{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T16:01:57Z","timestamp":1785254517878,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.113518","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T15:39:25Z","timestamp":1785253165000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Mortality and Predictors of In-Hospital Death Among Mechanically Ventilated Adults With Gram-Negative Pneumonia"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Nasar Nasrullah","family":"Khan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saeeda","family":"Shahid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asim","family":"Hussain Rafila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hubba Farid","family":"Jabbar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Spogmaye","family":"Haroon Ur Rashid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Shahzad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Waqas","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2025.1500901","article-title":"Prevalence of ventilator-associated pneumonia and associated factors among intubated adult patients admitted in public hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: a facility-based retrospective study design","volume":"12","author":"Tegegne EM","year":"2025","unstructured":"Tegegne EM, Chekol Gete B, Demissie DB. Prevalence of ventilator-associated pneumonia and associated factors among intubated adult patients admitted in public hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: a facility-based retrospective study design. Front Med (Lausanne). 2025, 12:1500901. 10.3389\/fmed.2025.1500901","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"key":"ref2","article-title":"Mortality rates and predictors of in-hospital mortality among intubated and mechanically ventilated adult patients with gram negative pneumonia","volume":"197","author":"Law A","year":"1971","unstructured":"Law A, Lodise T, Spilsbury-Cantalupo S, Liao L, O'Brien G, McCart M, Eaddy M. Mortality rates and predictors of in-hospital mortality among intubated and mechanically ventilated adult patients with gram negative pneumonia . Am J Respiratory Crit Care Med. 1971, 197:A1458.","journal-title":"Am J Respiratory Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.07754","article-title":"Hospital readmissions and mortality among intubated and mechanically ventilated adult subjects with pneumonia due to gram-negative bacteria","volume":"66","author":"Lodise TP Jr","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lodise TP Jr, Law A, Spilsbury-Cantalupo M, Liao L, McCart M, Eaddy M. Hospital readmissions and mortality among intubated and mechanically ventilated adult subjects with pneumonia due to gram-negative bacteria. Respir Care. 2021, 66:742-50. 10.4187\/respcare.07754","journal-title":"Respir Care"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsa1300991","article-title":"National trends in patient safety for four common conditions, 2005-2011","volume":"370","author":"Wang Y","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wang Y, Eldridge N, Metersky ML, et al.. National trends in patient safety for four common conditions, 2005-2011. N Engl J Med. 2014, 370:341-51. 10.1056\/NEJMsa1300991","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2022.88","article-title":"Strategies to prevent ventilator-associated pneumonia, ventilator-associated events, and nonventilator hospital-acquired pneumonia in acute-care hospitals: 2022 update","volume":"43","author":"Klompas M","year":"2022","unstructured":"Klompas M, Branson R, Cawcutt K, et al.. Strategies to prevent ventilator-associated pneumonia, ventilator-associated events, and nonventilator hospital-acquired pneumonia in acute-care hospitals: 2022 update. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2022, 43:687-713. 10.1017\/ice.2022.88","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/cc6877","article-title":"Diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia: a systematic review of the literature","volume":"12","author":"Rea-Neto A","year":"2008","unstructured":"Rea-Neto A, Youssef NC, Tuche F, Brunkhorst F, Ranieri VM, Reinhart K, Sakr Y. Diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia: a systematic review of the literature. Crit Care. 2008, 12:R56. 10.1186\/cc6877","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(13)70081-1","article-title":"Attributable mortality of ventilator-associated pneumonia: a meta-analysis of individual patient data from randomised prevention studies","volume":"13","author":"Melsen WG","year":"2013","unstructured":"Melsen WG, Rovers MM, Groenwold RH, et al.. Attributable mortality of ventilator-associated pneumonia: a meta-analysis of individual patient data from randomised prevention studies. Lancet Infect Dis. 2013, 13:665-71. 10.1016\/S1473-3099(13)70081-1","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.165.7.2105078","article-title":"Ventilator-associated pneumonia","volume":"165","author":"Chastre J","year":"2002","unstructured":"Chastre J, Fagon JY. Ventilator-associated pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002, 165:867-903. 10.1164\/ajrccm.165.7.2105078","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/664049","article-title":"Economic impact of ventilator-associated pneumonia in a large matched cohort","volume":"33","author":"Kollef MH","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kollef MH, Hamilton CW, Ernst FR. Economic impact of ventilator-associated pneumonia in a large matched cohort. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2012, 33:250-6. 10.1086\/664049","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.12222.1","article-title":"Update on ventilator-associated pneumonia","volume":"6","author":"Timsit JF","year":"2017","unstructured":"Timsit JF, Esaied W, Neuville M, Bouadma L, Mourvllier B. Update on ventilator-associated pneumonia. F1000Res. 2017, 6:2061. 10.12688\/f1000research.12222.1","journal-title":"F1000Res"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000000510","article-title":"Global prospective epidemiologic and surveillance study of ventilator-associated pneumonia due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"42","author":"Kollef MH","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kollef MH, Chastre J, Fagon JY, et al.. Global prospective epidemiologic and surveillance study of ventilator-associated pneumonia due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Crit Care Med. 2014, 42:2178-87. 10.1097\/CCM.0000000000000510","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2013.9763","article-title":"Health care-associated infections: a meta-analysis of costs and financial impact on the US health care system","volume":"173","author":"Zimlichman E","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zimlichman E, Henderson D, Tamir O, et al.. Health care-associated infections: a meta-analysis of costs and financial impact on the US health care system. JAMA Intern Med. 2013, 173:2039-46. 10.1001\/jamainternmed.2013.9763","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-198510000-00009","article-title":"APACHE II: A severity of disease classification system","volume":"13","author":"Knaus WA","year":"1985","unstructured":"Knaus WA, Draper EA, Wagner DP, Zimmerman JE. APACHE II: A severity of disease classification system. Crit Care Med. 1985, 13:818-29.","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01709751","article-title":"The SOFA (Sepsis-related Organ Failure Assessment) score to describe organ dysfunction\/failure. On behalf of the Working Group on Sepsis-Related Problems of the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine","volume":"22","author":"Vincent JL","year":"1996","unstructured":"Vincent JL, Moreno R, Takala J, et al.. The SOFA (Sepsis-related Organ Failure Assessment) score to describe organ dysfunction\/failure. On behalf of the Working Group on Sepsis-Related Problems of the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine. Intensive Care Med. 1996, 22:707-10. 10.1007\/BF01709751","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10071-24157","article-title":"Ventilator-associated events surveillance in a trauma intensive care unit: a prospective study of incidence, predictive values, sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and concordance with ventilator-associated pneumonia","volume":"26","author":"Kaur K","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kaur K, Jain K, Biswal M, Dayal SK. Ventilator-associated events surveillance in a trauma intensive care unit: a prospective study of incidence, predictive values, sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and concordance with ventilator-associated pneumonia. Indian J Crit Care Med. 2022, 26:584-90. 10.5005\/jp-journals-10071-24157","journal-title":"Indian J Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2021.10.001","article-title":"Diagnostic and prognostic prediction models in ventilator-associated pneumonia: Systematic review and meta-analysis of prediction modelling studies","volume":"67","author":"Frondelius T","year":"2022","unstructured":"Frondelius T, Atkova I, Miettunen J, Rello J, Jansson MM. Diagnostic and prognostic prediction models in ventilator-associated pneumonia: Systematic review and meta-analysis of prediction modelling studies. J Crit Care. 2022, 67:44-56. 10.1016\/j.jcrc.2021.10.001","journal-title":"J Crit Care"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-023-02456-9","article-title":"Ventilator-associated pneumonia in neurocritically ill patients: insights from the ENIO international prospective observational study","volume":"24","author":"Battaglini D","year":"2023","unstructured":"Battaglini D, Parodi L, Cinotti R, et al.. Ventilator-associated pneumonia in neurocritically ill patients: insights from the ENIO international prospective observational study. Respir Res. 2023, 24:146. 10.1186\/s12931-023-02456-9","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.47515","article-title":"Clinical and etiological exploration of ventilator-associated pneumonia in the intensive care unit of a developing country","volume":"15","author":"Nisar O","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nisar O, Nisar S, Khattak Haroon Ur Rashid S, et al.. Clinical and etiological exploration of ventilator-associated pneumonia in the intensive care unit of a developing country. Cureus. 2023, 15:e47515. 10.7759\/cureus.47515","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm12040597","article-title":"Risk factors and protective factors against ventilator-associated pneumonia - a single-center mixed prospective and retrospective cohort study","volume":"12","author":"Pawlik J","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pawlik J, Tomaszek L, Mazurek H, M\u0119drzycka-D\u0105browska W. Risk factors and protective factors against ventilator-associated pneumonia - a single-center mixed prospective and retrospective cohort study. J Pers Med. 2022, 12:597. 10.3390\/jpm12040597","journal-title":"J Pers Med"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-022-07053-7","article-title":"Analysis of risk factors for early-onset ventilator-associated pneumonia in a neurosurgical intensive care unit","volume":"22","author":"Teng G","year":"2022","unstructured":"Teng G, Wang N, Nie X, Zhang L, Liu H. Analysis of risk factors for early-onset ventilator-associated pneumonia in a neurosurgical intensive care unit. BMC Infect Dis. 2022, 22:66. 10.1186\/s12879-022-07053-7","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/514386-mortality-and-predictors-of-in-hospital-death-among-mechanically-ventilated-adults-with-gram-negative-pneumonia","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T15:39:27Z","timestamp":1785253167000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/514386-mortality-and-predictors-of-in-hospital-death-among-mechanically-ventilated-adults-with-gram-negative-pneumonia"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]]},"references-count":20,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.113518","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]]}}}