{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T14:04:56Z","timestamp":1784297096001,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.112844","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T13:28:12Z","timestamp":1784294892000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Beyond Immersion: A Stage-Based Framework for Cross-Modal Immersive Technologies in Medical Education"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Christopher  M","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ambrose Loc T","family":"Ngo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rae-Anne","family":"Kastle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lance","family":"Rufino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shantanu","family":"Amin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brent","family":"Evan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa","family":"Zolnierz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/12959","article-title":"Virtual reality for health professions education: systematic review and meta-analysis by the Digital Health Education Collaboration","volume":"21","author":"Kyaw BM","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kyaw BM, Saxena N, Posadzki P, et al.. Virtual reality for health professions education: systematic review and meta-analysis by the Digital Health Education Collaboration. J Med Internet Res. 2019, 21:e12959. 10.2196\/12959","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0b013e31828ffdcf","article-title":"Technology-enhanced simulation to assess health professionals: a systematic review of validity evidence, research methods, and reporting quality","volume":"88","author":"Cook DA","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cook DA, Brydges R, Zendejas B, Hamstra SJ, Hatala R. Technology-enhanced simulation to assess health professionals: a systematic review of validity evidence, research methods, and reporting quality. Acad Med. 2013, 88:872-83. 10.1097\/ACM.0b013e31828ffdcf","journal-title":"Acad Med"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.1696","article-title":"The effectiveness of virtual and augmented reality in health sciences and medical anatomy","volume":"10","author":"Moro C","year":"2017","unstructured":"Moro C, \u0160tromberga Z, Raikos A, Stirling A. The effectiveness of virtual and augmented reality in health sciences and medical anatomy. Anat Sci Educ. 2017, 10:549-59. 10.1002\/ase.1696","journal-title":"Anat Sci Educ"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IJGM.S339476","article-title":"The POCUS Consult: how point of care ultrasound helps guide medical decision making","volume":"14","author":"Rice JA","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rice JA, Brewer J, Speaks T, Choi C, Lahsaei P, Romito BT. The POCUS Consult: how point of care ultrasound helps guide medical decision making. Int J Gen Med. 2021, 14:9789-806. 10.2147\/IJGM.S339476","journal-title":"Int J Gen Med"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00426-026-02238-0","article-title":"Effect of modality compatibility on dual-task performance in a more naturalistic environment","volume":"90","author":"Asuako PA","year":"2026","unstructured":"Asuako PA, Mueckstein M, Stojan R, et al.. Effect of modality compatibility on dual-task performance in a more naturalistic environment. Psychol Res. 2026, 90:21. 10.1007\/s00426-026-02238-0","journal-title":"Psychol Res"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecns.2023.101496","article-title":"Nursing students\u2019 engagement in virtual reality and hybrid simulations: a quasi-experimental study","volume":"87","author":"Lavoie P","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lavoie P, Lapierre A, Maheu-Cadotte MA, Brien LA, Ledoux I, Gosselin \u00c9. Nursing students\u2019 engagement in virtual reality and hybrid simulations: a quasi-experimental study. Clin Simul Nurs. 2024, 87:101496. 10.1016\/j.ecns.2023.101496","journal-title":"Clin Simul Nurs"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s41077-024-00311-5","article-title":"Theoretical foundations and implications of augmented reality, virtual reality, and mixed reality for immersive learning in health professions education","volume":"9","author":"Asoodar M","year":"2024","unstructured":"Asoodar M, Janesarvatan F, Yu H, de Jong N. Theoretical foundations and implications of augmented reality, virtual reality, and mixed reality for immersive learning in health professions education. Adv Simul (Lond). 2024, 9:36. 10.1186\/s41077-024-00311-5","journal-title":"Adv Simul (Lond)"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01421590600825276","article-title":"Design of integrated practice for learning professional competences","volume":"28","author":"Janssen-Noordman AM","year":"2006","unstructured":"Janssen-Noordman AM, Merri\u00ebnboer JJ, van der Vleuten CP, Scherpbier AJ. Design of integrated practice for learning professional competences. Med Teach. 2006, 28:447-52. 10.1080\/01421590600825276","journal-title":"Med Teach"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10648-020-09586-2","article-title":"The Cognitive Affective Model of Immersive Learning (CAMIL): a theoretical research-based model of learning in immersive virtual reality","volume":"33","author":"Makransky G","year":"20211","unstructured":"Makransky G, Petersen GB. The Cognitive Affective Model of Immersive Learning (CAMIL): a theoretical research-based model of learning in immersive virtual reality. Educ Psychol Rev. 20211, 33:937-58. 10.1007\/s10648-020-09586-2","journal-title":"Educ Psychol Rev"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1470-2045(02)00679-4","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of dermoscopy","volume":"3","author":"Kittler H","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kittler H, Pehamberger H, Wolff K, Binder M. Diagnostic accuracy of dermoscopy. Lancet Oncol. 2002, 3:159-65. 10.1016\/s1470-2045(02)00679-4","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2923.2012.04243.x","article-title":"The minimal relationship between simulation fidelity and transfer of learning","volume":"46","author":"Norman G","year":"2012","unstructured":"Norman G, Dore K, Grierson L. The minimal relationship between simulation fidelity and transfer of learning. Med Educ. 2012, 46:636-47. 10.1111\/j.1365-2923.2012.04243.x","journal-title":"Med Educ"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-018-0016-5","article-title":"Artificial intelligence in radiology","volume":"18","author":"Hosny A","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hosny A, Parmar C, Quackenbush J, Schwartz LH, Aerts HJ. Artificial intelligence in radiology. Nat Rev Cancer. 2018, 18:500-10. 10.1038\/s41568-018-0016-5","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0b013e3181ace703","article-title":"A universal model of diagnostic reasoning","volume":"84","author":"Croskerry P","year":"2009","unstructured":"Croskerry P. A universal model of diagnostic reasoning. Acad Med. 2009, 84:1022-8. 10.1097\/ACM.0b013e3181ace703","journal-title":"Acad Med"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10459-015-9592-2","article-title":"Learning how the electron transport chain works: independent and interactive effects of instructional strategies and learners' characteristics","volume":"20","author":"Darabi A","year":"2015","unstructured":"Darabi A, Arrastia-Lloyd MC, Nelson DW, Liang X, Farrell J. Learning how the electron transport chain works: independent and interactive effects of instructional strategies and learners' characteristics. Adv Health Sci Educ Theory Pract. 2015, 20:1135-48. 10.1007\/s10459-015-9592-2","journal-title":"Adv Health Sci Educ Theory Pract"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/AMEP.S406031","article-title":"Predictors of college academic achievement for medical students: the case of Gondar University, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ethiopia","volume":"14","author":"Bekele AT","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bekele AT, Beza SW, Gedamu S, Berndt M. Predictors of college academic achievement for medical students: the case of Gondar University, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ethiopia. Adv Med Educ Pract. 2023, 14:603-13. 10.2147\/AMEP.S406031","journal-title":"Adv Med Educ Pract"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/medu.13748","article-title":"Simulation-based education for novices: complex learning tasks promote reflective practice","volume":"53","author":"Tremblay ML","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tremblay ML, Leppink J, Leclerc G, Rethans JJ, Dolmans DH. Simulation-based education for novices: complex learning tasks promote reflective practice. Med Educ. 2019, 53:380-9. 10.1111\/medu.13748","journal-title":"Med Educ"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/bs15101322","article-title":"The impact of virtual reality immersion on learning outcomes: a comparative study of declarative and procedural knowledge acquisition","volume":"15","author":"Yu N","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yu N, Shi W, Dong W, Kang R. The impact of virtual reality immersion on learning outcomes: a comparative study of declarative and procedural knowledge acquisition. Behav Sci (Basel). 2025, 15:1322. 10.3390\/bs15101322","journal-title":"Behav Sci (Basel)"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/0142159X.2010.500897","article-title":"Medical competence: the interplay between individual ability and the health care environment","volume":"32","author":"ten Cate O","year":"2010","unstructured":"ten Cate O, Snell L, Carraccio C. Medical competence: the interplay between individual ability and the health care environment. Med Teach. 2010, 32:669-75. 10.3109\/0142159X.2010.500897","journal-title":"Med Teach"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720819879814","article-title":"Cognitive training: transfer beyond the laboratory?","volume":"63","author":"Lintern G","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lintern G, Boot WR. Cognitive training: transfer beyond the laboratory?. Hum Factors. 2021, 63:531-47. 10.1177\/0018720819879814","journal-title":"Hum Factors"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10459-013-9458-4","article-title":"What counts as validity evidence? Examples and prevalence in a systematic review of simulation-based assessment","volume":"19","author":"Cook DA","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cook DA, Zendejas B, Hamstra SJ, Hatala R, Brydges R. What counts as validity evidence? Examples and prevalence in a systematic review of simulation-based assessment. Adv Health Sci Educ Theory Pract. 2014, 19:233-50. 10.1007\/s10459-013-9458-4","journal-title":"Adv Health Sci Educ Theory Pract"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/17470218241308143","article-title":"Does difficulty moderate learning? A comparative analysis of the desirable difficulties framework and cognitive load theory","volume":"78","author":"Pyke W","year":"2025","unstructured":"Pyke W, Lunau J, Javadi AH. Does difficulty moderate learning? A comparative analysis of the desirable difficulties framework and cognitive load theory. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove). 2025, 78:2181-95. 10.1177\/17470218241308143","journal-title":"Q J Exp Psychol (Hove)"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-025-08083-w","article-title":"Teaching a single manual therapy technique at a time reduces cognitive load in physiotherapy students: a randomized controlled educational study","volume":"25","author":"G\u00e4rtner R","year":"2025","unstructured":"G\u00e4rtner R, Peters H, Holzhausen Y. Teaching a single manual therapy technique at a time reduces cognitive load in physiotherapy students: a randomized controlled educational study. BMC Med Educ. 2025, 25:1422. 10.1186\/s12909-025-08083-w","journal-title":"BMC Med Educ"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10648-019-09465-5","article-title":"Cognitive architecture and instructional design: 20 years later","volume":"1","author":"Sweller J","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sweller J, van Merri\u00ebnboer JJG, Paas F. Cognitive architecture and instructional design: 20 years later. Educ Psychol Rev. 2019, 1:261-92. 10.1007\/s10648-019-09465-5","journal-title":"Educ Psychol Rev"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41539-017-0006-5","article-title":"What data and analytics can and do say about effective learning","volume":"2","author":"Lodge JM","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lodge JM, Corrin L. What data and analytics can and do say about effective learning. NPJ Sci Learn. 2017, 2:5. 10.1038\/s41539-017-0006-5","journal-title":"NPJ Sci Learn"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2015.10.002","article-title":"Learning analytics should not promote one size fits all: the effects of instructional conditions in predicting academic success","volume":"28","author":"Ga\u0161evi\u0107 D","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ga\u0161evi\u0107 D, Dawson S, Rogers T, Gasevic D. Learning analytics should not promote one size fits all: the effects of instructional conditions in predicting academic success. Internet High Educ. 2016, 28:68-84. 10.1016\/j.iheduc.2015.10.002","journal-title":"Internet High Educ"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3785022.3785025","article-title":"Understanding gaming the system by analyzing self-regulated learning in think-aloud protocols","volume":"10","author":"Zhang J","year":"2026","unstructured":"Zhang J, Borchers C, Wang C, et al.. Understanding gaming the system by analyzing self-regulated learning in think-aloud protocols. LAK '26: Proceedings of the LAK26: 16th International Learning Analytics and Knowledge Conference. 2026, 10:22-31. 10.1145\/3785022.3785025","journal-title":"LAK '26: Proceedings of the LAK26: 16th International Learning Analytics and Knowledge Conference"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-025-06867-8","article-title":"Virtual reality for assessment in undergraduate nursing and medical education - a systematic review","volume":"25","author":"Neher AN","year":"2025","unstructured":"Neher AN, B\u00fchlmann F, M\u00fcller M, Berendonk C, Sauter TC, Birrenbach T. Virtual reality for assessment in undergraduate nursing and medical education - a systematic review. BMC Med Educ. 2025, 25:292. 10.1186\/s12909-025-06867-8","journal-title":"BMC Med Educ"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/23821205251404538","article-title":"Early integration of clinical simulation in medical students: a progressive experience using Simzones","volume":"12","author":"Medel Rodr\u00edguez KA","year":"2025","unstructured":"Medel Rodr\u00edguez KA, Benaglio C, Ortega Sep\u00falveda JI. Early integration of clinical simulation in medical students: a progressive experience using Simzones. J Med Educ Curric Dev. 2025, 12:23821205251404538. 10.1177\/23821205251404538","journal-title":"J Med Educ Curric Dev"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/507900-beyond-immersion-a-stage-based-framework-for-cross-modal-immersive-technologies-in-medical-education","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T13:28:12Z","timestamp":1784294892000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/507900-beyond-immersion-a-stage-based-framework-for-cross-modal-immersive-technologies-in-medical-education"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]]},"references-count":28,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.112844","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]]}}}