{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,8]],"date-time":"2026-08-08T14:43:45Z","timestamp":1786200225723,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,8]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.114164","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,8]],"date-time":"2026-08-08T14:14:42Z","timestamp":1786198482000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Bridge Between Oral Hygiene and Critical Care: Reviewing a Variety of Oral Hygiene Interventions on Critically Ill Patients to Prevent Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia (VAP)"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Subramanian","family":"Chokkalingam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000089928.84326.D2","article-title":"Pneumonia in the intensive care unit","volume":"31","author":"Rello J","year":"2003","unstructured":"Rello J, Diaz E. Pneumonia in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Med. 2003, 31:2544-51. 10.1097\/01.CCM.0000089928.84326.D2","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/142.3.523","article-title":"Incidence, risk, and prognosis factors of nosocomial pneumonia in mechanically ventilated patients","volume":"142","author":"Torres A","year":"1990","unstructured":"Torres A, Aznar R, Gatell JM, et al.. Incidence, risk, and prognosis factors of nosocomial pneumonia in mechanically ventilated patients. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1990, 142:523-8. 10.1164\/ajrccm\/142.3.523","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-0711-3-17","article-title":"Incidence, risk factors and mortality of nosocomial pneumonia in intensive care units: a prospective study","volume":"3","author":"Alp E","year":"2004","unstructured":"Alp E, G\u00fcven M, Yildiz O, Aygen B, Voss A, Doganay M. Incidence, risk factors and mortality of nosocomial pneumonia in intensive care units: a prospective study. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2004, 3:17. 10.1186\/1476-0711-3-17","journal-title":"Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob"},{"key":"ref4","article-title":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) Patient Safety Component Manual: Chapter 10\u2014Ventilator-Associated Event (VAE). Atlanta, GA","year":"2025","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) Patient Safety Component Manual. Chapter 10\u2014Ventilator-Associated Event (VAE). Atlanta, GA. CDC. 2025."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2021.718222","article-title":"Relationships Between Oral Microecosystem and Respiratory Diseases","volume":"8","author":"Dong J","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dong J, Li W, Wang Q, Chen J, Zu Y, Zhou X, Guo Q. Relationships Between Oral Microecosystem and Respiratory Diseases. Front Mol Biosci. 2021, 8:718222. 10.3389\/fmolb.2021.718222","journal-title":"Front Mol Biosci"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0290062","article-title":"The salivary microbiota of patients with acute lower respiratory tract infection-A multicenter cohort study","volume":"19","author":"Rogers MB","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rogers MB, Harner A, Buhay M, et al.. The salivary microbiota of patients with acute lower respiratory tract infection-A multicenter cohort study. PLoS One. 2024, 19:e0290062. 10.1371\/journal.pone.0290062","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/cmr.00150-24","article-title":"Oral microbiota and respiratory diseases: advances and perspectives","volume":"38","author":"Liu X","year":"2025","unstructured":"Liu X, Shi F, Zeng J, et al.. Oral microbiota and respiratory diseases: advances and perspectives. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2025, 38:e0015024. 10.1128\/cmr.00150-24","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2019.09.002","article-title":"Dental caries is associated with lower respiratory tract infections: A population-based cohort study","volume":"158","author":"Mehtonen IT","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mehtonen IT, Rantala AK, Hugg TT, Jaakkola MS, Jaakkola JJ. Dental caries is associated with lower respiratory tract infections: A population-based cohort study. Respir Med. 2019, 158:1-5. 10.1016\/j.rmed.2019.09.002","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1993.03510160083034","article-title":"Ventilator-associated pneumonia. A multivariate analysis","volume":"270","author":"Kollef MH","year":"1993","unstructured":"Kollef MH. Ventilator-associated pneumonia. A multivariate analysis. JAMA. 1993, 270:1965-70.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw353","article-title":"Management of Adults With Hospital-acquired and Ventilator-associated Pneumonia: 2016 Clinical Practice Guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the American Thoracic Society","volume":"63","author":"Kalil AC","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kalil AC, Metersky ML, Klompas M, et al.. Management of Adults With Hospital-acquired and Ventilator-associated Pneumonia: 2016 Clinical Practice Guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the American Thoracic Society. Clin Infect Dis. 2016, 63:e61-e111. 10.1093\/cid\/ciw353","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-0711-5-7","article-title":"Ventilator associated pneumonia and infection control","volume":"5","author":"Alp E","year":"2006","unstructured":"Alp E, Voss A. Ventilator associated pneumonia and infection control. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2006, 5:7. 10.1186\/1476-0711-5-7","journal-title":"Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4167\/jbv.2021.51.4.163","article-title":"Oral Microbiota Change in Intubated Patients under Mechanical Ventilation","volume":"51","author":"Choi YH","year":"2021","unstructured":"Choi YH, Kim SH, Yu Y, et al.. Oral Microbiota Change in Intubated Patients under Mechanical Ventilation. J Bacteriol Virol. 2021, 51:163-171. 10.4167\/jbv.2021.51.4.163","journal-title":"J Bacteriol Virol"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2023.6638","article-title":"Association Between Daily Toothbrushing and Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"184","author":"Ehrenzeller S","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ehrenzeller S, Klompas M. Association Between Daily Toothbrushing and Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. JAMA Intern Med. 2024, 184:131-42. 10.1001\/jamainternmed.2023.6638","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.1634","article-title":"Oral care practice for the ventilated patients in intensive care units: a pilot survey","volume":"6","author":"Soh KL","year":"2012","unstructured":"Soh KL, Shariff Ghazali S, Soh KG, Abdul Raman R, Sharif Abdullah SS, Ong SL. Oral care practice for the ventilated patients in intensive care units: a pilot survey. J Infect Dev Ctries. 2012, 6:333-9. 10.3855\/jidc.1634","journal-title":"J Infect Dev Ctries"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200505-820OC","article-title":"Oral decontamination with chlorhexidine reduces the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia","volume":"173","author":"Koeman M","year":"2006","unstructured":"Koeman M, van der Ven AJ, Hak E, et al.. Oral decontamination with chlorhexidine reduces the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2006, 173:1348-55. 10.1164\/rccm.200505-820OC","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2020.103497","article-title":"Current uses of chlorhexidine for management of oral disease: a narrative review","volume":"103","author":"Brookes ZL","year":"2020","unstructured":"Brookes ZL, Bescos R, Belfield LA, Ali K, Roberts A. Current uses of chlorhexidine for management of oral disease: a narrative review. J Dent. 2020, 103:103497. 10.1016\/j.jdent.2020.103497","journal-title":"J Dent"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00540-023-03189-1","article-title":"Life-threatening chlorhexidine anaphylaxis caused by skin preparation before chlorhexidine-free central venous catheter insertion: a case report and literature review","volume":"37","author":"Amano Y","year":"2023","unstructured":"Amano Y, Matsuura A, Tamura T, Kato Y, Kameyama N, Takazawa T, Nishiwaki K. Life-threatening chlorhexidine anaphylaxis caused by skin preparation before chlorhexidine-free central venous catheter insertion: a case report and literature review. J Anesth. 2023, 37:474-81. 10.1007\/s00540-023-03189-1","journal-title":"J Anesth"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22037\/aaem.v11i1.1874","article-title":"Effect of Oral Care with Povidone-Iodine in the Prevention of Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia; a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"11","author":"Emami Zeydi A","year":"2023","unstructured":"Emami Zeydi A, Parvizi A, Haddadi S, et al.. Effect of Oral Care with Povidone-Iodine in the Prevention of Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia; a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Arch Acad Emerg Med. 2023, 11:e31. 10.22037\/aaem.v11i1.1874","journal-title":"Arch Acad Emerg Med"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-020-1043-7","article-title":"Topical povidone iodine inhibits bacterial growth in the oral cavity of patients on mechanical ventilation: a randomized controlled study","volume":"20","author":"Tsuda S","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tsuda S, Soutome S, Hayashida S, Funahara M, Yanamoto S, Umeda M. Topical povidone iodine inhibits bacterial growth in the oral cavity of patients on mechanical ventilation: a randomized controlled study. BMC Oral Health. 2020, 20:62. 10.1186\/s12903-020-1043-7","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aucc.2024.06.014","article-title":"Effect of different mouthwashes on ventilator-related outcomes and mortality in intensive care unit patients: A network meta-analysis","volume":"38","author":"He Q","year":"2025","unstructured":"He Q, Peng Z, He C, Zhang C, Hu R. Effect of different mouthwashes on ventilator-related outcomes and mortality in intensive care unit patients: A network meta-analysis. Aust Crit Care. 2025, 38:101095. 10.1016\/j.aucc.2024.06.014","journal-title":"Aust Crit Care"},{"key":"ref21","article-title":"The use of sodium bicarbonate in oral hygiene products and practice","volume":"17","author":"Newbrun E","year":"1996","unstructured":"Newbrun E. The use of sodium bicarbonate in oral hygiene products and practice. Compend Contin Educ Dent Suppl. 1996, 17:S2-7.","journal-title":"Compend Contin Educ Dent Suppl"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tacc.2022.08.004","article-title":"The effect of alkalinization of oral cavity by sodium bicarbonate mouth wash to decrease ventilator-associated pneumonia in traumatic brain injury patients: A prospective randomised controlled study","volume":"46","author":"Loha S","year":"2022","unstructured":"Loha S, Kumar S, Reena, et al.. The effect of alkalinization of oral cavity by sodium bicarbonate mouth wash to decrease ventilator-associated pneumonia in traumatic brain injury patients: A prospective randomised controlled study. Trends in Anaesthesia and Critical Care. 2022, 46:2-7. 10.1016\/j.tacc.2022.08.004","journal-title":"Trends in Anaesthesia and Critical Care"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkq212","article-title":"Standardized comparison of antiseptic efficacy of triclosan, PVP-iodine, octenidine dihydrochloride, polyhexanide and chlorhexidine digluconate","volume":"65","author":"Koburger T","year":"2010","unstructured":"Koburger T, H\u00fcbner NO, Braun M, Siebert J, Kramer A. Standardized comparison of antiseptic efficacy of triclosan, PVP-iodine, octenidine dihydrochloride, polyhexanide and chlorhexidine digluconate. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2010, 65:1712-9. 10.1093\/jac\/dkq212","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-9-150","article-title":"The antimicrobial effect of Octenidine-dihydrochloride coated polymer tracheotomy tubes on Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa colonisation","volume":"9","author":"Zumtobel M","year":"2009","unstructured":"Zumtobel M, Assadian O, Leonhard M, Stadler M, Schneider B. The antimicrobial effect of Octenidine-dihydrochloride coated polymer tracheotomy tubes on Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa colonisation. BMC Microbiol. 2009, 9:150. 10.1186\/1471-2180-9-150","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0196-6553(96)90017-6","article-title":"Triclosan: applications and safety","volume":"24","author":"Bhargava HN","year":"1996","unstructured":"Bhargava HN, Leonard PA. Triclosan: applications and safety. Am J Infect Control. 1996, 24:209-18. 10.1016\/s0196-6553(96)90017-6","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-021-03802-1","article-title":"Network meta-analysis from a pairwise meta-analysis design: to assess the comparative effectiveness of oral care interventions in preventing ventilator-associated pneumonia in critically ill patients","volume":"25","author":"Sankaran SP","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sankaran SP, Sonis S. Network meta-analysis from a pairwise meta-analysis design: to assess the comparative effectiveness of oral care interventions in preventing ventilator-associated pneumonia in critically ill patients. Clin Oral Investig. 2021, 25:2439-47. 10.1007\/s00784-021-03802-1","journal-title":"Clin Oral Investig"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sdentj.2017.12.004","article-title":"The use of mouthwash containing essential oils (LISTERINE\u00ae) to improve oral health: A systematic review","volume":"30","author":"Alshehri FA","year":"2018","unstructured":"Alshehri FA. The use of mouthwash containing essential oils (LISTERINE\u00ae) to improve oral health: A systematic review. Saudi Dent J. 2018, 30:2-6. 10.1016\/j.sdentj.2017.12.004","journal-title":"Saudi Dent J"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0304583","article-title":"Herbal oral care products for the prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia: A systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomised trials","volume":"19","author":"Li S","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li S, Huang Y, Xie H. Herbal oral care products for the prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia: A systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomised trials. PLoS One. 2024, 19:e0304583. 10.1371\/journal.pone.0304583","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.5555","article-title":"Listerine\u00ae Products: An Update on the Efficacy and Safety","volume":"30","author":"Vlachojannis C","year":"2016","unstructured":"Vlachojannis C, Al-Ahmad A, Hellwig E, Chrubasik S. Listerine\u00ae Products: An Update on the Efficacy and Safety. Phytother Res. 2016, 30:367-73. 10.1002\/ptr.5555","journal-title":"Phytother Res"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/polym3020928","article-title":"Physical and chemical characterization of poly(hexamethylene biguanide) hydrochloride","volume":"3","author":"de Paula GF","year":"2011","unstructured":"de Paula GF, Netto GI, Mattoso LHC. Physical and chemical characterization of poly(hexamethylene biguanide) hydrochloride. Polymers. 2011, 3:928-941. 10.3390\/polym3020928","journal-title":"Polymers"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00016357.2021.1899280","article-title":"Effect of polyhexanide as antiseptic mouth rinse against oral pathogens in an in\u00a0vitro biofilm model","volume":"79","author":"Kollmuss M","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kollmuss M, Tolksdorf K, Wuersching SN, Hickel R, Huth KC. Effect of polyhexanide as antiseptic mouth rinse against oral pathogens in an in\u00a0vitro biofilm model. Acta Odontol Scand. 2021, 79:506-13. 10.1080\/00016357.2021.1899280","journal-title":"Acta Odontol Scand"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enfi.2015.10.003","article-title":"[Randomised clinical trial to compare two tracheotomy care methods in an Intensive Care Unit]","volume":"27","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Garc\u00eda C","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Garc\u00eda C, Alonso-Rodr\u00edguez A, Wensell-Fern\u00e1ndez A, et al.. [Randomised clinical trial to compare two tracheotomy care methods in an Intensive Care Unit]. Enferm Intensiva. 2016, 27:4-12. 10.1016\/j.enfi.2015.10.003","journal-title":"Enferm Intensiva"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2020.08.016","article-title":"Use of mouthwashes against COVID-19 in dentistry","volume":"58","author":"Vergara-Buenaventura A","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vergara-Buenaventura A, Castro-Ruiz C. Use of mouthwashes against COVID-19 in dentistry. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2020, 58:924-7. 10.1016\/j.bjoms.2020.08.016","journal-title":"Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjid.2016.06.005","article-title":"Effects of hydrogen peroxide mouthwash on preventing ventilator-associated pneumonia in patients admitted to the intensive care unit","volume":"20","author":"Nobahar M","year":"2016","unstructured":"Nobahar M, Razavi MR, Malek F, Ghorbani R. Effects of hydrogen peroxide mouthwash on preventing ventilator-associated pneumonia in patients admitted to the intensive care unit. Braz J Infect Dis. 2016, 20:444-50. 10.1016\/j.bjid.2016.06.005","journal-title":"Braz J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1834-7819.2000.tb00261.x","article-title":"Safety issues relating to the use of hydrogen peroxide in dentistry","volume":"45","author":"Walsh LJ","year":"2000","unstructured":"Walsh LJ. Safety issues relating to the use of hydrogen peroxide in dentistry. Aust Dent J. 2000, 45:257-69; quiz 289. 10.1111\/j.1834-7819.2000.tb00261.x","journal-title":"Aust Dent J"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/ijpvm.IJPVM_370_17","article-title":"Oropharyngeal Irrigation to Prevent Ventilator-Associated-Pneumonia: Comparing Potassium Permangenate with Chlorhexidine","volume":"9","author":"Meidani M","year":"2018","unstructured":"Meidani M, Khorvash F, Abbasi S, Cheshmavar M, Tavakoli H. Oropharyngeal Irrigation to Prevent Ventilator-Associated-Pneumonia: Comparing Potassium Permangenate with Chlorhexidine. Int J Prev Med. 2018, 9:93. 10.4103\/ijpvm.IJPVM_370_17","journal-title":"Int J Prev Med"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.61006","article-title":"Effectiveness of Ozonated Water on Gingivitis: A Systematic Review","volume":"16","author":"Bansode P","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bansode P, K S, D S, Muralidharan S. Effectiveness of Ozonated Water on Gingivitis: A Systematic Review. Cureus. 2024, 16:e61006. 10.7759\/cureus.61006","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2022.10.015","article-title":"Reduce the risk of ventilator-associated pneumonia in ICU patients by Ozonated water mouthwash: A double-blind randomized clinical trial","volume":"51","author":"Izadi M","year":"2023","unstructured":"Izadi M, Bagheri M, Bahrami Far A, Bagheri-Baghdasht MS, Ghasemzadeh G, Sureda A, Soodmand M. Reduce the risk of ventilator-associated pneumonia in ICU patients by Ozonated water mouthwash: A double-blind randomized clinical trial. Am J Infect Control. 2023, 51:779-85. 10.1016\/j.ajic.2022.10.015","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12030-009-9029-1","article-title":"Silver nanoparticles toxicity and bactericidal effect against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: nanoscale does matter","volume":"5","author":"Ayala-N\u00fa\u00f1ez NV","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ayala-N\u00fa\u00f1ez NV, Villegas HHL, Turrent LdCI, et al.. Silver nanoparticles toxicity and bactericidal effect against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: nanoscale does matter. Nanobiotechnology. 2009, 5:2-9. 10.1007\/s12030-009-9029-1","journal-title":"Nanobiotechnology"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5455\/medarh.2018.72.206-209","article-title":"Evaluating the Efficacy of Nanosil Mouthwash on the Preventing Pulmonary Infection in Intensive Care Unit: a Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"72","author":"Khaky B","year":"2018","unstructured":"Khaky B, Yazdannik A, Mahjobipoor H. Evaluating the Efficacy of Nanosil Mouthwash on the Preventing Pulmonary Infection in Intensive Care Unit: a Randomized Clinical Trial. Med Arch. 2018, 72:206-9. 10.5455\/medarh.2018.72.206-209","journal-title":"Med Arch"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000053646.04085.29","article-title":"Inadequate salivary flow and poor oral mucosal status in intubated intensive care unit patients","volume":"31","author":"Dennesen P","year":"2003","unstructured":"Dennesen P, van der Ven A, Vlasveld M, et al.. Inadequate salivary flow and poor oral mucosal status in intubated intensive care unit patients. Crit Care Med. 2003, 31:781-6. 10.1097\/01.CCM.0000053646.04085.29","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-017-2096-0","article-title":"Efficacy of GUM\u00ae Hydral versus Biot\u00e8ne\u00ae Oralbalance mouthwashes plus gels on symptoms of medication-induced xerostomia: a randomized, double-blind, crossover study","volume":"22","author":"Barbe AG","year":"2018","unstructured":"Barbe AG, Schmidt-Park Y, Hamacher S, Derman SH, Noack MJ. Efficacy of GUM\u00ae Hydral versus Biot\u00e8ne\u00ae Oralbalance mouthwashes plus gels on symptoms of medication-induced xerostomia: a randomized, double-blind, crossover study. Clin Oral Investig. 2018, 22:169-80. 10.1007\/s00784-017-2096-0","journal-title":"Clin Oral Investig"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cct.2013.03.010","article-title":"A pilot study of Biotene OralBalance\u00ae gel for oral care in mechanically ventilated preterm neonates","volume":"35","author":"Stefanescu BM","year":"2013","unstructured":"Stefanescu BM, H\u00e9tu C, Slaughter JC, O'Shea TM, Shetty AK. A pilot study of Biotene OralBalance\u00ae gel for oral care in mechanically ventilated preterm neonates. Contemp Clin Trials. 2013, 35:33-9. 10.1016\/j.cct.2013.03.010","journal-title":"Contemp Clin Trials"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3181930026","article-title":"Saline instillation before tracheal suctioning decreases the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia","volume":"37","author":"Caruso P","year":"2009","unstructured":"Caruso P, Denari S, Ruiz SA, Demarzo SE, Deheinzelin D. Saline instillation before tracheal suctioning decreases the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Crit Care Med. 2009, 37:32-8. 10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3181930026","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000001414","article-title":"Subglottic Secretion Drainage and Objective Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"44","author":"Caroff DA","year":"2016","unstructured":"Caroff DA, Li L, Muscedere J, Klompas M. Subglottic Secretion Drainage and Objective Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Crit Care Med. 2016, 44:830-40. 10.1097\/CCM.0000000000001414","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nicc.12633","article-title":"Role of head-of-bed elevation in preventing ventilator-associated pneumonia bed elevation and pneumonia","volume":"27","author":"G\u00fcner CK","year":"2022","unstructured":"G\u00fcner CK, Kutlut\u00fcrkan S. Role of head-of-bed elevation in preventing ventilator-associated pneumonia bed elevation and pneumonia. Nurs Crit Care. 2022, 27:635-45. 10.1111\/nicc.12633","journal-title":"Nurs Crit Care"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.13675","article-title":"Effects of artificial intelligence-assisted dental monitoring intervention in patients with periodontitis: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"49","author":"Shen KL","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shen KL, Huang CL, Lin YC, et al.. Effects of artificial intelligence-assisted dental monitoring intervention in patients with periodontitis: A randomized controlled trial. J Clin Periodontol. 2022, 49:988-98. 10.1111\/jcpe.13675","journal-title":"J Clin Periodontol"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina61040572","article-title":"AI Efficiency in Dentistry: Comparing Artificial Intelligence Systems with Human Practitioners in Assessing Several Periodontal Parameters","volume":"61","author":"Butnaru OM","year":"2025","unstructured":"Butnaru OM, Tatarciuc M, Luchian I, et al.. AI Efficiency in Dentistry: Comparing Artificial Intelligence Systems with Human Practitioners in Assessing Several Periodontal Parameters. Medicina (Kaunas). 2025, 61:10.3390\/medicina61040572","journal-title":"Medicina (Kaunas)"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2025.03.005","article-title":"Impact of single-use oral care sets on reducing ventilator-associated pneumonia among intensive care unit patients: a multi-centre study","volume":"160","author":"Unahalekhaka A","year":"2025","unstructured":"Unahalekhaka A, Uirungroj P, Saenjum C. Impact of single-use oral care sets on reducing ventilator-associated pneumonia among intensive care unit patients: a multi-centre study. J Hosp Infect. 2025, 160:12-8. 10.1016\/j.jhin.2025.03.005","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2025.155222","article-title":"Antimicrobial-coated endotracheal tubes: A narrative review","volume":"91","author":"Richardson AK","year":"2026","unstructured":"Richardson AK, Fuller RG, April MD, et al.. Antimicrobial-coated endotracheal tubes: A narrative review. J Crit Care. 2026, 91:155222. 10.1016\/j.jcrc.2025.155222","journal-title":"J Crit Care"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/514206-a-bridge-between-oral-hygiene-and-critical-care-reviewing-a-variety-of-oral-hygiene-interventions-on-critically-ill-patients-to-prevent-ventilator-associated-pneumonia-vap","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,8]],"date-time":"2026-08-08T14:14:43Z","timestamp":1786198483000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/514206-a-bridge-between-oral-hygiene-and-critical-care-reviewing-a-variety-of-oral-hygiene-interventions-on-critically-ill-patients-to-prevent-ventilator-associated-pneumonia-vap"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,8]]},"references-count":50,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.114164","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,8]]}}}