{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T09:13:19Z","timestamp":1783761199338,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.112444","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T08:46:23Z","timestamp":1783759583000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Physiologic Recovery After Smoking Cessation: A Systematic Review of Inflammatory and Cardiovascular Biomarker Changes"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Ahmad","family":"Mohammad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Uday Shree Akkala","family":"Shetty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roland","family":"Asiwe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hafiz H","family":"Zubair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zaeem","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aryan","family":"Raj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel E","family":"Cook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmad","family":"Sattar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd.2020.02.47","article-title":"Cardiovascular risk of smoking and benefits of smoking cessation","volume":"12","author":"Gallucci G","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gallucci G, Tartarone A, Lerose R, Lalinga AV, Capobianco AM. Cardiovascular risk of smoking and benefits of smoking cessation. J Thorac Dis. 2020, 12:3866-76. 10.21037\/jtd.2020.02.47","journal-title":"J Thorac Dis"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24108725","article-title":"The role of smoking in the mechanisms of development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and atherosclerosis","volume":"24","author":"Kotlyarov S","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kotlyarov S. The role of smoking in the mechanisms of development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and atherosclerosis. Int J Mol Sci. 2023, 24:8725. 10.3390\/ijms24108725","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18332\/tid\/204008","article-title":"Global, regional, and national trends in tobacco-induced cardiovascular disease burden for 1990-2021 with projections to 2045: a comprehensive analysis based on the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021","volume":"23","author":"Zhu X","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhu X, Chen L, Yang X, et al.. Global, regional, and national trends in tobacco-induced cardiovascular disease burden for 1990-2021 with projections to 2045: a comprehensive analysis based on the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Tob Induc Dis. 2025, 23:63. 10.18332\/tid\/204008","journal-title":"Tob Induc Dis"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.114.304562","article-title":"Cigarette smoking and cardiovascular events: role of inflammation and subclinical atherosclerosis from the MultiEthnic Study of Atherosclerosis","volume":"35","author":"McEvoy JW","year":"2015","unstructured":"McEvoy JW, Blaha MJ, DeFilippis AP, et al.. Cigarette smoking and cardiovascular events: role of inflammation and subclinical atherosclerosis from the MultiEthnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2015, 35:700-9. 10.1161\/ATVBAHA.114.304562","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/dx-2023-0159","article-title":"Interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein for optimal immunometabolic profiling of the lifestyle-related cardiorenal risk","volume":"11","author":"Marchiori GN","year":"2024","unstructured":"Marchiori GN, Defag\u00f3 MD, Baraquet ML, Del Rosso S, Perovic NR, Soria EA. Interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein for optimal immunometabolic profiling of the lifestyle-related cardiorenal risk. Diagnosis (Berl). 2024, 11:82-90. 10.1515\/dx-2023-0159","journal-title":"Diagnosis (Berl)"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5334\/gh.1399","article-title":"Cardiovascular effects of smoking and smoking cessation: a 2024 update","volume":"20","author":"Rahman M","year":"2025","unstructured":"Rahman M, Alatiqi M, Al Jarallah M, Hussain MY, Monayem A, Panduranga P, Rajan R. Cardiovascular effects of smoking and smoking cessation: a 2024 update. Glob Heart. 2025, 20:15. 10.5334\/gh.1399","journal-title":"Glob Heart"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addicn.2022.100054","article-title":"Biomarkers of improved health outcomes after smoking cessation","volume":"5","author":"Benowitz NL","year":"2023","unstructured":"Benowitz NL, Samet J, Soleimanpour N, Chaffee BW. Biomarkers of improved health outcomes after smoking cessation. Addict Neurosci. 2023, 5:100054. 10.1016\/j.addicn.2022.100054","journal-title":"Addict Neurosci"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2022.07.006","article-title":"Smoking cessation reduces the\u00a0risk\u00a0of\u00a0heart\u00a0failure: a nationwide cohort study","volume":"11","author":"Yoo JE","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yoo JE, Jeong SM, Yeo Y, et al.. Smoking cessation reduces the\u00a0risk\u00a0of\u00a0heart\u00a0failure: a nationwide cohort study. JACC Heart Fail. 2023, 11:277-87. 10.1016\/j.jchf.2022.07.006","journal-title":"JACC Heart Fail"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page MJ","year":"2021","unstructured":"Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, et al.. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 2021, 372:n71. 10.1136\/bmj.n71","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1524839919893361","article-title":"A review of the PubMed PICO tool: using evidence-based practice in health education","volume":"21","author":"Brown D","year":"2020","unstructured":"Brown D. A review of the PubMed PICO tool: using evidence-based practice in health education. Health Promot Pract. 2020, 21:496-8. 10.1177\/1524839919893361","journal-title":"Health Promot Pract"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.i4919","article-title":"ROBINS-I: a tool for assessing risk of bias in non-randomised studies of interventions","volume":"355","author":"Sterne JA","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sterne JA, Hern\u00e1n MA, Reeves BC, et al.. ROBINS-I: a tool for assessing risk of bias in non-randomised studies of interventions. BMJ. 2016, 355:i4919. 10.1136\/bmj.i4919","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l4898","article-title":"RoB 2: a revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials","volume":"366","author":"Sterne JA","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sterne JA, Savovi\u0107 J, Page MJ, et al.. RoB 2: a revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. BMJ. 2019, 366:l4898. 10.1136\/bmj.l4898","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2010.2075","article-title":"Smoking cessation program with exercise improves cardiovascular disease biomarkers in sedentary women","volume":"20","author":"Korhonen T","year":"2011","unstructured":"Korhonen T, Goodwin A, Miesmaa P, Dupuis EA, Kinnunen T. Smoking cessation program with exercise improves cardiovascular disease biomarkers in sedentary women. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2011, 20:1051-64. 10.1089\/jwh.2010.2075","journal-title":"J Womens Health (Larchmt)"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/clc.4950250107","article-title":"Smoking cessation, but not smoking reduction, reduces plasma homocysteine levels","volume":"25","author":"Stein JH","year":"2002","unstructured":"Stein JH, Bushara M, Bushara K, McBride PE, Jorenby DE, Fiore MC. Smoking cessation, but not smoking reduction, reduces plasma homocysteine levels. Clin Cardiol. 2002, 25:23-6. 10.1002\/clc.4950250107","journal-title":"Clin Cardiol"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.08-2288","article-title":"A pilot study to examine the effects of smoking cessation on serum markers of inflammation in women at risk for cardiovascular disease","volume":"136","author":"Reichert V","year":"2009","unstructured":"Reichert V, Xue X, Bartscherer D, et al.. A pilot study to examine the effects of smoking cessation on serum markers of inflammation in women at risk for cardiovascular disease. Chest. 2009, 136:212-9. 10.1378\/chest.08-2288","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2796.2002.01014.x","article-title":"Effects of cigarette smoking or nicotine replacement on cardiovascular risk factors and parameters of haemorheology","volume":"252","author":"Haustein KO","year":"2002","unstructured":"Haustein KO, Krause J, Haustein H, Rasmussen T, Cort N. Effects of cigarette smoking or nicotine replacement on cardiovascular risk factors and parameters of haemorheology. J Intern Med. 2002, 252:130-9. 10.1046\/j.1365-2796.2002.01014.x","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntz084","article-title":"Favorable changes in biomarkers of potential harm to reduce the adverse health effects of smoking in smokers switching to the menthol tobacco heating system 2.2 for 3 months (part 2)","volume":"22","author":"Haziza C","year":"2020","unstructured":"Haziza C, de La Bourdonnaye G, Donelli A, et al.. Favorable changes in biomarkers of potential harm to reduce the adverse health effects of smoking in smokers switching to the menthol tobacco heating system 2.2 for 3 months (part 2). Nicotine Tob Res. 2020, 22:549-59. 10.1093\/ntr\/ntz084","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2005.01.047","article-title":"Effect of lifestyle changes on atherogenic lipids and endothelial cell adhesion molecules in young adults with familial premature coronary heart disease","volume":"95","author":"Tonstad S","year":"2005","unstructured":"Tonstad S, Sundf\u00f8r T, Seljeflot I. Effect of lifestyle changes on atherogenic lipids and endothelial cell adhesion molecules in young adults with familial premature coronary heart disease. Am J Cardiol. 2005, 95:1187-91. 10.1016\/j.amjcard.2005.01.047","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1054\/plef.2002.0438","article-title":"Effect of giving up cigarette smoking and restarting in patients with clinically manifested atherosclerosis","volume":"67","author":"Chehne F","year":"2002","unstructured":"Chehne F, Oguogho A, Lupattelli G, Palumbo B, Sinzinger H. Effect of giving up cigarette smoking and restarting in patients with clinically manifested atherosclerosis. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2002, 67:333-9. 10.1054\/plef.2002.0438","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2013.09.016","article-title":"\u03b3-Tocopherol-rich supplementation additively improves vascular endothelial function during smoking cessation","volume":"65","author":"Mah E","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mah E, Pei R, Guo Y, et al.. \u03b3-Tocopherol-rich supplementation additively improves vascular endothelial function during smoking cessation. Free Radic Biol Med. 2013, 65:1291-9. 10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2013.09.016","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a060141","article-title":"Haematological prognostic indices after myocardial infarction: evidence from the diet and reinfarction trial (DART)","volume":"13","author":"Burr ML","year":"1992","unstructured":"Burr ML, Holliday RM, Fehily AM, Whitehead PJ. Haematological prognostic indices after myocardial infarction: evidence from the diet and reinfarction trial (DART). Eur Heart J. 1992, 13:166-70. 10.1093\/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a060141","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"ref22","article-title":"Antioxidant supplementation decreases lipid peroxidation biomarker F(2)-isoprostanes in plasma of smokers","volume":"11","author":"Dietrich M","year":"2002","unstructured":"Dietrich M, Block G, Hudes M, et al.. Antioxidant supplementation decreases lipid peroxidation biomarker F(2)-isoprostanes in plasma of smokers. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2002, 11:7-13.","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2016.08.009","article-title":"Current cigarette smoking is a reversible cause of elevated white blood cell count: Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies","volume":"4","author":"Higuchi T","year":"2016","unstructured":"Higuchi T, Omata F, Tsuchihashi K, Higashioka K, Koyamada R, Okada S. Current cigarette smoking is a reversible cause of elevated white blood cell count: Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies. Prev Med Rep. 2016, 4:417-22. 10.1016\/j.pmedr.2016.08.009","journal-title":"Prev Med Rep"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3803\/EnM.2016.31.2.223","article-title":"High-density lipoprotein, lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase, and atherosclerosis","volume":"31","author":"Ossoli A","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ossoli A, Pavanello C, Calabresi L. High-density lipoprotein, lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase, and atherosclerosis. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul). 2016, 31:223-9. 10.3803\/EnM.2016.31.2.223","journal-title":"Endocrinol Metab (Seoul)"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/5732956","article-title":"The role of oxidative stress in cardiac disease: from physiological response to injury factor","volume":"2020","author":"D'Oria R","year":"2020","unstructured":"D'Oria R, Schipani R, Leonardini A, et al.. The role of oxidative stress in cardiac disease: from physiological response to injury factor. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2020, 2020:5732956. 10.1155\/2020\/5732956","journal-title":"Oxid Med Cell Longev"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17050806","article-title":"Changes in oxidative stress, inflammatory markers, and lipid profile after a 6-week high-antioxidant-capacity dietary intervention in CVD patients","volume":"17","author":"Czlapka-Matyasik M","year":"2025","unstructured":"Czlapka-Matyasik M, Wadolowska L, Gut P, Gramza-Micha\u0142owska A. Changes in oxidative stress, inflammatory markers, and lipid profile after a 6-week high-antioxidant-capacity dietary intervention in CVD patients. Nutrients. 2025, 17:806. 10.3390\/nu17050806","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11050822","article-title":"The relationship between F(2)-isoprostanes plasma levels and depression symptoms in healthy older adults","volume":"11","author":"Savage K","year":"2022","unstructured":"Savage K, Gogarty L, Lea A, Deleuil S, Nolidin K, Croft K, Stough C. The relationship between F(2)-isoprostanes plasma levels and depression symptoms in healthy older adults. Antioxidants (Basel). 2022, 11:822. 10.3390\/antiox11050822","journal-title":"Antioxidants (Basel)"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3164\/jcbn.08-266","article-title":"F(2)-isoprostanes as novel biomarkers for type 2 diabetes: a review","volume":"45","author":"Kaviarasan S","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kaviarasan S, Muniandy S, Qvist R, Ismail IS. F(2)-isoprostanes as novel biomarkers for type 2 diabetes: a review. J Clin Biochem Nutr. 2009, 45:1-8. 10.3164\/jcbn.08-266","journal-title":"J Clin Biochem Nutr"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.123.21684","article-title":"Sex differences in oxidative stress-mediated reductions in microvascular endothelial function in young adult e-cigarette users","volume":"80","author":"Halstead KM","year":"2023","unstructured":"Halstead KM, Wetzel EM, Cho JL, Stanhewicz AE. Sex differences in oxidative stress-mediated reductions in microvascular endothelial function in young adult e-cigarette users. Hypertension. 2023, 80:2641-9. 10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.123.21684","journal-title":"Hypertension"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/500877-physiologic-recovery-after-smoking-cessation-a-systematic-review-of-inflammatory-and-cardiovascular-biomarker-changes","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T08:46:24Z","timestamp":1783759584000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/500877-physiologic-recovery-after-smoking-cessation-a-systematic-review-of-inflammatory-and-cardiovascular-biomarker-changes"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]]},"references-count":29,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.112444","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]]}}}