{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,19]],"date-time":"2026-07-19T07:02:56Z","timestamp":1784444576241,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.112938","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,19]],"date-time":"2026-07-19T06:41:48Z","timestamp":1784443308000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Correlation of Serum Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1 and Transforming Growth Factor Beta 1 With Diabetic Retinopathy in North Indian Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Raina","family":"Garg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tejal","family":"Srivastava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdul","family":"Waris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheelu","family":"Shafiq Siddiqi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","article-title":"International Diabetes Federation: IDF Diabetes Atlas","author":"International Diabetes Federation","year":"2021","unstructured":"International Diabetes Federation. IDF Diabetes Atlas. International Diabetes Federation, Brussels (Belgium); 2021. https:\/\/www.diabetesatlas.org."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(17)30174-2","article-title":"Prevalence of diabetes and prediabetes in 15 states of India: results from the ICMR-INDIAB population-based cross-sectional study","volume":"5","author":"Anjana RM","year":"2017","unstructured":"Anjana RM, Deepa M, Pradeepa R, et al.. Prevalence of diabetes and prediabetes in 15 states of India: results from the ICMR-INDIAB population-based cross-sectional study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2017, 5:585-96. 10.1016\/S2213-8587(17)30174-2","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/edm2.321","article-title":"Impact of micro- and macrovascular complications of type 2 diabetes on quality of life: insights from the DISCOVER prospective cohort study","volume":"5","author":"Arnold SV","year":"2022","unstructured":"Arnold SV, Khunti K, Tang F, et al.. Impact of micro- and macrovascular complications of type 2 diabetes on quality of life: insights from the DISCOVER prospective cohort study. Endocrinol Diabetes Metab. 2022, 5:e00321. 10.1002\/edm2.321","journal-title":"Endocrinol Diabetes Metab"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0301-4738.178144","article-title":"Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in India: the All India Ophthalmological Society diabetic retinopathy eye screening study 2014","volume":"64","author":"Gadkari SS","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gadkari SS, Maskati QB, Nayak BK. Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in India: the All India Ophthalmological Society diabetic retinopathy eye screening study 2014. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2016, 64:38-44. 10.4103\/0301-4738.178144","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.03-1450fje","article-title":"Nitric oxide levels regulate macrophage commitment to apoptosis or necrosis during pneumococcal infection","volume":"18","author":"Marriott HM","year":"2004","unstructured":"Marriott HM, Ali F, Read RC, Mitchell TJ, Whyte MK, Dockrell DH. Nitric oxide levels regulate macrophage commitment to apoptosis or necrosis during pneumococcal infection. FASEB J. 2004, 18:1126-8. 10.1096\/fj.03-1450fje","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2022.02.003","article-title":"Escape from prism","volume":"68","author":"Brodsky MC","year":"2023","unstructured":"Brodsky MC, Aul BJ, Daniels DJ, El-Dairi M. Escape from prism. Surv Ophthalmol. 2023, 68:556-61. 10.1016\/j.survophthal.2022.02.003","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3980\/j.issn.2222-3959.2012.02.17","article-title":"Different expression pattern of serum soluble intercellular adhesion molecules-1 and neutrophilic expression of CD18 in patients with diabetic retinopathy","volume":"5","author":"Ai H","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ai H, Song HP. Different expression pattern of serum soluble intercellular adhesion molecules-1 and neutrophilic expression of CD18 in patients with diabetic retinopathy. Int J Ophthalmol. 2012, 5:202-7. 10.3980\/j.issn.2222-3959.2012.02.17","journal-title":"Int J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0026-0495(96)90226-7","article-title":"Increased circulating intercellular adhesion molecule-1 levels in type II diabetic patients: the possible role of metabolic control and oxidative stress","volume":"45","author":"Ceriello A","year":"1996","unstructured":"Ceriello A, Falleti E, Bortolotti N, et al.. Increased circulating intercellular adhesion molecule-1 levels in type II diabetic patients: the possible role of metabolic control and oxidative stress. Metabolism. 1996, 45:498-501. 10.1016\/s0026-0495(96)90226-7","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/mjbl.mjbl_246_22","article-title":"Circulating cell adhesion molecules level in type 2 diabetes mellitus and its correlation with glycemic control and metabolic syndrome: a case-control study","volume":"20","author":"Abdullah RA","year":"2023","unstructured":"Abdullah RA, Abdulrahman IS. Circulating cell adhesion molecules level in type 2 diabetes mellitus and its correlation with glycemic control and metabolic syndrome: a case-control study. Med J Babylon. 2023, 20:64-70. 10.4103\/mjbl.mjbl_246_22","journal-title":"Med J Babylon"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-008-0868-6","article-title":"Assessment of selected adhesion molecule and proinflammatory cytokine levels in the vitreous body of patients with type 2 diabetes-role of the inflammatory-immune process in the pathogenesis of proliferative diabetic retinopathy","volume":"246","author":"Adamiec-Mroczek J","year":"2008","unstructured":"Adamiec-Mroczek J, Oficjalska-M\u0142y\u0144czak J. Assessment of selected adhesion molecule and proinflammatory cytokine levels in the vitreous body of patients with type 2 diabetes-role of the inflammatory-immune process in the pathogenesis of proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2008, 246:1665-70.","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref11","article-title":"Association between adhesive molecules and oxidative stress markers among non-insulin dependent diabetic patients","volume":"5","author":"Al-Dahr MH","year":"2017","unstructured":"Al-Dahr MH. Association between adhesive molecules and oxidative stress markers among non-insulin dependent diabetic patients. Adv Res Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017, 5:555652.","journal-title":"Adv Res Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11152336","article-title":"TGF-\u03b2 superfamily signaling in the eye: implications for ocular pathologies","volume":"11","author":"Hachana S","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hachana S, Larriv\u00e9e B. TGF-\u03b2 superfamily signaling in the eye: implications for ocular pathologies. Cells. 2022, 11:2336. 10.3390\/cells11152336","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25053052","article-title":"TGF-\u03b2 signaling pathways in the development of diabetic retinopathy","volume":"25","author":"Callan A","year":"2024","unstructured":"Callan A, Jha S, Valdez L, Baldado L, Tsin A. TGF-\u03b2 signaling pathways in the development of diabetic retinopathy. Int J Mol Sci. 2024, 25:3052. 10.3390\/ijms25053052","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22141\/2224-0721.21.1.2025.1489","article-title":"Relationship of transforming growth factor \u03b21 with diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetes","volume":"21","author":"Hudz A","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hudz A, Serhiyenko V, Kudryl I, Guryanov V, Kovtun M, Ziablitsev S. Relationship of transforming growth factor \u03b21 with diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetes. Int J Endocrinol (Ukraine). 2025, 21:38-42. 10.22141\/2224-0721.21.1.2025.1489","journal-title":"Int J Endocrinol (Ukraine)"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc20-S001","article-title":"1. Improving care and promoting health in populations: standards of medical care in diabetes-2020","volume":"43","author":"American Diabetes Association","year":"2020","unstructured":"American Diabetes Association. 1. Improving care and promoting health in populations: standards of medical care in diabetes-2020. Diabetes Care. 2020, 43:S7-13. 10.2337\/dc20-S001","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref16","article-title":"Status of serum VEGF and ICAM-1 and its association with external limiting membrane and inner segment-outer segment junction disruption in type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"19","author":"Jain A","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jain A, Saxena S, Khanna VK, Shukla RK, Meyer CH.  Status of serum VEGF and ICAM-1 and its association with external limiting membrane and inner segment-outer segment junction disruption in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Mol Vis. 2013, 19:1760-8.","journal-title":"Mol Vis"},{"key":"ref17","article-title":"The evolution of clinical trial endpoints for diabetic retinopathy","volume":"21","author":"Lally DR","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lally DR, Pepose JS, Magrath GN, Jayagopal A, Kaiser PK. The evolution of clinical trial endpoints for diabetic retinopathy. Retin Physician. 2024, 21:12-4.","journal-title":"Retin Physician"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5455\/jib.20120417052458","article-title":"Potential role of oxidized LDL (oxLDL) and adhesion molecules (VCAM-1, ICAM-1) in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in Qassim region, KSA","volume":"1","author":"Basyouni M","year":"2012","unstructured":"Basyouni M, Ahmed M, Ismail HA, Esmat I. Potential role of oxidized LDL (oxLDL) and adhesion molecules (VCAM-1, ICAM-1) in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in Qassim region, KSA. J Investig Biochem. 2012, 1:1-5.","journal-title":"J Investig Biochem"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21249558","article-title":"TGF-\u03b2 serum levels in diabetic retinopathy patients and the role of anti-VEGF therapy","volume":"21","author":"Bonfiglio V","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bonfiglio V, Platania CB, Lazzara F, et al.. TGF-\u03b2 serum levels in diabetic retinopathy patients and the role of anti-VEGF therapy. Int J Mol Sci. 2020, 21:9558. 10.3390\/ijms21249558","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0304173","article-title":"Are soluble E-selectin, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1 potential predictors for the development of diabetic retinopathy in young adults, 15-34 years of age? A Swedish prospective cohort study","volume":"19","author":"Ekelund C","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ekelund C, Dereke J, Nilsson C, Landin-Olsson M. Are soluble E-selectin, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1 potential predictors for the development of diabetic retinopathy in young adults, 15-34 years of age? A Swedish prospective cohort study. PLoS One. 2024, 19:e0304173. 10.1371\/journal.pone.0304173","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref21","article-title":"Intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1 at the early stages of atherosclerosis in a rat model","volume":"26","author":"Fotis L","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fotis L, Agrogiannis G, Vlachos IS, et al.. Intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1 at the early stages of atherosclerosis in a rat model. In Vivo. 2012, 26:243-50.","journal-title":"In Vivo"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-023-03046-2","article-title":"Transforming growth factor beta 1 is associated with subclinical carotid atherosclerosis in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"25","author":"G\u00f3mez-Bernal F","year":"2023","unstructured":"G\u00f3mez-Bernal F, Quevedo-Abeledo JC, Garc\u00eda-Gonz\u00e1lez M, et al.. Transforming growth factor beta 1 is associated with subclinical carotid atherosclerosis in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Res Ther. 2023, 25:64. 10.1186\/s13075-023-03046-2","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/ar1951","article-title":"Activation of transforming growth factor-beta1 and early atherosclerosis in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"8","author":"Jackson M","year":"2006","unstructured":"Jackson M, Ahmad Y, Bruce IN, Coupes B, Brenchley PE. Activation of transforming growth factor-beta1 and early atherosclerosis in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Res Ther. 2006, 8:R81. 10.1186\/ar1951","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2014.11.018","article-title":"Inflammation in childhood type 1 diabetes; influence of glycemic control","volume":"238","author":"Heier M","year":"2015","unstructured":"Heier M, Margeirsdottir HD, Brunborg C, Hanssen KF, Dahl-J\u00f8rgensen K, Seljeflot I. Inflammation in childhood type 1 diabetes; influence of glycemic control. Atherosclerosis. 2015, 238:33-7.","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.24.3.516","article-title":"Vitreous levels of vascular cell adhesion molecule and vascular endothelial growth factor in patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy: a case-control study","volume":"24","author":"Hern\u00e1ndez C","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hern\u00e1ndez C, Burgos R, Cant\u00f3n A, Garc\u00eda-Arum\u00ed J, Segura RM, Sim\u00f3 R. Vitreous levels of vascular cell adhesion molecule and vascular endothelial growth factor in patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy: a case-control study. Diabetes Care. 2001, 24:516-21. 10.2337\/diacare.24.3.516","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2022.11.004","article-title":"Serum transforming growth factor-beta 1 and creatinine for early diagnosis of CKD of unknown or uncertain etiology phenotypes","volume":"8","author":"Badurdeen Z","year":"2023","unstructured":"Badurdeen Z, Alli-Shaik A, Ratnatunga NV, et al.. Serum transforming growth factor-beta 1 and creatinine for early diagnosis of CKD of unknown or uncertain etiology phenotypes. Kidney Int Rep. 2023, 8:368-72. 10.1016\/j.ekir.2022.11.004","journal-title":"Kidney Int Rep"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.35975\/apic.v28i1.2399","article-title":"Association of TGF-\u03b21 with cystatin-C in patients with diabetic nephropathy","volume":"28","author":"Jasem AH","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jasem AH, Haddad NS, Yaseen NT, Alrufaie MM. Association of TGF-\u03b21 with cystatin-C in patients with diabetic nephropathy. Anaesth Pain Intensive Care. 2024, 28:151-4. 10.35975\/apic.v28i1.2399","journal-title":"Anaesth Pain Intensive Care"},{"key":"ref28","article-title":"Circulating cell adhesion molecules (sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1) and microangiopathy in diabetes mellitus","volume":"7","author":"Ghonaim MM","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ghonaim MM, El-Edel RH. Circulating cell adhesion molecules (sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1) and microangiopathy in diabetes mellitus. Ibnosina J Med Biomed Sci. 2015, 7:211-8.","journal-title":"Ibnosina J Med Biomed Sci"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-03124-x","article-title":"Cytokine profiling in the sub-silicone oil fluid after vitrectomy surgeries for refractory retinal diseases","volume":"7","author":"Kaneko H","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kaneko H, Takayama K, Asami T, et al.. Cytokine profiling in the sub-silicone oil fluid after vitrectomy surgeries for refractory retinal diseases. Sci Rep. 2017, 7:2640. 10.1038\/s41598-017-03124-x","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.13230","article-title":"Aqueous humour concentrations of TGF-\u03b2, PLGF and FGF-1 and total retinal blood flow in patients with early non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy","volume":"95","author":"Khuu LA","year":"2017","unstructured":"Khuu LA, Tayyari F, Sivak JM, et al.. Aqueous humour concentrations of TGF-\u03b2, PLGF and FGF-1 and total retinal blood flow in patients with early non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Acta Ophthalmol. 2017, 95:e206-11. 10.1111\/aos.13230","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/503980-correlation-of-serum-intercellular-adhesion-molecule-1-and-transforming-growth-factor-beta-1-with-diabetic-retinopathy-in-north-indian-patients-with-type-2-diabetes-mellitus","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,19]],"date-time":"2026-07-19T06:41:51Z","timestamp":1784443311000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/503980-correlation-of-serum-intercellular-adhesion-molecule-1-and-transforming-growth-factor-beta-1-with-diabetic-retinopathy-in-north-indian-patients-with-type-2-diabetes-mellitus"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]]},"references-count":30,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.112938","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]]}}}