{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T15:02:57Z","timestamp":1786546977261,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.114416","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T14:05:37Z","timestamp":1786543537000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Modular Cage-Type Prosthetic Construction for Lumbar Intervertebral Reconstruction: A Computer-Aided Design-Based Geometric Design and Finite Element Analysis Study"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Adrian-Valentin","family":"Enache","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio-Daniel","family":"Corlatescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Horia-Petre","family":"Costin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georgian L","family":"Iacobescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandru-Vlad","family":"Ciurea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000001957","article-title":"Does lordotic angle of cage determine lumbar lordosis in lumbar interbody fusion?","volume":"42","author":"Hong TH","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hong TH, Cho KJ, Kim YT, Park JW, Seo BH, Kim NC. Does lordotic angle of cage determine lumbar lordosis in lumbar interbody fusion?. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2017, 42:E775-80. 10.1097\/BRS.0000000000001957","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otsr.2025.104546","article-title":"Early impact of approach (open vs. minimally invasive) and interbody cages design on segmental lordosis in Monosegmental TLIF: a 191-patient comparative study","volume":"112","author":"Lebhar J","year":"2026","unstructured":"Lebhar J, Dumarty M, Allain J, Le Huec JC, Rousseau C, Barat JL, Breton Y. Early impact of approach (open vs. minimally invasive) and interbody cages design on segmental lordosis in Monosegmental TLIF: a 191-patient comparative study. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res. 2026, 112:104546. 10.1016\/j.otsr.2025.104546","journal-title":"Orthop Traumatol Surg Res"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/2020.6.SPINE191378","article-title":"Long-term radiographic outcomes of expandable versus static cages in transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion","volume":"34","author":"Chang CC","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chang CC, Chou D, Pennicooke B, Rivera J, Tan LA, Berven S, Mummaneni PV. Long-term radiographic outcomes of expandable versus static cages in transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion. J Neurosurg Spine. 2021, 34:471-80. 10.3171\/2020.6.SPINE191378","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Spine"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2025.124428","article-title":"Expandable cage in minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion: comparative data with static cage from a single institution and a single surgeon","volume":"202","author":"Kim D","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kim D, Jang HJ, Moon BJ, et al.. Expandable cage in minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion: comparative data with static cage from a single institution and a single surgeon. World Neurosurg. 2025, 202:124428. 10.1016\/j.wneu.2025.124428","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000044042","article-title":"Clinical outcome and complications comparison between expandable and static cages in open TLIF surgery: a 2-year retrospective study","volume":"104","author":"Lai TW","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lai TW, Chen PM, Li CH, et al.. Clinical outcome and complications comparison between expandable and static cages in open TLIF surgery: a 2-year retrospective study. Medicine (Baltimore). 2025, 104:e44042. 10.1097\/MD.0000000000044042","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2025.07.018","article-title":"Static versus expandable transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion cages: a meta-analysis of complications, clinical, and radiographic outcomes","volume":"26","author":"Daher M","year":"2026","unstructured":"Daher M, Aoun M, Hurley RK, et al.. Static versus expandable transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion cages: a meta-analysis of complications, clinical, and radiographic outcomes. Spine J. 2026, 26:329-40. 10.1016\/j.spinee.2025.07.018","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2023.07.012","article-title":"Comparison of surgical outcomes between lumbar interbody fusions using expandable and static cages: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"23","author":"Lee S","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lee S, Kim JG, Kim HJ. Comparison of surgical outcomes between lumbar interbody fusions using expandable and static cages: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Spine J. 2023, 23:1593-601. 10.1016\/j.spinee.2023.07.012","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/2022.10.FOCUS22607","article-title":"The impact of cage positioning on lumbar lordosis and disc space restoration following minimally invasive lateral lumbar interbody fusion","volume":"54","author":"Issa TZ","year":"2023","unstructured":"Issa TZ, Lee Y, Lambrechts MJ, et al.. The impact of cage positioning on lumbar lordosis and disc space restoration following minimally invasive lateral lumbar interbody fusion. Neurosurg Focus. 2023, 54:E7. 10.3171\/2022.10.FOCUS22607","journal-title":"Neurosurg Focus"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/2024.4.SPINE231007","article-title":"Transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion subsidence: computed tomography analysis of incidence, associated risk factors, and impact on outcomes","volume":"41","author":"Levy HA","year":"2024","unstructured":"Levy HA, Pinter ZW, Reed R, et al.. Transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion subsidence: computed tomography analysis of incidence, associated risk factors, and impact on outcomes. J Neurosurg Spine. 2024, 41:463-72. 10.3171\/2024.4.SPINE231007","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Spine"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/2025.1.SPINE24923","article-title":"A survival analysis for predictors of implant subsidence following 1- or 2-level transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion","volume":"43","author":"Pennington Z","year":"2025","unstructured":"Pennington Z, Kumar R, Hamouda A, et al.. A survival analysis for predictors of implant subsidence following 1- or 2-level transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion. J Neurosurg Spine. 2025, 43:42-51. 10.3171\/2025.1.SPINE24923","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Spine"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2021.11.122","article-title":"Early outcomes of three-dimensional-printed porous titanium versus polyetheretherketone cage implantation for stand-alone lateral lumbar interbody fusion in the treatment of symptomatic adjacent segment degeneration","volume":"162","author":"Adl Amini D","year":"2022","unstructured":"Adl Amini D, Moser M, Oezel L, et al.. Early outcomes of three-dimensional-printed porous titanium versus polyetheretherketone cage implantation for stand-alone lateral lumbar interbody fusion in the treatment of symptomatic adjacent segment degeneration. World Neurosurg. 2022, 162:e14-20. 10.1016\/j.wneu.2021.11.122","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/2023.6.SPINE23382","article-title":"Promotion of higher rates of early fusion using activated titanium versus polyetheretherketone cages in adults undergoing 1- and 2-level transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion procedures: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"39","author":"Toop N","year":"2023","unstructured":"Toop N, Dhaliwal J, Gifford CS, et al.. Promotion of higher rates of early fusion using activated titanium versus polyetheretherketone cages in adults undergoing 1- and 2-level transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion procedures: a randomized controlled trial. J Neurosurg Spine. 2023, 39:709-18. 10.3171\/2023.6.SPINE23382","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Spine"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.122","article-title":"Titanium cages versus polyetheretherketone cages in interbody fusions: a meta-analysis of clinical and radiographic outcomes","volume":"193","author":"Daher M","year":"2025","unstructured":"Daher M, Aoun M, Farhat C, Kreichati G, Kharrat K, Daniels AH, Sebaaly A. Titanium cages versus polyetheretherketone cages in interbody fusions: a meta-analysis of clinical and radiographic outcomes. World Neurosurg. 2025, 193:15-25. 10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.122","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-025-03453-w","article-title":"Clinical and radiological outcomes of titanium cage versus polyetheretherketone cage in lumbar interbody fusion: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"48","author":"Wang H","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wang H, Zhang H, Xiao C, Zhang K, Qi L. Clinical and radiological outcomes of titanium cage versus polyetheretherketone cage in lumbar interbody fusion: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosurg Rev. 2025, 48:295. 10.1007\/s10143-025-03453-w","journal-title":"Neurosurg Rev"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14134557","article-title":"Minimally invasive lateral thoracic and lumbar interbody fusion with expandable interbody spacers for spine trauma-indications, complications and outcomes","volume":"14","author":"B\u00e4ttig L","year":"2025","unstructured":"B\u00e4ttig L, Fischer G, Martens B, Veeravagu A, Bertulli L, Stienen MN. Minimally invasive lateral thoracic and lumbar interbody fusion with expandable interbody spacers for spine trauma-indications, complications and outcomes. J Clin Med. 2025, 14:10.3390\/jcm14134557","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000001465","article-title":"MIS expandable interbody spacers: a literature review and biomechanical comparison of an expandable MIS TLIF with conventional TLIF and ALIF","volume":"41","author":"Cannestra AF","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cannestra AF, Peterson MD, Parker SR, Roush TF, Bundy JV, Turner AW. MIS expandable interbody spacers: a literature review and biomechanical comparison of an expandable MIS TLIF with conventional TLIF and ALIF. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2016, 41:S44-9. 10.1097\/BRS.0000000000001465","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-022-07272-1","article-title":"Evolution of polyetheretherketone (PEEK) and titanium interbody devices for spinal procedures: a comprehensive review of the literature","volume":"31","author":"Muthiah N","year":"2022","unstructured":"Muthiah N, Yolcu YU, Alan N, Agarwal N, Hamilton DK, Ozpinar A. Evolution of polyetheretherketone (PEEK) and titanium interbody devices for spinal procedures: a comprehensive review of the literature. Eur Spine J. 2022, 31:2547-56. 10.1007\/s00586-022-07272-1","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.08.056","article-title":"Comparative analysis of radiologic outcomes between polyetheretherketone and three-dimensional-printed titanium cages after transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion","volume":"179","author":"Sultana T","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sultana T, Hossain M, Jeong JH, Im S. Comparative analysis of radiologic outcomes between polyetheretherketone and three-dimensional-printed titanium cages after transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion. World Neurosurg. 2023, 179:e241-55. 10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.08.056","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.07.075","article-title":"Adequate restoration of disc height and segmental lordosis by lumbar interbody fusion decreases adjacent segment degeneration","volume":"118","author":"Tian H","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tian H, Wu A, Guo M, et al.. Adequate restoration of disc height and segmental lordosis by lumbar interbody fusion decreases adjacent segment degeneration. World Neurosurg. 2018, 118:e856-64. 10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.07.075","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.23.00672","article-title":"Sagittal alignment in the degenerative lumbar spine: surgical planning","volume":"106","author":"Diebo BG","year":"2024","unstructured":"Diebo BG, Balmaceno-Criss M, Lafage R, et al.. Sagittal alignment in the degenerative lumbar spine: surgical planning. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2024, 106:445-57. 10.2106\/JBJS.23.00672","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CORR.0000000000001915","article-title":"Poor bone quality, multilevel surgery, and narrow and tall cages are associated with intraoperative endplate injuries and late-onset cage subsidence in lateral lumbar interbody fusion: a systematic review","volume":"480","author":"Wu H","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wu H, Shan Z, Zhao F, Cheung JP. Poor bone quality, multilevel surgery, and narrow and tall cages are associated with intraoperative endplate injuries and late-onset cage subsidence in lateral lumbar interbody fusion: a systematic review. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2022, 480:163-88. 10.1097\/CORR.0000000000001915","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000003557","article-title":"Risk factors of cage subsidence in patients received minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion","volume":"45","author":"Yao YC","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yao YC, Chou PH, Lin HH, Wang ST, Liu CL, Chang MC. Risk factors of cage subsidence in patients received minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2020, 45:E1279-85. 10.1097\/BRS.0000000000003557","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.12.110","article-title":"Risk factors of cage subsidence following oblique lumbar interbody fusion: a meta-analysis and systematic review","volume":"183","author":"Shen S","year":"2024","unstructured":"Shen S, You X, Ren Y, Ye S. Risk factors of cage subsidence following oblique lumbar interbody fusion: a meta-analysis and systematic review. World Neurosurg. 2024, 183:180-6. 10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.12.110","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/2022.3.SPINE211489","article-title":"Novel MRI-based vertebral bone quality score as a predictor of cage subsidence following transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion","volume":"37","author":"Hu YH","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hu YH, Yeh YC, Niu CC, Hsieh MK, Tsai TT, Chen WJ, Lai PL. Novel MRI-based vertebral bone quality score as a predictor of cage subsidence following transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion. J Neurosurg Spine. 2022, 37:654-62. 10.3171\/2022.3.SPINE211489","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Spine"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.12.111","article-title":"Comparison of lumbar interbody fusion with 3D-printed porous titanium cage versus polyetheretherketone cage in treating lumbar degenerative disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"183","author":"Duan Y","year":"2024","unstructured":"Duan Y, Feng D, Li T, Wang Y, Jiang L, Huang Y. Comparison of lumbar interbody fusion with 3D-printed porous titanium cage versus polyetheretherketone cage in treating lumbar degenerative disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. World Neurosurg. 2024, 183:144-56. 10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.12.111","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2022.03.087","article-title":"Choice of spinal interbody fusion cage material and design influences subsidence and osseointegration performance","volume":"162","author":"Fogel G","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fogel G, Martin N, Williams GM, et al.. Choice of spinal interbody fusion cage material and design influences subsidence and osseointegration performance. World Neurosurg. 2022, 162:e626-34. 10.1016\/j.wneu.2022.03.087","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2021.12.004","article-title":"3D-printed titanium cages without bone graft outperform PEEK cages with autograft in an animal model","volume":"22","author":"Laratta JL","year":"2022","unstructured":"Laratta JL, Vivace BJ, L\u00f3pez-Pe\u00f1a M, et al.. 3D-printed titanium cages without bone graft outperform PEEK cages with autograft in an animal model. Spine J. 2022, 22:1016-27. 10.1016\/j.spinee.2021.12.004","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2025.04.009","article-title":"Understanding the influence of cage and instrumentation strategies with oblique lumbar interbody fusion for grade I spondylolisthesis - a comprehensive biomechanical modeling study","volume":"25","author":"Chayer M","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chayer M, Phan P, Arnoux PJ, Wang Z, Rawlinson JJ, Aruwajoye O, Aubin C\u00c9. Understanding the influence of cage and instrumentation strategies with oblique lumbar interbody fusion for grade I spondylolisthesis - a comprehensive biomechanical modeling study. Spine J. 2025, 25:2312-25. 10.1016\/j.spinee.2025.04.009","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000003432","article-title":"Analysis of the factors affecting lumbar segmental lordosis after lateral lumbar interbody fusion","volume":"45","author":"Otsuki B","year":"2020","unstructured":"Otsuki B, Fujibayashi S, Takemoto M, Kimura H, Shimizu T, Murata K, Matsuda S. Analysis of the factors affecting lumbar segmental lordosis after lateral lumbar interbody fusion. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2020, 45:E839-46. 10.1097\/BRS.0000000000003432","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2018.05.022","article-title":"Stand-alone lumbar cage subsidence: a biomechanical sensitivity study of cage design and placement","volume":"162","author":"Calvo-Echenique A","year":"2018","unstructured":"Calvo-Echenique A, Cego\u00f1ino J, Chueca R, P\u00e9rez-Del Palomar A. Stand-alone lumbar cage subsidence: a biomechanical sensitivity study of cage design and placement. Comput Methods Programs Biomed. 2018, 162:211-9. 10.1016\/j.cmpb.2018.05.022","journal-title":"Comput Methods Programs Biomed"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10255842.2016.1233401","article-title":"Development of an integrated CAD-FEA system for patient-specific design of spinal cages","volume":"20","author":"Zhang M","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhang M, Pu F, Xu L, et al.. Development of an integrated CAD-FEA system for patient-specific design of spinal cages. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin. 2017, 20:355-64. 10.1080\/10255842.2016.1233401","journal-title":"Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2024.106695","article-title":"Anatomically and mechanically conforming patient-specific spinal fusion cages designed by full-scale topology optimization","volume":"159","author":"Smit T","year":"2024","unstructured":"Smit T, Aage N, Haschtmann D, Ferguson SJ, Helgason B. Anatomically and mechanically conforming patient-specific spinal fusion cages designed by full-scale topology optimization. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. 2024, 159:106695. 10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2024.106695","journal-title":"J Mech Behav Biomed Mater"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000005698","article-title":"Patient specific finite element modeling outputs outperform clinical metrics in predicting fusion cage subsidence","volume":"51","author":"Lali FH","year":"2026","unstructured":"Lali FH, Raftery KA, Levy H, Freedman BA, Newell N. Patient specific finite element modeling outputs outperform clinical metrics in predicting fusion cage subsidence. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2026, 51:E391-9. 10.1097\/BRS.0000000000005698","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2023.1041973","article-title":"Recent advancement in finite element analysis of spinal interbody cages: a review","volume":"11","author":"Wang R","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang R, Wu Z. Recent advancement in finite element analysis of spinal interbody cages: a review. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2023, 11:1041973. 10.3389\/fbioe.2023.1041973","journal-title":"Front Bioeng Biotechnol"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2024.1347961","article-title":"In silico medical device testing of anatomically and mechanically conforming patient-specific spinal fusion cages designed by full-scale topology optimisation","volume":"12","author":"Smit T","year":"2024","unstructured":"Smit T, Aage N, Haschtmann D, Ferguson SJ, Helgason B. In silico medical device testing of anatomically and mechanically conforming patient-specific spinal fusion cages designed by full-scale topology optimisation. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2024, 12:1347961. 10.3389\/fbioe.2024.1347961","journal-title":"Front Bioeng Biotechnol"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000005161","article-title":"Impact of segmental lordosis restoration during degenerative spinal fusion on two-year adjacent segment disease and revision rates","volume":"50","author":"Singh M","year":"2025","unstructured":"Singh M, Kuharski MJ, Abdel-Megid H, et al.. Impact of segmental lordosis restoration during degenerative spinal fusion on two-year adjacent segment disease and revision rates. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2025, 50:1219-24. 10.1097\/BRS.0000000000005161","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2022.03.010","article-title":"The impact of interbody approach and lumbar level on segmental, adjacent, and sagittal alignment in degenerative lumbar pathology: a radiographic analysis six months following surgery","volume":"22","author":"O'Connor B","year":"2022","unstructured":"O'Connor B, Drolet CE, Leveque JA, et al.. The impact of interbody approach and lumbar level on segmental, adjacent, and sagittal alignment in degenerative lumbar pathology: a radiographic analysis six months following surgery. Spine J. 2022, 22:1318-24. 10.1016\/j.spinee.2022.03.010","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000001470","article-title":"Preservation or restoration of segmental and regional spinal lordosis using minimally invasive interbody fusion techniques in degenerative lumbar conditions: a literature review","volume":"41 Suppl 8","author":"Uribe JS","year":"2016","unstructured":"Uribe JS, Myhre SL, Youssef JA. Preservation or restoration of segmental and regional spinal lordosis using minimally invasive interbody fusion techniques in degenerative lumbar conditions: a literature review. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2016, 41 Suppl 8:S50-8. 10.1097\/BRS.0000000000001470","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-025-08893-5","article-title":"Radiographic and surgical predictive factors for restoring segmental lumbar lordosis and normal spinopelvic balance following TLIF surgery in lumbar spondylolisthesis patients","volume":"26","author":"Sulaiman S","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sulaiman S, V AN, N SA, K AM, Shekoba M, S S, B M. Radiographic and surgical predictive factors for restoring segmental lumbar lordosis and normal spinopelvic balance following TLIF surgery in lumbar spondylolisthesis patients. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2025, 26:926. 10.1186\/s12891-025-08893-5","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000004619","article-title":"Predictors of subsidence and its clinical impact after expandable cage insertion in minimally invasive transforaminal interbody fusion","volume":"48","author":"Subramanian T","year":"2023","unstructured":"Subramanian T, Merrill RK, Shahi P, et al.. Predictors of subsidence and its clinical impact after expandable cage insertion in minimally invasive transforaminal interbody fusion. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2023, 48:1670-8. 10.1097\/BRS.0000000000004619","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-38801-7","article-title":"Postoperative cage migration and subsidence following TLIF surgery is not associated with bony fusion","volume":"13","author":"Rickert M","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rickert M, Fennema P, Wehner D, et al.. Postoperative cage migration and subsidence following TLIF surgery is not associated with bony fusion. Sci Rep. 2023, 13:12597. 10.1038\/s41598-023-38801-7","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-022-05165-4","article-title":"Clinical and radiological evaluation of cage subsidence following oblique lumbar interbody fusion combined with anterolateral fixation","volume":"23","author":"Zhao L","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhao L, Xie T, Wang X, Yang Z, Pu X, Lu Y, Zeng J. Clinical and radiological evaluation of cage subsidence following oblique lumbar interbody fusion combined with anterolateral fixation. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2022, 23:214. 10.1186\/s12891-022-05165-4","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-022-05836-2","article-title":"The value of Hounsfield units in predicting cage subsidence after transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion","volume":"23","author":"Xie F","year":"2022","unstructured":"Xie F, Yang Z, Tu Z, Huang P, Wang Z, Luo Z, Hu X. The value of Hounsfield units in predicting cage subsidence after transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2022, 23:882. 10.1186\/s12891-022-05836-2","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-021-06748-w","article-title":"Titanium (Ti) cages may be superior to polyetheretherketone (PEEK) cages in lumbar interbody fusion: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical and radiological outcomes of spinal interbody fusions using Ti versus PEEK cages","volume":"30","author":"Tan JH","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tan JH, Cheong CK, Hey HW. Titanium (Ti) cages may be superior to polyetheretherketone (PEEK) cages in lumbar interbody fusion: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical and radiological outcomes of spinal interbody fusions using Ti versus PEEK cages. Eur Spine J. 2021, 30:1285-95. 10.1007\/s00586-021-06748-w","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2022.121699","article-title":"Biodegradable interbody cages for lumbar spine fusion: current concepts and future directions","volume":"288","author":"Laubach M","year":"2022","unstructured":"Laubach M, Kobbe P, Hutmacher DW. Biodegradable interbody cages for lumbar spine fusion: current concepts and future directions. Biomaterials. 2022, 288:121699. 10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2022.121699","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2021.05.018","article-title":"Comparison of 3D-printed titanium-alloy, standard titanium-alloy, and PEEK interbody spacers in an ovine model","volume":"21","author":"Van Horn MR","year":"2021","unstructured":"Van Horn MR, Beard R, Wang W, Cunningham BW, Mullinix KP, Allall M, Bucklen BS. Comparison of 3D-printed titanium-alloy, standard titanium-alloy, and PEEK interbody spacers in an ovine model. Spine J. 2021, 21:2097-103. 10.1016\/j.spinee.2021.05.018","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2018.02.018","article-title":"Bony ingrowth potential of 3D-printed porous titanium alloy: a direct comparison of interbody cage materials in an in vivo ovine lumbar fusion model","volume":"18","author":"McGilvray KC","year":"2018","unstructured":"McGilvray KC, Easley J, Seim HB, et al.. Bony ingrowth potential of 3D-printed porous titanium alloy: a direct comparison of interbody cage materials in an in vivo ovine lumbar fusion model. Spine J. 2018, 18:1250-60. 10.1016\/j.spinee.2018.02.018","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2022.01.003","article-title":"Subsidence and fusion performance of a 3D-printed porous interbody cage with stress-optimized body lattice and microporous endplates - a comprehensive mechanical and biological analysis","volume":"22","author":"Fogel G","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fogel G, Martin N, Lynch K, et al.. Subsidence and fusion performance of a 3D-printed porous interbody cage with stress-optimized body lattice and microporous endplates - a comprehensive mechanical and biological analysis. Spine J. 2022, 22:1028-37. 10.1016\/j.spinee.2022.01.003","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000003194","article-title":"Does lumbar interbody cage size influence subsidence? A biomechanical study","volume":"45","author":"Yuan W","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yuan W, Kaliya-Perumal AK, Chou SM, Oh JY. Does lumbar interbody cage size influence subsidence? A biomechanical study. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2020, 45:88-95. 10.1097\/BRS.0000000000003194","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2018.03.003","article-title":"The effect of interbody fusion cage design on the stability of the instrumented spine in response to cyclic loading: an experimental study","volume":"18","author":"Alkalay RN","year":"2018","unstructured":"Alkalay RN, Adamson R, Groff MW. The effect of interbody fusion cage design on the stability of the instrumented spine in response to cyclic loading: an experimental study. Spine J. 2018, 18:1867-76. 10.1016\/j.spinee.2018.03.003","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15103670","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo comparison of bone growth characteristics in additive-manufactured porous titanium, nonporous titanium, and porous tantalum interbody cages","volume":"15","author":"Wu MH","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wu MH, Lee MH, Wu C, et al.. In vitro and in vivo comparison of bone growth characteristics in additive-manufactured porous titanium, nonporous titanium, and porous tantalum interbody cages. Materials (Basel). 2022, 15:10.3390\/ma15103670","journal-title":"Materials (Basel)"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2025.106502","article-title":"A modular cage may prevent endplate damage and improve spinal deformity correction","volume":"125","author":"Jansen JU","year":"2025","unstructured":"Jansen JU, Sciortino V, Heuer F, Wilke HJ. A modular cage may prevent endplate damage and improve spinal deformity correction. Clin Biomech (Bristol). 2025, 125:106502. 10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2025.106502","journal-title":"Clin Biomech (Bristol)"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2021.04.090","article-title":"Expandable versus static cages in minimally invasive lumbar interbody fusion: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"151","author":"Calvachi-Prieto P","year":"2021","unstructured":"Calvachi-Prieto P, McAvoy MB, Cerecedo-Lopez CD, et al.. Expandable versus static cages in minimally invasive lumbar interbody fusion: a systematic review and meta-analysis. World Neurosurg. 2021, 151:e607-14. 10.1016\/j.wneu.2021.04.090","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5435\/JAAOS-D-22-00789","article-title":"Personalized medicine in orthopaedic surgery: the case of spine surgery","volume":"31","author":"Shen J","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shen J, Nemani VM, Leveque JC, Sethi R. Personalized medicine in orthopaedic surgery: the case of spine surgery. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2023, 31:901-7. 10.5435\/JAAOS-D-22-00789","journal-title":"J Am Acad Orthop Surg"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-019-06236-2","article-title":"3D-printed spine surgery implants: a systematic review of the efficacy and clinical safety profile of patient-specific and off-the-shelf devices","volume":"29","author":"Burnard JL","year":"2020","unstructured":"Burnard JL, Parr WC, Choy WJ, Walsh WR, Mobbs RJ. 3D-printed spine surgery implants: a systematic review of the efficacy and clinical safety profile of patient-specific and off-the-shelf devices. Eur Spine J. 2020, 29:1248-60. 10.1007\/s00586-019-06236-2","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.12.144","article-title":"Anterior lumbar interbody fusion using a personalized approach: is custom the future of implants for anterior lumbar interbody fusion surgery?","volume":"124","author":"Mobbs RJ","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mobbs RJ, Parr WC, Choy WJ, McEvoy A, Walsh WR, Phan K. Anterior lumbar interbody fusion using a personalized approach: is custom the future of implants for anterior lumbar interbody fusion surgery?. World Neurosurg. 2019, 124:452-458.e1. 10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.12.144","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.01.078","article-title":"L5 en-bloc vertebrectomy with customized reconstructive implant: comparison of patient-specific versus off-the-shelf implant","volume":"112","author":"Mobbs RJ","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mobbs RJ, Choy WJ, Wilson P, McEvoy A, Phan K, Parr WC. L5 en-bloc vertebrectomy with customized reconstructive implant: comparison of patient-specific versus off-the-shelf implant. World Neurosurg. 2018, 112:94-100. 10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.01.078","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/2016.9.SPINE16371","article-title":"The utility of 3D printing for surgical planning and patient-specific implant design for complex spinal pathologies: case report","volume":"26","year":"2017","unstructured":"The utility of 3D printing for surgical planning and patient-specific implant design for complex spinal pathologies. case report. J Neurosurg Spine. 2017, 26:513-8. 10.3171\/2016.9.SPINE16371","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Spine"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2024.1508385","article-title":"The effects of cage on endplate collapse after stand-alone OLIF: based on finite element analysis and in vitro mechanics experiments","volume":"12","author":"Li H","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li H, Liu J, Cui H, et al.. The effects of cage on endplate collapse after stand-alone OLIF: based on finite element analysis and in vitro mechanics experiments. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2024, 12:1508385. 10.3389\/fbioe.2024.1508385","journal-title":"Front Bioeng Biotechnol"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-023-06201-7","article-title":"Biomechanical evaluation of different sizes of 3D printed cage in lumbar interbody fusion-a finite element analysis","volume":"24","author":"Wu J","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wu J, Feng Q, Yang D, Xu H, Wen W, Xu H, Miao J. Biomechanical evaluation of different sizes of 3D printed cage in lumbar interbody fusion-a finite element analysis. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2023, 24:85. 10.1186\/s12891-023-06201-7","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2025.107281","article-title":"A parametric analysis of interbody fusion cages placement: a finite elements approach comparing lumbar lordosis of bullet and steerable banana cages","volume":"174","author":"El Bojairami I","year":"2026","unstructured":"El Bojairami I, Santaguida C, Al Rawahi S, Aoude A, Driscoll M. A parametric analysis of interbody fusion cages placement: a finite elements approach comparing lumbar lordosis of bullet and steerable banana cages. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. 2026, 174:107281. 10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2025.107281","journal-title":"J Mech Behav Biomed Mater"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/09544119251332072","article-title":"Effect of cage surface geometry on load transfer and ranges of motion in a fused lumbar spine model: a comparative finite element analysis","volume":"239","author":"Banerjee T","year":"2025","unstructured":"Banerjee T, Pradeep K, Karar A, Pal B. Effect of cage surface geometry on load transfer and ranges of motion in a fused lumbar spine model: a comparative finite element analysis. Proc Inst Mech Eng H. 2025, 239:423-35. 10.1177\/09544119251332072","journal-title":"Proc Inst Mech Eng H"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2021.104961","article-title":"A biomechanical investigation of lumbar interbody fusion techniques","volume":"125","author":"Umale S","year":"2022","unstructured":"Umale S, Yoganandan N, Baisden JL, Choi H, Kurpad SN. A biomechanical investigation of lumbar interbody fusion techniques. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. 2022, 125:104961. 10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2021.104961","journal-title":"J Mech Behav Biomed Mater"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-002-0505-8","article-title":"Factors influencing stresses in the lumbar spine after the insertion of intervertebral cages: finite element analysis","volume":"12","author":"Polikeit A","year":"2003","unstructured":"Polikeit A, Ferguson SJ, Nolte LP, Orr TE. Factors influencing stresses in the lumbar spine after the insertion of intervertebral cages: finite element analysis. Eur Spine J. 2003, 12:413-20. 10.1007\/s00586-002-0505-8","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/2019.1.SPINE181008","article-title":"Tailoring selection of transforaminal interbody spacers based on biomechanical characteristics and surgical goals: evaluation of an expandable spacer","volume":"32","author":"Godzik J","year":"2020","unstructured":"Godzik J, Lehrman JN, Newcomb AG, Menon RK, Whiting AC, Kelly BP, Snyder LA. Tailoring selection of transforaminal interbody spacers based on biomechanical characteristics and surgical goals: evaluation of an expandable spacer. J Neurosurg Spine. 2020, 32:383-9. 10.3171\/2019.1.SPINE181008","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Spine"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/2013.12.SPINE13798","article-title":"In vitro evaluation of a lateral expandable cage and its comparison with a static device for lumbar interbody fusion: a biomechanical investigation","volume":"20","author":"Gonzalez-Blohm SA","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gonzalez-Blohm SA, Doulgeris JJ, Aghayev K, Lee WE 3rd, Laun J, Vrionis FD. In vitro evaluation of a lateral expandable cage and its comparison with a static device for lumbar interbody fusion: a biomechanical investigation. J Neurosurg Spine. 2014, 20:387-95. 10.3171\/2013.12.SPINE13798","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Spine"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/515986-modular-cage-type-prosthetic-construction-for-lumbar-intervertebral-reconstruction-a-computer-aided-design-based-geometric-design-and-finite-element-analysis-study","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T14:05:38Z","timestamp":1786543538000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/515986-modular-cage-type-prosthetic-construction-for-lumbar-intervertebral-reconstruction-a-computer-aided-design-based-geometric-design-and-finite-element-analysis-study"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]]},"references-count":66,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.114416","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]]}}}