{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T14:28:39Z","timestamp":1787495319889,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.115026","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T13:28:01Z","timestamp":1787491681000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Nasal Mucociliary Clearance Assessment: Historical Evolution, Methodological Approaches, and the Role of Activated Charcoal as a Visible Marker"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Stanimir D","family":"Dinev","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teodor D","family":"Atanasov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.154.6.8970383","article-title":"Mucociliary clearance in the airways","volume":"154","author":"Wanner A","year":"1996","unstructured":"Wanner A, Salath\u00e9 M, O'Riordan TG. Mucociliary clearance in the airways. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1996, 154:1868-902. 10.1164\/ajrccm.154.6.8970383","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a028241","article-title":"Cilia and mucociliary clearance","volume":"9","author":"Bustamante-Marin XM","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bustamante-Marin XM, Ostrowski LE. Cilia and mucociliary clearance. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2017, 9:16-8. 10.1101\/cshperspect.a028241","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2273.1998.00173.x","article-title":"Mucociliary transport and its assessment: a review","volume":"23","author":"Lale AM","year":"1998","unstructured":"Lale AM, Mason JD, Jones NS. Mucociliary transport and its assessment: a review. Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci. 1998, 23:388-96. 10.1046\/j.1365-2273.1998.00173.x","journal-title":"Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1808-8694(15)30133-6","article-title":"Methods for studying mucociliary transport","volume":"73","author":"Trindade SH","year":"2007","unstructured":"Trindade SH, de Mello JF Jr, Mion Ode G, Lorenzi-Filho G, Macchione M, Guimar\u00e3es ET, Saldiva PH. Methods for studying mucociliary transport. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol. 2007, 73:704-12. 10.1016\/s1808-8694(15)30133-6","journal-title":"Braz J Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/arrd.1974.110.3.301","article-title":"Nasal clearance in monozygotic twins","volume":"110","author":"Andersen I","year":"1974","unstructured":"Andersen I, Camner P, Jensen PL, Philipson K, Proctor DF. Nasal clearance in monozygotic twins. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1974, 110:301-5. 10.1164\/arrd.1974.110.3.301","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00016488109138511","article-title":"Comparison of three methods for measuring nasal mucociliary clearance in man","volume":"91","author":"Puchelle E","year":"1981","unstructured":"Puchelle E, Aug F, Pham QT, Bertrand A. Comparison of three methods for measuring nasal mucociliary clearance in man. Acta Otolaryngol. 1981, 91:297-303. 10.3109\/00016488109138511","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00016488309132888","article-title":"Nasal mucociliary clearance under various conditions","volume":"96","author":"Sakakura Y","year":"1983","unstructured":"Sakakura Y, Ukai K, Majima Y, Murai S, Harada T, Miyoshi Y. Nasal mucociliary clearance under various conditions. Acta Otolaryngol. 1983, 96:167-73. 10.3109\/00016488309132888","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s0022215100094457","article-title":"Nasal mucociliary function in different diseases of the nose","volume":"97","author":"Hady MR","year":"1983","unstructured":"Hady MR, Shehata O, Hassan R. Nasal mucociliary function in different diseases of the nose. J Laryngol Otol. 1983, 97:497-502. 10.1017\/s0022215100094457","journal-title":"J Laryngol Otol"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0007-0971(84)90098-6","article-title":"Efficacy of a saccharin test for screening to detect abnormal mucociliary clearance","volume":"78","author":"Stanley P","year":"1984","unstructured":"Stanley P, MacWilliam L, Greenstone M, Mackay I, Cole P. Efficacy of a saccharin test for screening to detect abnormal mucociliary clearance. Br J Dis Chest. 1984, 78:62-5. 10.1016\/0007-0971(84)90098-6","journal-title":"Br J Dis Chest"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1676116","article-title":"Particularities and clinical applicability of saccharin transit time test","volume":"23","author":"Rodrigues F","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rodrigues F, Freire AP, Uzeloto J, et al.. Particularities and clinical applicability of saccharin transit time test. Int Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2019, 23:229-40. 10.1055\/s-0038-1676116","journal-title":"Int Arch Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/01455613211064044","article-title":"Saccharin test: methodological validation and systematic review of the literature","volume":"103","author":"Caponnetto P","year":"2024","unstructured":"Caponnetto P, Emma R, Benfatto F, et al.. Saccharin test: methodological validation and systematic review of the literature. Ear Nose Throat J. 2024, 103:NP494-507. 10.1177\/01455613211064044","journal-title":"Ear Nose Throat J"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00016488409130995","article-title":"Experiences in the determination of nasal mucociliary transport time","volume":"97","author":"Pass\u00e0li D","year":"1984","unstructured":"Pass\u00e0li D, Bellussi L, Bianchini Ciampoli M, De Seta E. Experiences in the determination of nasal mucociliary transport time. Acta Otolaryngol. 1984, 97:319-23. 10.3109\/00016488409130995","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-5876(85)80015-X","article-title":"Normal values of mucociliary transport time in young subjects","volume":"9","author":"Passali D","year":"1985","unstructured":"Passali D, Bianchini Ciampoli M. Normal values of mucociliary transport time in young subjects. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 1985, 9:151-6. 10.1016\/S0165-5876(85)80015-X","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"ref14","article-title":"Normal values of nasal mucociliary clearance. Comparison of various techniques and substances (Article in Spanish)","volume":"41","author":"Armengot M","year":"1990","unstructured":"Armengot M, Basterra J, Gar\u00edn L. Normal values of nasal mucociliary clearance. Comparison of various techniques and substances (Article in Spanish). Acta Otorrinolaringol Esp. 1990, 41:333-6.","journal-title":"Acta Otorrinolaringol Esp"},{"key":"ref15","article-title":"Adenoidectomy and nasal mucociliary transport (Article in Spanish)","volume":"21","author":"Hell\u00edn Meseguer D","year":"1994","unstructured":"Hell\u00edn Meseguer D, Merino G\u00e1lvez E, Armengot Carceller. Adenoidectomy and nasal mucociliary transport (Article in Spanish). An Otorrinolaringol Ibero Am. 1994, 21:455-62.","journal-title":"An Otorrinolaringol Ibero Am"},{"key":"ref16","article-title":"Nasal mucociliary transport in normal subjects (Article in Spanish)","volume":"21","author":"Hell\u00edn Meseguer D","year":"1994","unstructured":"Hell\u00edn Meseguer D, Merino G\u00e1lvez E. Nasal mucociliary transport in normal subjects (Article in Spanish). An Otorrinolaringol Ibero Am. 1994, 21:503-19.","journal-title":"An Otorrinolaringol Ibero Am"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004050050158","article-title":"Alterations of nasal mucociliary transport in patients with hypertrophy of the inferior turbinates, deviations of the nasal septum and chronic sinusitis","volume":"256","author":"Pass\u00e0li D","year":"1999","unstructured":"Pass\u00e0li D, Ferri R, Becchini G, Pass\u00e0li GC, Bellussi L. Alterations of nasal mucociliary transport in patients with hypertrophy of the inferior turbinates, deviations of the nasal septum and chronic sinusitis. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 1999, 256:335-7. 10.1007\/s004050050158","journal-title":"Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.22065","article-title":"Evaluation of nasal mucociliary clearance using saccharin test versus charcoal test among Filipinos in a tertiary government hospital","volume":"14","author":"Austero RM","year":"2022","unstructured":"Austero RM, Gelera JE. Evaluation of nasal mucociliary clearance using saccharin test versus charcoal test among Filipinos in a tertiary government hospital. Cureus. 2022, 14:e22065. 10.7759\/cureus.22065","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref19","article-title":"Value of the Tc99m particle test and the saccharin test in mucociliary examinations","volume":"21","author":"Brondeel L","year":"1983","unstructured":"Brondeel L, S\u00f6nstab\u00f6 R, Clement P, van Ryckeghem W, van den Broek M. Value of the Tc99m particle test and the saccharin test in mucociliary examinations. Rhinology. 1983, 21:135-42.","journal-title":"Rhinology"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.1982.00790500035008","article-title":"Radioisotopic method for measurement of nasal mucociliary activity","volume":"108","author":"K\u00e4rj\u00e4 J","year":"1982","unstructured":"K\u00e4rj\u00e4 J, Nuutinen J, Karjalainen P. Radioisotopic method for measurement of nasal mucociliary activity. Arch Otolaryngol. 1982, 108:99-101. 10.1001\/archotol.1982.00790500035008","journal-title":"Arch Otolaryngol"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00464254","article-title":"Measurement of nasal mucociliary activity in man with 99mTc-labelled resin particles","volume":"239","author":"Kaya S","year":"1984","unstructured":"Kaya S, Ercan MT, Laleli Y. Measurement of nasal mucociliary activity in man with 99mTc-labelled resin particles. Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 1984, 239:267-72. 10.1007\/BF00464254","journal-title":"Arch Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-009-1116-3","article-title":"Evaluation of the nasal mucociliary transport rate by rhinoscintigraphy before and after surgery in patients with deviated nasal septum","volume":"267","author":"Polat C","year":"2010","unstructured":"Polat C, Dostbil Z. Evaluation of the nasal mucociliary transport rate by rhinoscintigraphy before and after surgery in patients with deviated nasal septum. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2010, 267:529-35. 10.1007\/s00405-009-1116-3","journal-title":"Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01090-2016","article-title":"European Respiratory Society guidelines for the diagnosis of primary ciliary dyskinesia","volume":"49","author":"Lucas JS","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lucas JS, Barbato A, Collins SA, et al.. European Respiratory Society guidelines for the diagnosis of primary ciliary dyskinesia. Eur Respir J. 2017, 49:32-4. 10.1183\/13993003.01090-2016","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201805-0819ST","article-title":"Diagnosis of primary ciliary dyskinesia. An official American Thoracic Society clinical practice guideline","volume":"197","author":"Shapiro AJ","year":"2018","unstructured":"Shapiro AJ, Davis SD, Polineni D, et al.. Diagnosis of primary ciliary dyskinesia. An official American Thoracic Society clinical practice guideline. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2018, 197:e24-39. 10.1164\/rccm.201805-0819ST","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-5876(84)80023-3","article-title":"Adenoid hypertrophy and nasal mucociliary clearance in children: a morphological and functional study","volume":"8","author":"Maurizi M","year":"1984","unstructured":"Maurizi M, Ottaviani F, Paludetti G, Almadori G, Zappone C. Adenoid hypertrophy and nasal mucociliary clearance in children: a morphological and functional study. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 1984, 8:31-41. 10.1016\/S0165-5876(84)80023-3","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-5876(86)80042-8","article-title":"Mucociliary function and nasal resistance evaluation before and after adenoidectomy","volume":"11","author":"Maurizi M","year":"1986","unstructured":"Maurizi M, Paludetti G, Ottaviani F, Almadori G, Falcetti S. Mucociliary function and nasal resistance evaluation before and after adenoidectomy. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 1986, 11:295-300. 10.1016\/S0165-5876(86)80042-8","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2011.07.024","article-title":"Correlation of mucociliary clearance and symptomatology before and after adenoidectomy in children","volume":"75","author":"Arnaoutakis D","year":"2011","unstructured":"Arnaoutakis D, Collins WO. Correlation of mucociliary clearance and symptomatology before and after adenoidectomy in children. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2011, 75:1318-21. 10.1016\/j.ijporl.2011.07.024","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.24622","article-title":"Ciliary beat frequency in children with adenoid hypertrophy","volume":"55","author":"Marusiakova L","year":"2020","unstructured":"Marusiakova L, Durdik P, Jesenak M, Bugova G, Kvassayova J, Oppova D, Banovcin P. Ciliary beat frequency in children with adenoid hypertrophy. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2020, 55:666-73. 10.1002\/ppul.24622","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2023.111718","article-title":"An assessment of the effects of adenoid hypertrophy on mucociliary clearance and nasal cytology in children","volume":"174","author":"Berkiten G","year":"2023","unstructured":"Berkiten G, \u015eengiz Erhan S, \u00c7elik C, et al.. An assessment of the effects of adenoid hypertrophy on mucociliary clearance and nasal cytology in children. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2023, 174:111718. 10.1016\/j.ijporl.2023.111718","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/521773-nasal-mucociliary-clearance-assessment-historical-evolution-methodological-approaches-and-the-role-of-activated-charcoal-as-a-visible-marker","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T13:28:02Z","timestamp":1787491682000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/521773-nasal-mucociliary-clearance-assessment-historical-evolution-methodological-approaches-and-the-role-of-activated-charcoal-as-a-visible-marker"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]]},"references-count":29,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.115026","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]]}}}