{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T06:06:58Z","timestamp":1784614018366,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.113061","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T05:59:12Z","timestamp":1784613552000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparative Evaluation of Perfusion Index With Lactate and Base Deficit for Assessing Resuscitation Response in Traumatic Shock Patients Not Requiring Blood Transfusion in the Emergency Department"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Aghnay","family":"Kalathingal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Devendra Prasad","family":"KJ","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajesh","family":"K","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krishnamurthy","family":"DGSR","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7205\/milmed.171.4.278","article-title":"Traumatic shock","volume":"171","author":"Hardaway RM","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hardaway RM. Traumatic shock. Mil Med. 2006, 171:278-9. 10.7205\/milmed.171.4.278","journal-title":"Mil Med"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OI9.0000000000000376","article-title":"","volume":"8","author":"Miclau T","year":"2025","unstructured":"Miclau T, Balogh ZJ. Miclau KR, et al.: Trauma systems: a global comparison. OTA Int. 2025, 8:376. 10.1097\/OI9.0000000000000376","journal-title":"Miclau KR, et al.: Trauma systems: a global comparison. OTA Int"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2025.116510","article-title":"Timing of trauma deaths due to uncontrolled bleeding have not changed in three decades: a multicenter study of patients in hemorrhagic shock","volume":"250","author":"Bernhardt IM","year":"2025","unstructured":"Bernhardt IM, Moore EE, Sauaia A, et al.. Timing of trauma deaths due to uncontrolled bleeding have not changed in three decades: a multicenter study of patients in hemorrhagic shock. Am J Surg. 2025, 250:116510. 10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2025.116510","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.80657","article-title":"Clinical epidemiology of trauma patients: a retrospective analysis of 3705 consecutive patients treated at a level I trauma center","volume":"17","author":"Singh AK","year":"2025","unstructured":"Singh AK, Mishra P. Clinical epidemiology of trauma patients: a retrospective analysis of 3705 consecutive patients treated at a level I trauma center. Cureus. 2025, 17:80657. 10.7759\/cureus.80657","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref5","article-title":"","author":"Traffic Crash Injuries and Disabilities: The Burden on Indian Society. Vol. 1 . 2021 (ed): World Bank Group","unstructured":"Traffic Crash Injuries and Disabilities. The Burden on Indian Society. Vol. 1 . 2021 (ed): World Bank Group, Washington, D.C. 10.1596\/35235: https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/country\/india\/publication\/traffic-crash-injuries-and-disabilities-the-burden-on-indian-s...."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.422","article-title":"Measuring quality of pre-hospital traumatic shock care-development and validation of an instrument for resource-limited settings","volume":"4","author":"Mould-Millman NK","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mould-Millman NK, Dixon J, Lee M, et al.. Measuring quality of pre-hospital traumatic shock care-development and validation of an instrument for resource-limited settings. Health Sci Rep. 2021, 4:422. 10.1002\/hsr2.422","journal-title":"Health Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref7","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of shock in the emergency department","volume":"16","author":"Richards JB","year":"2014","unstructured":"Richards JB, Wilcox SR. Diagnosis and management of shock in the emergency department. Emerg Med Pract. 2014, 16:1-22.","journal-title":"Emerg Med Pract"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-200206000-00006","article-title":"Use of a peripheral perfusion index derived from the pulse oximetry signal as a noninvasive indicator of perfusion","volume":"30","author":"Lima AP","year":"2002","unstructured":"Lima AP, Beelen P, Bakker J. Use of a peripheral perfusion index derived from the pulse oximetry signal as a noninvasive indicator of perfusion. Crit Care Med. 2002, 30:1210-3. 10.1097\/00003246-200206000-00006","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14134616","article-title":"Peripheral perfusion index: an adjunct for the ED triage or a powerful objective tool to predict patient outcomes?","volume":"14","author":"Siber V","year":"2025","unstructured":"Siber V, Ate\u015f S, \u015eafak T, et al.. Peripheral perfusion index: an adjunct for the ED triage or a powerful objective tool to predict patient outcomes?. J Clin Med. 2025, 14:4616. 10.3390\/jcm14134616","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2020.04.010","article-title":"Perfusion index measurement in predicting hypovolemic shock in trauma patients","volume":"59","author":"Ozakin E","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ozakin E, Yazlamaz NO, Kaya FB, Karakilic EM, Bilgin M. Perfusion index measurement in predicting hypovolemic shock in trauma patients. J Emerg Med. 2020, 59:238-45. 10.1016\/j.jemermed.2020.04.010","journal-title":"J Emerg Med"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13101777","article-title":"Impact of serum lactate as an early serum biomarker for cardiopulmonary parameters within the first 24 hours of intensive care unit treatment in patients with isolated traumatic brain injury","volume":"13","author":"Bender M","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bender M, Friedrich M, Voigtmann H, Haferkorn K, Uhl E, Stein M. Impact of serum lactate as an early serum biomarker for cardiopulmonary parameters within the first 24 hours of intensive care unit treatment in patients with isolated traumatic brain injury. Diagnostics (Basel). 2023, 13:1777. 10.3390\/diagnostics13101777","journal-title":"Diagnostics (Basel)"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.30476\/beat.2025.103125.1519","article-title":"Prognostic value of lactate levels in trauma patients' outcomes in emergency department","volume":"13","author":"Sadrzadeh SM","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sadrzadeh SM, Talebzadeh V, Mousavi SM, Rezvani Kakhki B, Vafadar Moradi E, Feiz Disfani H. Prognostic value of lactate levels in trauma patients' outcomes in emergency department. Bull Emerg Trauma. 2025, 13:32-6. 10.30476\/beat.2025.103125.1519","journal-title":"Bull Emerg Trauma"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2008.01.022","article-title":"The utility of base deficit and arterial lactate in differentiating major from minor injury in trauma patients with normal vital signs","volume":"77","author":"Paladino L","year":"2008","unstructured":"Paladino L, Sinert R, Wallace D, Anderson T, Yadav K, Zehtabchi S. The utility of base deficit and arterial lactate in differentiating major from minor injury in trauma patients with normal vital signs. Resuscitation. 2008, 77:363-8. 10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2008.01.022","journal-title":"Resuscitation"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14744\/tjtes.2025.65957","article-title":"Evaluation of peripheral perfusion index in predicting blood product need for trauma patients","volume":"31","author":"Din\u00e7er E","year":"2025","unstructured":"Din\u00e7er E, Ak\u00f6z A, Duman A, \u00d6zl\u00fcer YE, Sava\u015f AM, B\u00fcy\u00fckta\u015f OC. Evaluation of peripheral perfusion index in predicting blood product need for trauma patients. Turk J Trauma Emerg Surg. 2025, 31:525-30. 10.14744\/tjtes.2025.65957","journal-title":"Turk J Trauma Emerg Surg"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.651909","article-title":"Plethysmographic peripheral perfusion index: could it be a new vital sign?","volume":"8","author":"Elshal MM","year":"2021","unstructured":"Elshal MM, Hasanin AM, Mostafa M, Gamal RM. Plethysmographic peripheral perfusion index: could it be a new vital sign?. Front Med (Lausanne). 2021, 8:651909. 10.3389\/fmed.2021.651909","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10030-1416","article-title":"Shock index, lactate, and base deficit as bleeding predictors in trauma patients from a complex emergency department: a prospective cohort study","volume":"29","author":"Arboleda NS","year":"2023","unstructured":"Arboleda NS, Diaz AR, Zu\u00f1iga AJ, Merchan-Galvis A. Shock index, lactate, and base deficit as bleeding predictors in trauma patients from a complex emergency department: a prospective cohort study. Panamerican Journal of Trauma, Critical Care &amp; Emergency Surgery. 2023, 29:42-6. 10.5005\/jp-journals-10030-1416","journal-title":"Panamerican Journal of Trauma, Critical Care & Emergency Surgery"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40001-024-02048-3","article-title":"Peripheral perfusion index of pulse oximetry in adult patients: a narrative review","volume":"29","author":"Sun X","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sun X, He H, Xu M, Long Y. Peripheral perfusion index of pulse oximetry in adult patients: a narrative review. Eur J Med Res. 2024, 29:315. 10.1186\/s40001-024-02048-3","journal-title":"Eur J Med Res"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/micc.12650","article-title":"Therapeutic interventions to restore microcirculatory perfusion following experimental hemorrhagic shock and fluid resuscitation: a systematic review","volume":"27","author":"van Leeuwen ALI","year":"2020","unstructured":"van Leeuwen ALI, Dekker NAM, Jansma EP, Boer C, van den Brom CE. Therapeutic interventions to restore microcirculatory perfusion following experimental hemorrhagic shock and fluid resuscitation: a systematic review. Microcirculation. 2020, 27:12650. 10.1111\/micc.12650","journal-title":"Microcirculation"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2018.02.013","article-title":"The clinical utility of shock index to predict the need for blood transfusion and outcomes in trauma","volume":"227","author":"El-Menyar A","year":"2018","unstructured":"El-Menyar A, Goyal P, Tilley E, Latifi R. The clinical utility of shock index to predict the need for blood transfusion and outcomes in trauma. J Surg Res. 2018, 227:52-9. 10.1016\/j.jss.2018.02.013","journal-title":"J Surg Res"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0b013e3182095a0a","article-title":"20.\tVandromme MJ, Griffin RL, Kerby JD, McGwin G Jr, Rue LW 3rd, Weinberg JA: Identifying risk for massive\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\ntransfusion in the relatively normotensive patient: utility of the prehospital shock index","volume":"3","author":"Vandromme MJ","unstructured":"Vandromme MJ, Griffin RL. 20.\tVandromme MJ, Griffin RL, Kerby JD, McGwin G Jr, Rue LW 3rd, Weinberg JA: Identifying risk for massive\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\ntransfusion in the relatively normotensive patient: utility of the prehospital shock index\r\n. Kerby JD, McGwin G Jr, Rue LW. 3:10.1097\/TA.0b013e3182095a0a","journal-title":"Kerby JD, McGwin G Jr, Rue LW"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0b013e318210f5c9","article-title":"","volume":"70","author":"Guyette F","year":"2011","unstructured":"Guyette F, Suffoletto B. Castillo JL, Quintero J, Callaway C, Puyana JC: Prehospital serum lactate as a predictor of outcomes in trauma patients: a retrospective observational study. J Trauma. 2011, 70:782-6. 10.1097\/TA.0b013e318210f5c9","journal-title":"Castillo JL, Quintero J, Callaway C, Puyana JC: Prehospital serum lactate as a predictor of outcomes in trauma patients: a retrospective observational study. J Trauma"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SHK.0000000000001811","article-title":"Assessment of tissue perfusion using the peripheral perfusion index and lactate clearance in shock in pediatric patients","volume":"56","author":"Bazaraa H","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bazaraa H, Roby S, Salah E, Algebaly H. Assessment of tissue perfusion using the peripheral perfusion index and lactate clearance in shock in pediatric patients. Shock. 2021, 56:933-8. 10.1097\/SHK.0000000000001811","journal-title":"Shock"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23880\/accmj-16000102","article-title":"Perfusion index derived from pulse oximetry, serum lactate, its surrogates and beta type natriuretic peptide (BNP) for outcome prediction in poly-traumatized patients: A prospective observational cohort study","author":"Atia AM","unstructured":"Atia AM, Albeblawy AM, Ibrahim NM, Abdelrhman MZ, Esmaeil HA, Gad Elrab NA. Perfusion index derived from pulse oximetry, serum lactate, its surrogates and beta type natriuretic peptide (BNP) for outcome prediction in poly-traumatized patients: A prospective observational cohort study. Anaesth Critic Care Med. 10.23880\/accmj-16000102","journal-title":"Anaesth Critic Care Med"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ta.0000205858.82575.55","article-title":"Admission serum lactate levels do not predict mortality in the acutely injured patient","volume":"60","author":"Pal JD","year":"2006","unstructured":"Pal JD, Victorino GP, Twomey P, Liu TH, Bullard MK, Harken AH. Admission serum lactate levels do not predict mortality in the acutely injured patient. J Trauma. 2006, 60:583-7. 10.1097\/01.ta.0000205858.82575.55","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/cc4661","article-title":"Monitoring of lactate and base deficit: what is their role in the predictive outcome of severe trauma?","volume":"10","author":"Azan G","year":"2006","unstructured":"Azan G, Capasso A, Orlando L, Pellegrini C, Prizio G, Di Maria C, De Blasio E. Monitoring of lactate and base deficit: what is their role in the predictive outcome of severe trauma?. Critical Care. 2006, 10:314. 10.1186\/cc4661","journal-title":"Critical Care"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/cc8393","article-title":"Examination of the utility of serum lactate and base deficit in hemorrhagic shock","volume":"14","author":"Jonishi K","year":"2010","unstructured":"Jonishi K, Sakamoto Y, Ueno Y, et al.. Examination of the utility of serum lactate and base deficit in hemorrhagic shock. Crit Care. 2010, 14:161. 10.1186\/cc8393","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/cc12555","article-title":"Renaissance of base deficit for the initial assessment of trauma patients: a base deficit-based classification for hypovolemic shock developed on data from 16,305 patients derived from the TraumaRegister DGU\u00ae","volume":"17","author":"Mutschler M","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mutschler M, Nienaber U, Brockamp T, et al.. Renaissance of base deficit for the initial assessment of trauma patients: a base deficit-based classification for hypovolemic shock developed on data from 16,305 patients derived from the TraumaRegister DGU\u00ae. Crit Care. 2013, 17:42. 10.1186\/cc12555","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2017.06.011","article-title":"A comparison of base deficit and vital signs in the early assessment of patients with penetrating trauma in a high burden setting","volume":"48","author":"Dunham MP","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dunham MP, Sartorius B, Laing GL, Bruce JL, Clarke DL. A comparison of base deficit and vital signs in the early assessment of patients with penetrating trauma in a high burden setting. Injury. 2017, 48:1972-7. 10.1016\/j.injury.2017.06.011","journal-title":"Injury"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/476024-comparative-evaluation-of-perfusion-index-with-lactate-and-base-deficit-for-assessing-resuscitation-response-in-traumatic-shock-patients-not-requiring-blood-transfusion-in-the-emergency-department","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T05:59:13Z","timestamp":1784613553000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/476024-comparative-evaluation-of-perfusion-index-with-lactate-and-base-deficit-for-assessing-resuscitation-response-in-traumatic-shock-patients-not-requiring-blood-transfusion-in-the-emergency-department"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]]},"references-count":28,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.113061","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]]}}}