-00690-y","article-title":"Chronic inflammation of middle ear cholesteatoma promotes its recurrence via a paracrine mechanism","volume":"19","author":"Sch\u00fcrmann M","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sch\u00fcrmann M, Oppel F, Shao S, et al.. Chronic inflammation of middle ear cholesteatoma promotes its recurrence via a paracrine mechanism. Cell Commun Signal. 2021, 19:25. 10.1186\/s12964-020-00690-y","journal-title":"Cell Commun Signal"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00368504231199204","article-title":"Bone destruction in chronic otitis media is not mediated by the RANKL pathway or estrogen receptor-alpha","volume":"106","author":"Heo KW","year":"2023","unstructured":"Heo KW, Noh M, Hur DY, Hong TU, Park SY, Kim WJ. Bone destruction in chronic otitis media is not mediated by the RANKL pathway or estrogen receptor-alpha. Sci Prog. 2023, 106:368504231199204. 10.1177\/00368504231199204","journal-title":"Sci Prog"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0036-1584363","article-title":"Is there a system\u0131c inflammatory effect of cholesteatoma?","volume":"21","author":"K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7kaya MM","year":"2017","unstructured":"K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7kaya MM, Aynali G, Tuz M, Bagc\u0131 \u00d6. Is there a system\u0131c inflammatory effect of cholesteatoma?. Int Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2017, 21:42-45. 10.1055\/s-0036-1584363","journal-title":"Int Arch Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"ref29","article-title":"Clinical utility of the erythrocyte sedimentation rate","volume":"60","author":"Brigden ML","year":"1999","unstructured":"Brigden ML. Clinical utility of the erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Am Fam Physician. 1999, 60:1443-50.","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/506073-the-systemic-immune-signature-of-cholesteatoma-a-comprehensive-cross-sectional-analysis-of-hematological-markers-and-clinical-staging","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T15:13:16Z","timestamp":1783523596000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/506073-the-systemic-immune-signature-of-cholesteatoma-a-comprehensive-cross-sectional-analysis-of-hematological-markers-and-clinical-staging"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]]},"references-count":29,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.112278","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]]}}}