{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T13:29:07Z","timestamp":1786368547509,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.114263","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T12:39:52Z","timestamp":1786365592000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis as the Initial Presentation of Acute HIV Infection: A Case Report"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Siham","family":"Karrati","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amina","family":"Bendriouich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salma","family":"Rouhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wafa","family":"Quiddi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanae","family":"Sayagh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2020.101515","article-title":"Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: an update on pathogenesis, diagnosis, and therapy","volume":"34","author":"Griffin G","year":"2020","unstructured":"Griffin G, Shenoi S, Hughes GC. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: an update on pathogenesis, diagnosis, and therapy. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2020, 34:101515. 10.1016\/j.berh.2020.101515","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5858\/arpa.2020-0802-RA","article-title":"Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis","volume":"146","author":"Ponnatt TS","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ponnatt TS, Lilley CM, Mirza KM. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2022, 146:507-19. 10.5858\/arpa.2020-0802-RA","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1210041","article-title":"Approaching hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis","volume":"14","author":"Chinnici A","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chinnici A, Beneforti L, Pegoraro F, et al.. Approaching hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Front Immunol. 2023, 14:1210041. 10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1210041","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3928\/19382359-20170717-01","article-title":"An overview of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis","volume":"46","author":"Esteban YM","year":"2017","unstructured":"Esteban YM, de Jong JL, Tesher MS. An overview of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Pediatr Ann. 2017, 46:e309-13. 10.3928\/19382359-20170717-01","journal-title":"Pediatr Ann"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofac071","article-title":"A review of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in patients with HIV","volume":"9","author":"Tabaja H","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tabaja H, Kanj A, El Zein S, Comba IY, Chehab O, Mahmood M. A review of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in patients with HIV. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2022, 9:ofac071. 10.1093\/ofid\/ofac071","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idcr.2022.e01534","article-title":"Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis following an acute HIV infection, in a known immunosuppressed patient: a case report","volume":"29","author":"Beires F","year":"2022","unstructured":"Beires F, Laranjinha J, Pinho A, Duarte F. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis following an acute HIV infection, in a known immunosuppressed patient: a case report. IDCases. 2022, 29:e01534. 10.1016\/j.idcr.2022.e01534","journal-title":"IDCases"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idcr.2020.e00861","article-title":"Acute human immunodeficiency virus infection associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis","volume":"21","author":"Egge SL","year":"2020","unstructured":"Egge SL, Cheeti A, Hayat S. Acute human immunodeficiency virus infection associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. IDCases. 2020, 21:e00861. 10.1016\/j.idcr.2020.e00861","journal-title":"IDCases"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-016-1945-9","article-title":"Acute HIV infection presenting as hemophagocytic syndrome with an unusual serological and virological response to ART","volume":"16","author":"Ferraz RV","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ferraz RV, Carvalho AC, Ara\u00fajo F, Koch C, Abreu C, Sarmento A. Acute HIV infection presenting as hemophagocytic syndrome with an unusual serological and virological response to ART. BMC Infect Dis. 2016, 16:619. 10.1186\/s12879-016-1945-9","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3349\/ymj.2008.49.2.325","article-title":"Acute human immunodeficiency virus syndrome presenting with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis","volume":"49","author":"Park KH","year":"2008","unstructured":"Park KH, Yu HS, Jung SI, Shin DH, Shin JH. Acute human immunodeficiency virus syndrome presenting with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Yonsei Med J. 2008, 49:325-8. 10.3349\/ymj.2008.49.2.325","journal-title":"Yonsei Med J"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.52.7544","article-title":"Hemophagocytic syndrome in an acute human immunodeficiency virus infection","volume":"52","author":"Adachi E","year":"2013","unstructured":"Adachi E, Koibuchi T, Imai K, et al.. Hemophagocytic syndrome in an acute human immunodeficiency virus infection. Intern Med. 2013, 52:629-32. 10.2169\/internalmedicine.52.7544","journal-title":"Intern Med"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.qai.0000136725.92886.b8","article-title":"Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: an unusual initial presentation of acute HIV infection","volume":"37","author":"Sun HY","year":"2004","unstructured":"Sun HY, Chen MY, Fang CT, Hsieh SM, Hung CC, Chang SC. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: an unusual initial presentation of acute HIV infection. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2004, 37:1539-40. 10.1097\/01.qai.0000136725.92886.b8","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/392512","article-title":"Hemophagocytic syndrome in a patient with acute human immunodeficiency virus infection","volume":"38","author":"Castilletti C","year":"2004","unstructured":"Castilletti C, Preziosi R, Bernardini G, et al.. Hemophagocytic syndrome in a patient with acute human immunodeficiency virus infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2004, 38:1792-3. 10.1086\/392512","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25115921","article-title":"Pathogenesis of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis\/macrophage activation syndrome: a case report and review of the literature","volume":"25","author":"Gioia C","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gioia C, Paroli M, Izzo R, Di Sanzo L, Rossi E, Pignatelli P, Accapezzato D. Pathogenesis of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis\/macrophage activation syndrome: a case report and review of the literature. Int J Mol Sci. 2024, 25:5921. 10.3390\/ijms25115921","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.21039","article-title":"HLH-2004: diagnostic and therapeutic guidelines for hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis","volume":"48","author":"Henter JI","year":"2007","unstructured":"Henter JI, Horne A, Aric\u00f3 M, et al.. HLH-2004: diagnostic and therapeutic guidelines for hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2007, 48:124-31. 10.1002\/pbc.21039","journal-title":"Pediatr Blood Cancer"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2018894618","article-title":"Recommendations for the management of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in adults","volume":"133","author":"La Ros\u00e9e P","year":"2019","unstructured":"La Ros\u00e9e P, Horne A, Hines M, et al.. Recommendations for the management of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in adults. Blood. 2019, 133:2465-77. 10.1182\/blood.2018894618","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.38690","article-title":"Development and validation of the HScore, a score for the diagnosis of reactive hemophagocytic syndrome","volume":"66","author":"Fardet L","year":"2014","unstructured":"Fardet L, Galicier L, Lambotte O, et al.. Development and validation of the HScore, a score for the diagnosis of reactive hemophagocytic syndrome. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2014, 66:2613-20. 10.1002\/art.38690","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0956462419866054","article-title":"Fulminant and rapidly fatal hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in patients with HIV infection: a report of five cases and a review","volume":"30","author":"Lam P","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lam P, Khan Z, Bhatt I, Quale J. Fulminant and rapidly fatal hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in patients with HIV infection: a report of five cases and a review. Int J STD AIDS. 2019, 30:1224-8. 10.1177\/0956462419866054","journal-title":"Int J STD AIDS"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/23247096211021696","article-title":"An unusual case of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis presentation in acute human immunodeficiency virus","volume":"9","author":"Jariwal R","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jariwal R, Jaber FS, Ipalawatte H, Petersen G. An unusual case of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis presentation in acute human immunodeficiency virus. J Investig Med High Impact Case Rep. 2021, 9:23247096211021696. 10.1177\/23247096211021696","journal-title":"J Investig Med High Impact Case Rep"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3947\/ic.2018.0203","article-title":"A case of human immunodeficiency virus-triggered hemophagocytic lymphohistocytosis presenting with severe bleeding tendency","volume":"53","author":"Kim B","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kim B, Choi YW, Pai H, Kim J. A case of human immunodeficiency virus-triggered hemophagocytic lymphohistocytosis presenting with severe bleeding tendency. Infect Chemother. 2021, 53:802-7. 10.3947\/ic.2018.0203","journal-title":"Infect Chemother"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v17030366","article-title":"Acute HIV-1 infection: paradigm and singularity","volume":"17","author":"Ch\u00e9ret A","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ch\u00e9ret A. Acute HIV-1 infection: paradigm and singularity. Viruses. 2025, 17:366. 10.3390\/v17030366","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-59815-9_18","article-title":"Cytokine storm syndrome as a manifestation of primary HIV infection","volume":"1448","author":"Erdmann N","year":"2024","unstructured":"Erdmann N, Heath SL. Cytokine storm syndrome as a manifestation of primary HIV infection. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2024, 1448:269-74. 10.1007\/978-3-031-59815-9_18","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2674","article-title":"The immune response during acute HIV-1 infection: clues for vaccine development","volume":"10","author":"McMichael AJ","year":"2010","unstructured":"McMichael AJ, Borrow P, Tomaras GD, Goonetilleke N, Haynes BF. The immune response during acute HIV-1 infection: clues for vaccine development. Nat Rev Immunol. 2010, 10:11-23. 10.1038\/nri2674","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20040874","article-title":"CD4+ T cell depletion during all stages of HIV disease occurs predominantly in the gastrointestinal tract","volume":"200","author":"Brenchley JM","year":"2004","unstructured":"Brenchley JM, Schacker TW, Ruff LE, et al.. CD4+ T cell depletion during all stages of HIV disease occurs predominantly in the gastrointestinal tract. J Exp Med. 2004, 200:749-59. 10.1084\/jem.20040874","journal-title":"J Exp Med"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/516887-hemophagocytic-lymphohistiocytosis-as-the-initial-presentation-of-acute-hiv-infection-a-case-report","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T12:39:53Z","timestamp":1786365593000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/516887-hemophagocytic-lymphohistiocytosis-as-the-initial-presentation-of-acute-hiv-infection-a-case-report"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]]},"references-count":23,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.114263","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]]}}}