{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T11:46:14Z","timestamp":1785757574899,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.113849","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T11:02:52Z","timestamp":1785754972000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparative Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) Evaluation of Advanced Irrigation Activation Techniques for Bioceramic Sealer Removal in Retreatment: An In Vitro Study"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Somya","family":"Kumari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rishika","family":"Raman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chi Koy","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Binoy K","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abhinav K","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7860\/JCDR\/2016\/17395.7904","article-title":"Efficacy of different methods for removing root canal filling material in retreatment - an in-vitro study","volume":"10","author":"Kasam S","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kasam S, Mariswamy AB. Efficacy of different methods for removing root canal filling material in retreatment - an in-vitro study. J Clin Diagn Res. 2016, 10:ZC06-10. 10.7860\/JCDR\/2016\/17395.7904","journal-title":"J Clin Diagn Res"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/1305-7456.175682","article-title":"Failure of endodontic treatment: the usual suspects","volume":"10","author":"Tabassum S","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tabassum S, Khan FR. Failure of endodontic treatment: the usual suspects. Eur J Dent. 2016, 10:144-7. 10.4103\/1305-7456.175682","journal-title":"Eur J Dent"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/9753210","article-title":"Bioceramic-based root canal sealers: a review","volume":"2016","author":"Al-Haddad A","year":"2016","unstructured":"Al-Haddad A, Che Ab Aziz ZA. Bioceramic-based root canal sealers: a review. Int J Biomater. 2016, 2016:9753210. 10.1155\/2016\/9753210","journal-title":"Int J Biomater"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5402\/2011\/640509","article-title":"Comparison of the success rate of endodontic treatment and implant treatment","volume":"2011","author":"Elemam RF","year":"2011","unstructured":"Elemam RF, Pretty I. Comparison of the success rate of endodontic treatment and implant treatment. ISRN Dent. 2011, 2011:640509. 10.5402\/2011\/640509","journal-title":"ISRN Dent"},{"key":"ref5","article-title":"","author":"Rotstein I","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rotstein I, Ingle JI. Ingle's Endodontics. Seventh Edition. PMPH USA, Ltd., Raleigh, North Carolina; 2019. https:\/\/pmphusa.com\/book\/ingles-endodontics-7\/."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2591.2008.01503.x","article-title":"Irrigant flow within a prepared root canal using various flow rates: a computational fluid dynamics study","volume":"42","author":"Boutsioukis C","year":"2009","unstructured":"Boutsioukis C, Lambrianidis T, Kastrinakis E. Irrigant flow within a prepared root canal using various flow rates: a computational fluid dynamics study. Int Endod J. 2009, 42:144-55. 10.1111\/j.1365-2591.2008.01503.x","journal-title":"Int Endod J"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-16456-4","article-title":"","author":"Basrani B","year":"2015","unstructured":"Basrani B. Endodontic Irrigation. Basrani B (ed): Springer, Toronto, Canada; 2015. 10.1007\/978-3-319-16456-4"},{"key":"ref8","article-title":"Cohen's Pathways of the Pulp Expert Consult. 10th Edition","author":"Berman LH","year":"2011","unstructured":"Berman LH, Hargreaves KM. Cohen's Pathways of the Pulp Expert Consult. 10th Edition. Mosby Elsevier, St. Louis, MO; 2011."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2009.03.010","article-title":"Review of contemporary irrigant agitation techniques and devices","volume":"35","author":"Gu LS","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gu LS, Kim JR, Ling J, Choi KK, Pashley DH, Tay FR. Review of contemporary irrigant agitation techniques and devices. J Endod. 2009, 35:791-804. 10.1016\/j.joen.2009.03.010","journal-title":"J Endod"},{"key":"ref10","article-title":"Antimicrobial efficacy of dual wavelength lasers-activated irrigation in root canal therapy (in vitro study)","volume":"10","author":"Baothman R","year":"2022","unstructured":"Baothman R, Abu Zeid S, Nassar H, Merdad L, Zahran M, Merdad K. Antimicrobial efficacy of dual wavelength lasers-activated irrigation in root canal therapy (in vitro study). J Res Med Dent Sci. 2022, 10:121-6.","journal-title":"J Res Med Dent Sci"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-025-04766-4","article-title":"Comparative analysis of laser and ultrasonic irrigation techniques for smear layer removal in endodontics","volume":"40","author":"Abaza MM","year":"2025","unstructured":"Abaza MM, Harhash TA, Zaky AA. Comparative analysis of laser and ultrasonic irrigation techniques for smear layer removal in endodontics. Lasers Med Sci. 2025, 40:522. 10.1007\/s10103-025-04766-4","journal-title":"Lasers Med Sci"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21608\/edj.2023.199640.2485","article-title":"Efficacy of diode laser activated irrigation (980 nm) and passive ultrasonic irrigation in terms of smear layer removal in oval-shaped canals: a comparative in-vitro study","volume":"69","author":"Elkhodary S","year":"2023","unstructured":"Elkhodary S, Morsy D. Efficacy of diode laser activated irrigation (980 nm) and passive ultrasonic irrigation in terms of smear layer removal in oval-shaped canals: a comparative in-vitro study. Egypt Dent J. 2023, 69:1709-19. 10.21608\/edj.2023.199640.2485","journal-title":"Egypt Dent J"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.13287","article-title":"Evaluation of filling material remnants after basic preparation, apical enlargement and final irrigation in retreatment of severely curved root canals in extracted teeth","volume":"53","author":"Bago I","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bago I, Plotino G, Kati\u0107 M, Ro\u010dan M, Batini\u0107 M, Ani\u0107 I. Evaluation of filling material remnants after basic preparation, apical enlargement and final irrigation in retreatment of severely curved root canals in extracted teeth. Int Endod J. 2020, 53:962-73. 10.1111\/iej.13287","journal-title":"Int Endod J"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14744\/eej.2022.39358","article-title":"Cleaning efficiency of XP finisher, XP finisher R and passive ultrasonic irrigation following retreatment of teeth obturated with totalfill Hiflow bioceramic sealer","volume":"7","author":"Hassan R","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hassan R, Elzahar S. Cleaning efficiency of XP finisher, XP finisher R and passive ultrasonic irrigation following retreatment of teeth obturated with totalfill Hiflow bioceramic sealer. Eur Endod J. 2022, 7:143-9. 10.14744\/eej.2022.39358","journal-title":"Eur Endod J"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.don.0000145033.15701.2d","article-title":"Nonsurgical retreatment","volume":"30","author":"Ruddle CJ","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ruddle CJ. Nonsurgical retreatment. J Endod. 2004, 30:827-45. 10.1097\/01.don.0000145033.15701.2d","journal-title":"J Endod"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.12253","article-title":"Efficacy of xylene and passive ultrasonic irrigation on remaining root filling material during retreatment of anatomically complex teeth","volume":"47","author":"Cavenago BC","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cavenago BC, Ordinola-Zapata R, Duarte MA, et al.. Efficacy of xylene and passive ultrasonic irrigation on remaining root filling material during retreatment of anatomically complex teeth. Int Endod J. 2014, 47:1078-83. 10.1111\/iej.12253","journal-title":"Int Endod J"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3897\/folmed.62.e47690","article-title":"Retreatability of bioceramic endodontic sealers: a review","volume":"62","author":"Zhekov KI","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhekov KI, Stefanova VP. Retreatability of bioceramic endodontic sealers: a review. Folia Med (Plovdiv). 2020, 62:258-64. 10.3897\/folmed.62.e47690","journal-title":"Folia Med (Plovdiv)"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-021-01638-5","article-title":"Comparison of the efficacy of laser-activated and ultrasonic-activated techniques for the removal of tricalcium silicate-based sealers and gutta-percha in root canal retreatment: a microtomography and scanning electron microscopy study","volume":"21","author":"Yang R","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yang R, Han Y, Liu Z, Xu Z, Liu H, Wei X. Comparison of the efficacy of laser-activated and ultrasonic-activated techniques for the removal of tricalcium silicate-based sealers and gutta-percha in root canal retreatment: a microtomography and scanning electron microscopy study. BMC Oral Health. 2021, 21:275. 10.1186\/s12903-021-01638-5","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2591.2007.01335.x","article-title":"Efficacy of three rotary NiTi instruments in removing gutta-percha from root canals","volume":"41","author":"Ta\u015fdemir T","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ta\u015fdemir T, Er K, Yildirim T, Celik D. Efficacy of three rotary NiTi instruments in removing gutta-percha from root canals. Int Endod J. 2008, 41:191-6. 10.1111\/j.1365-2591.2007.01335.x","journal-title":"Int Endod J"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2008.08.002","article-title":"Efficacy of ProTaper universal retreatment files in removing filling materials during root canal retreatment","volume":"34","author":"Giuliani V","year":"2008","unstructured":"Giuliani V, Cocchetti R, Pagavino G. Efficacy of ProTaper universal retreatment files in removing filling materials during root canal retreatment. J Endod. 2008, 34:1381-4. 10.1016\/j.joen.2008.08.002","journal-title":"J Endod"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41368-024-00280-5","article-title":"Expert consensus on irrigation and intracanal medication in root canal therapy","volume":"16","author":"Zou X","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zou X, Zheng X, Liang Y, et al.. Expert consensus on irrigation and intracanal medication in root canal therapy. Int J Oral Sci. 2024, 16:23. 10.1038\/s41368-024-00280-5","journal-title":"Int J Oral Sci"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/541831","article-title":"Removal of gutta-percha\/zinc-oxide-eugenol sealer or gutta-percha\/epoxy resin sealer from severely curved canals: an in vitro study","volume":"2011","author":"Reddy S","year":"2011","unstructured":"Reddy S, Neelakantan P, Saghiri MA, Lotfi M, Subbarao CV, Garcia-Godoy F, Gutmann JL. Removal of gutta-percha\/zinc-oxide-eugenol sealer or gutta-percha\/epoxy resin sealer from severely curved canals: an in vitro study. Int J Dent. 2011, 2011:541831. 10.1155\/2011\/541831","journal-title":"Int J Dent"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14744\/eej.2019.80774","article-title":"Activated irrigation vs. conventional non-activated irrigation in endodontics - a systematic review","volume":"4","author":"Susila A","year":"2019","unstructured":"Susila A, Minu J. Activated irrigation vs. conventional non-activated irrigation in endodontics - a systematic review. Eur Endod J. 2019, 4:96-110. 10.14744\/eej.2019.80774","journal-title":"Eur Endod J"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/en17235902","article-title":"The generation methods and applications of cavitating jet by using bubble collapse energy","volume":"17","author":"Zhang H","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang H, Fan C, Wang L, Lu W, Li D. The generation methods and applications of cavitating jet by using bubble collapse energy. Energies. 2024, 17:5902. 10.3390\/en17235902","journal-title":"Energies"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2009.08.012","article-title":"Cavitational effects in aqueous endodontic irrigants generated by near-infrared lasers","volume":"36","author":"Hmud R","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hmud R, Kahler WA, George R, Walsh LJ. Cavitational effects in aqueous endodontic irrigants generated by near-infrared lasers. J Endod. 2010, 36:275-8. 10.1016\/j.joen.2009.08.012","journal-title":"J Endod"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.58600\/eurjther2319","article-title":"The efficiency of different supplementary irrigation techniques after nickel-titanium rotary system in endodontic retreatment","volume":"30","author":"Goker Kamali S","year":"2024","unstructured":"Goker Kamali S, Turkaydin D. The efficiency of different supplementary irrigation techniques after nickel-titanium rotary system in endodontic retreatment. Eur J Ther. 2024, 30:859-65. 10.58600\/eurjther2319","journal-title":"Eur J Ther"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-013-1161-6","article-title":"The effect of four different irrigation systems in the removal of a root canal sealer","volume":"18","author":"Grischke J","year":"2014","unstructured":"Grischke J, M\u00fcller-Heine A, H\u00fclsmann M. The effect of four different irrigation systems in the removal of a root canal sealer. Clin Oral Investig. 2014, 18:1845-51. 10.1007\/s00784-013-1161-6","journal-title":"Clin Oral Investig"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.22466","article-title":"Comparison of different irrigation activation techniques on smear layer removal: an in vitro study","volume":"78","author":"Akyuz Ekim SN","year":"2015","unstructured":"Akyuz Ekim SN, Erdemir A. Comparison of different irrigation activation techniques on smear layer removal: an in vitro study. Microsc Res Tech. 2015, 78:230-9. 10.1002\/jemt.22466","journal-title":"Microsc Res Tech"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/517793-comparative-scanning-electron-microscopy-sem-evaluation-of-advanced-irrigation-activation-techniques-for-bioceramic-sealer-removal-in-retreatment-an-in-vitro-study","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T11:02:53Z","timestamp":1785754973000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/517793-comparative-scanning-electron-microscopy-sem-evaluation-of-advanced-irrigation-activation-techniques-for-bioceramic-sealer-removal-in-retreatment-an-in-vitro-study"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]]},"references-count":28,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.113849","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]]}}}