{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T05:12:37Z","timestamp":1788757957808,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,6]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.115874","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T04:56:04Z","timestamp":1788756964000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Real-Time Intelligent Coaching Versus Human Expert Instruction in Surgical Skills Training: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Syed Taqi","family":"Askari Shah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yashar","family":"Mashayekhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nidhi","family":"Reji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatima","family":"Nawaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdul","family":"Rehman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mandeep","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayodele","family":"Odedara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali Saif","family":"Khalfan Alkaabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seungyoung","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Basel Bashar","family":"Abdulrahem Mousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Syed","family":"Muhammad Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maheen","family":"Qazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.9033_1","article-title":"Surgical training","volume":"100","author":"Singh P","year":"2013","unstructured":"Singh P, Darzi A. Surgical training. Br J Surg. 2013, 100:S19-21. 10.1002\/bjs.9033_1","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e16554","article-title":"What factors impact surgical operative time when teaching a resident in the operating room","volume":"9","author":"Benissan-Messan DZ","year":"2023","unstructured":"Benissan-Messan DZ, Tamer R, Pieper H, Meara M, Chen XP. What factors impact surgical operative time when teaching a resident in the operating room. Heliyon. 2023, 9:e16554. 10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e16554","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SIH.0000000000000688","article-title":"Adding safety rules to surgeon-authored virtual reality training","volume":"18","author":"Gao R","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gao R, Kurenov S, Black EW, Peters J. Adding safety rules to surgeon-authored virtual reality training. Simul Healthc. 2023, 18:400-7. 10.1097\/SIH.0000000000000688","journal-title":"Simul Healthc"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-65716-8","article-title":"Real-Time multifaceted artificial intelligence vs In-Person instruction in teaching surgical technical skills: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"14","author":"Yilmaz R","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yilmaz R, Bakhaidar M, Alsayegh A, et al.. Real-Time multifaceted artificial intelligence vs In-Person instruction in teaching surgical technical skills: A randomized controlled trial. Sci Rep. 2024, 14:15130. 10.1038\/s41598-024-65716-8","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s44387-025-00032-8","article-title":"Combining real-time AI and in-person expert instruction in simulated surgical skills training: randomized crossover trial","volume":"1","author":"Yilmaz R","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yilmaz R, Alsayegh A, Bakhaidar M, et al.. Combining real-time AI and in-person expert instruction in simulated surgical skills training: randomized crossover trial. npj Artif Intell. 2025, 1:10.1038\/s44387-025-00032-8","journal-title":"npj Artif Intell"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2026.103908","article-title":"Artificial intelligence in surgical feedback: A systematic scoping review","volume":"83","author":"Barba P","year":"2026","unstructured":"Barba P, Younan S, Luu K. Artificial intelligence in surgical feedback: A systematic scoping review. J Surg Educ. 2026, 83:103908. 10.1016\/j.jsurg.2026.103908","journal-title":"J Surg Educ"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-026-02452-5","article-title":"Artificial intelligence-enhanced microsurgical training: A systematic review","volume":"9","author":"Jamel WA","year":"2026","unstructured":"Jamel WA, Jameel M, Riaz I, Yousif YF, Perez H R, de la Torre V, Seth I. Artificial intelligence-enhanced microsurgical training: A systematic review. NPJ Digit Med. 2026, 9:10.1038\/s41746-026-02452-5","journal-title":"NPJ Digit Med"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s41077-019-0114-9","article-title":"Failure affects subjective estimates of cognitive load through a negative carry-over effect in virtual reality simulation of hip fracture surgery","volume":"4","author":"R\u00f6lfing JD","year":"2019","unstructured":"R\u00f6lfing JD, N\u00f8rskov JK, Paltved C, Konge L, Andersen SA. Failure affects subjective estimates of cognitive load through a negative carry-over effect in virtual reality simulation of hip fracture surgery. Adv Simul (Lond). 2019, 4:26. 10.1186\/s41077-019-0114-9","journal-title":"Adv Simul (Lond)"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2923.2009.03498.x","article-title":"Cognitive load theory in health professional education: Design principles and strategies","volume":"44","author":"van Merri\u00ebnboer JJ","year":"2010","unstructured":"van Merri\u00ebnboer JJ, Sweller J. Cognitive load theory in health professional education: Design principles and strategies. Med Educ. 2010, 44:85-93. 10.1111\/j.1365-2923.2009.03498.x","journal-title":"Med Educ"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11251-009-9110-0","article-title":"Cognitive load theory, educational research, and instructional design: Some food for thought","volume":"38","author":"de Jong T","year":"2010","unstructured":"de Jong T. Cognitive load theory, educational research, and instructional design: Some food for thought. Instr Sci. 2010, 38:105-134. 10.1007\/s11251-009-9110-0","journal-title":"Instr Sci"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-022-00596-8","article-title":"Continuous monitoring of surgical bimanual expertise using deep neural networks in virtual reality simulation","volume":"5","author":"Yilmaz R","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yilmaz R, Winkler-Schwartz A, Mirchi N, et al.. Continuous monitoring of surgical bimanual expertise using deep neural networks in virtual reality simulation. NPJ Digit Med. 2022, 5:54. 10.1038\/s41746-022-00596-8","journal-title":"NPJ Digit Med"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2168.1997.02502.x","article-title":"Objective structured assessment of technical skill (OSATS) for surgical residents","volume":"84","author":"Martin JA","year":"1997","unstructured":"Martin JA, Regehr G, Reznick R, MacRae H, Murnaghan J, Hutchison C, Brown M. Objective structured assessment of technical skill (OSATS) for surgical residents. Br J Surg. 1997, 84:273-8. 10.1046\/j.1365-2168.1997.02502.x","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bjs\/znad241.142","article-title":"Evaluating the efficacy and cognitive load of a real-time intelligent coaching system versus human expert instruction in surgical technical skills training: A randomized controlled study","volume":"110","author":"Tee T","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tee T, Yilmaz R, Fazlollahi AM, et al.. Evaluating the efficacy and cognitive load of a real-time intelligent coaching system versus human expert instruction in surgical technical skills training: A randomized controlled study. Br J Surg. 2023, 110:znad241.142. 10.1093\/bjs\/znad241.142","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2021.09.012","article-title":"Artificial intelligence and surgical education: A systematic scoping review of interventions","volume":"79","author":"Kirubarajan A","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kirubarajan A, Young D, Khan S, Crasto N, Sobel M, Sussman D. Artificial intelligence and surgical education: A systematic scoping review of interventions. J Surg Educ. 2022, 79:500-15. 10.1016\/j.jsurg.2021.09.012","journal-title":"J Surg Educ"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-026-09606-9","article-title":"Artificial intelligence augmented tutoring vs expert instruction on learning simulated general surgical skills: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"26","author":"Hanna F","year":"2026","unstructured":"Hanna F, Gad MM, Helmy MB, et al.. Artificial intelligence augmented tutoring vs expert instruction on learning simulated general surgical skills: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Med Educ. 2026, 26:10.1186\/s12909-026-09606-9","journal-title":"BMC Med Educ"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/frai.2026.1815315","article-title":"Artificial intelligence applications in surgical education and training: A systematic review","volume":"9","author":"Tene T","year":"2026","unstructured":"Tene T, Valverde Aguirre PE, Parre\u00f1o Urquizo \u00c1F, Vique L\u00f3pez DF. Artificial intelligence applications in surgical education and training: A systematic review. Front Artif Intell. 2026, 9:1815315. 10.3389\/frai.2026.1815315","journal-title":"Front Artif Intell"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page MJ","year":"2021","unstructured":"Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, et al.. The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 2021, 372:n71. 10.1136\/bmj.n71","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l4898","article-title":"RoB 2: A revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials","volume":"366","author":"Sterne JA","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sterne JA, Savovi\u0107 J, Page MJ, et al.. RoB 2: A revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. BMJ. 2019, 366:l4898. 10.1136\/bmj.l4898","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref19","unstructured":"Review Manager (RevMan). Version (5.4). The Cochrane Collaboration, (2020). (2020). Accessed. September 3, 2026: http:\/\/revman.cochrane.org."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-025-13779-z","article-title":"Evaluating the impact of AI-tutoring versus expert human instruction on surgical skills in medical students","volume":"30","author":"Sun Y","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sun Y, Liu F. Evaluating the impact of AI-tutoring versus expert human instruction on surgical skills in medical students. Educ Inf Technol. 2025, 30:26413-26431. 10.1007\/s10639-025-13779-z","journal-title":"Educ Inf Technol"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.49008","article-title":"Effect of artificial intelligence tutoring vs expert instruction on learning simulated surgical skills among medical students: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"5","author":"Fazlollahi AM","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fazlollahi AM, Bakhaidar M, Alsayegh A, et al.. Effect of artificial intelligence tutoring vs expert instruction on learning simulated surgical skills among medical students: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Netw Open. 2022, 5:e2149008. 10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.49008","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2025.2564","article-title":"Artificial intelligence-augmented human instruction and surgical simulation performance: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"160","author":"Giglio B","year":"2025","unstructured":"Giglio B, Albeloushi A, Alhaj AK, et al.. Artificial intelligence-augmented human instruction and surgical simulation performance: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Surg. 2025, 160:993-1003. 10.1001\/jamasurg.2025.2564","journal-title":"JAMA Surg"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2024.1387089","article-title":"Integrating artificial intelligence to assess emotions in learning environments: A systematic literature review","volume":"15","author":"Vistorte AO","year":"2024","unstructured":"Vistorte AO, Deroncele-Acosta A, Ayala JL, Barrasa A, L\u00f3pez-Granero C, Mart\u00ed-Gonz\u00e1lez M. Integrating artificial intelligence to assess emotions in learning environments: A systematic literature review. Front Psychol. 2024, 15:1387089. 10.3389\/fpsyg.2024.1387089","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-026-13937-x","article-title":"Interplay effects of AI feedback and individual differences on learners\u2019 emotional responses","volume":"31","author":"Xiangming L","year":"2026","unstructured":"Xiangming L, Wei W. Interplay effects of AI feedback and individual differences on learners\u2019 emotional responses. Educ Inf Technol. 2026, 31:4091-4113. 10.1007\/s10639-026-13937-x","journal-title":"Educ Inf Technol"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01443410.2025.2553639","article-title":"How does artificial intelligence compare to human feedback? A meta-analysis of performance, feedback perception, and learning dispositions","volume":"46","author":"Kaliisa R","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kaliisa R, Misiejuk K, L\u00f3pez-Pernas S, Saqr M. How does artificial intelligence compare to human feedback? A meta-analysis of performance, feedback perception, and learning dispositions. Educ Psychol. 2025, 46:1-32. 10.1080\/01443410.2025.2553639","journal-title":"Educ Psychol"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10648-025-10086-4","article-title":"Emotional artificial intelligence in education: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"37","author":"Zhang H","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhang H, Liu Y, Jiang M, et al.. Emotional artificial intelligence in education: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Educ Psychol Rev. 2025, 37:10. 10.1007\/s10648-025-10086-4","journal-title":"Educ Psychol Rev"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1652806","article-title":"Learner emotions in AI-assisted English as a second\/foreign language learning: A systematic review of empirical studies","volume":"16","author":"Zhang S","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhang S, Liu X. Learner emotions in AI-assisted English as a second\/foreign language learning: A systematic review of empirical studies. Front Psychol. 2025, 16:1652806. 10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1652806","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/educsci16010057","article-title":"Conceptualizing the impact of AI on teacher knowledge and expertise: A cognitive load perspective","volume":"16","author":"Rind IA","year":"2026","unstructured":"Rind IA. Conceptualizing the impact of AI on teacher knowledge and expertise: A cognitive load perspective. Educ Sci. 2026, 16:57. 10.3390\/educsci16010057","journal-title":"Educ Sci"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/access.2021.3115409","article-title":"An investigative study on the effects of pedagogical agents on intrinsic, extraneous and germane cognitive load: Experimental findings with dyscalculia and non-dyscalculia learners","volume":"10","author":"Ahuja NJ","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ahuja NJ, Thapliyal M, Bisht A, et al.. An investigative study on the effects of pedagogical agents on intrinsic, extraneous and germane cognitive load: Experimental findings with dyscalculia and non-dyscalculia learners. IEEE Access. 2022, 10:3904-3922. 10.1109\/access.2021.3115409","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1768822","article-title":"Enhancing deep learning in AI-enhanced education: A dual mediation model of cognitive load and learning motivation through interaction quality","volume":"17","author":"Dong L","year":"2026","unstructured":"Dong L. Enhancing deep learning in AI-enhanced education: A dual mediation model of cognitive load and learning motivation through interaction quality. Front Psychol. 2026, 17:1768822. 10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1768822","journal-title":"Front Psychol"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/485930-real-time-intelligent-coaching-versus-human-expert-instruction-in-surgical-skills-training-a-systematic-review-and-meta-analysis","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T04:56:06Z","timestamp":1788756966000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/485930-real-time-intelligent-coaching-versus-human-expert-instruction-in-surgical-skills-training-a-systematic-review-and-meta-analysis"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,6]]},"references-count":30,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.115874","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,6]]}}}