{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T21:07:55Z","timestamp":1788815275102,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.115911","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T20:16:46Z","timestamp":1788812206000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Portosystemic Anastomoses: A Narrative Review of Anatomy, Clinical Significance of Spontaneous Portosystemic Shunts, and Contemporary Therapeutic Approaches"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Angelos","family":"Ntalaoutis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theodore","family":"Troupis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dimosthenis","family":"Chrysikos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dimitrios","family":"Filippou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","article-title":"Gray's Anatomy for Students","author":"Drake RL","year":"2015","unstructured":"Drake RL, Vogl AW, Mitchell AWM. Gray's Anatomy for Students. Elsevier, Philadelphia, PA; 2015."},{"key":"ref2","article-title":"Gray's Anatomy","author":"Standring S (ed)","year":"2020","unstructured":"Standring S (ed). Gray's Anatomy. Elsevier, Philadelphia, PA; 2020."},{"key":"ref3","unstructured":"ScienceDirect Topics. Portal Venous Pressure. Accessed: August 13, 2026: https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/topics\/agricultural-and-biological-sciences\/portal-venous-pressure."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HEP.0000000000000648","article-title":"Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin and NF\u03baB signaling synergize to trigger growth factor-free regeneration of adult primary human hepatocytes","volume":"79","author":"Oliva-Vilarnau N","year":"2024","unstructured":"Oliva-Vilarnau N, Beusch CM, Sabatier P, et al.. Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin and NF\u03baB signaling synergize to trigger growth factor-free regeneration of adult primary human hepatocytes. Hepatology. 2024, 79:1337-51. 10.1097\/HEP.0000000000000648","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(23)00438-7","article-title":"Pathophysiology and therapeutic options for cirrhotic portal hypertension","volume":"9","author":"Guix\u00e9-Muntet S","year":"2024","unstructured":"Guix\u00e9-Muntet S, Quesada-V\u00e1zquez S, Gracia-Sancho J. Pathophysiology and therapeutic options for cirrhotic portal hypertension. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2024, 9:646-63. 10.1016\/S2468-1253(23)00438-7","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2018.01.028","article-title":"Association between portosystemic shunts and increased complications and mortality in patients with cirrhosis","volume":"154","author":"Sim\u00f3n-Talero M","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sim\u00f3n-Talero M, Roccarina D, Mart\u00ednez J, et al.. Association between portosystemic shunts and increased complications and mortality in patients with cirrhosis. Gastroenterology. 2018, 154:1694-705.e4. 10.1053\/j.gastro.2018.01.028","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2019.12.021","article-title":"Total area of spontaneous portosystemic shunts independently predicts hepatic encephalopathy and mortality in liver cirrhosis","volume":"72","author":"Praktiknjo M","year":"2020","unstructured":"Praktiknjo M, Sim\u00f3n-Talero M, R\u00f6mer J, et al.. Total area of spontaneous portosystemic shunts independently predicts hepatic encephalopathy and mortality in liver cirrhosis. J Hepatol. 2020, 72:1140-50. 10.1016\/j.jhep.2019.12.021","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics14131372","article-title":"Clinical implications and management of spontaneous portosystemic shunts in liver cirrhosis","volume":"14","author":"Juncu S","year":"2024","unstructured":"Juncu S, Minea H, Girleanu I, et al.. Clinical implications and management of spontaneous portosystemic shunts in liver cirrhosis. Diagnostics (Basel). 2024, 14:1372. 10.3390\/diagnostics14131372","journal-title":"Diagnostics (Basel)"},{"key":"ref9","article-title":"Advances in the diagnosis and management of clinically significant portal hypertension in cirrhosis: a narrative review","volume":"17","author":"Xie X-Y","year":"2025","unstructured":"Xie X-Y, Benmassaoud A. Advances in the diagnosis and management of clinically significant portal hypertension in cirrhosis: a narrative review. World J Hepatol. 2025, 17:104761.","journal-title":"World J Hepatol"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2018.12.020","article-title":"Portal hypertension and related complications: diagnosis and management","volume":"94","author":"Simonetto DA","year":"2019","unstructured":"Simonetto DA, Liu M, Kamath PS. Portal hypertension and related complications: diagnosis and management. Mayo Clin Proc. 2019, 94:714-26. 10.1016\/j.mayocp.2018.12.020","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2021.12.022","article-title":"Baveno VII - renewing consensus in portal hypertension","volume":"76","author":"de Franchis R","year":"2022","unstructured":"de Franchis R, Bosch J, Garcia-Tsao G, Reiberger T, Ripoll C. Baveno VII - renewing consensus in portal hypertension. J Hepatol. 2022, 76:959-74. 10.1016\/j.jhep.2021.12.022","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-022-01121-2","article-title":"Closing spontaneous portosystemic shunts in cirrhosis: Does it make sense? Does it work? What does it take?","volume":"38","author":"Laleman W","year":"2023","unstructured":"Laleman W, Praktiknjo M, Lauridsen MM, et al.. Closing spontaneous portosystemic shunts in cirrhosis: Does it make sense? Does it work? What does it take?. Metab Brain Dis. 2023, 38:1717-28. 10.1007\/s11011-022-01121-2","journal-title":"Metab Brain Dis"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2025.01.029","article-title":"EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines on TIPS","volume":"83","author":"Bureau C","year":"2025","unstructured":"Bureau C, Larrue H, Cortes-Cerisuleo M, et al.. EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines on TIPS. J Hepatol. 2025, 83:177-210. 10.1016\/j.jhep.2025.01.029","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)01374-X","article-title":"Liver cirrhosis","volume":"398","author":"Gin\u00e8s P","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gin\u00e8s P, Krag A, Abraldes JG, et al.. Liver cirrhosis. Lancet. 2021, 398:1359-76. 10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)01374-X","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60121-5","article-title":"Liver cirrhosis","volume":"383","author":"Tsochatzis EA","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tsochatzis EA, Bosch J, Burroughs AK. Liver cirrhosis. Lancet. 2014, 383:1749-61. 10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60121-5","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HEP.0000000000000530","article-title":"AASLD Practice Guidance on the use of TIPS, variceal embolization, and retrograde transvenous obliteration in the management of variceal hemorrhage","volume":"79","author":"Lee EW","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lee EW, Eghtesad B, Garcia-Tsao G, et al.. AASLD Practice Guidance on the use of TIPS, variceal embolization, and retrograde transvenous obliteration in the management of variceal hemorrhage. Hepatology. 2024, 79:224-50. 10.1097\/HEP.0000000000000530","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v26.i15.1726","article-title":"Spontaneous porto-systemic shunts in liver cirrhosis: clinical and therapeutical aspects","volume":"26","author":"Nardelli S","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nardelli S, Riggio O, Gioia S, Puzzono M, Pelle G, Ridola L. Spontaneous porto-systemic shunts in liver cirrhosis: clinical and therapeutical aspects. World J Gastroenterol. 2020, 26:1726-32. 10.3748\/wjg.v26.i15.1726","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref18","unstructured":"Okpe O, Zehra U. Portosystemic anastomosis. anatomy, clinical significance. Kenhub. Accessed: August 13, 2026: https:\/\/www.kenhub.com\/en\/library\/anatomy\/portosystemic-anastomosis."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2021203051","article-title":"Relevance of spontaneous portosystemic shunts detected with CT in patients with cirrhosis","volume":"299","author":"Nardelli S","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nardelli S, Riggio O, Turco L, et al.. Relevance of spontaneous portosystemic shunts detected with CT in patients with cirrhosis. Radiology. 2021, 299:133-40. 10.1148\/radiol.2021203051","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2020.11.020","article-title":"Spontaneous portosystemic shunts in cirrhosis: detection, implications, and clinical associations","volume":"53","author":"Rathi S","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rathi S, Brocco S, Formentin C, et al.. Spontaneous portosystemic shunts in cirrhosis: detection, implications, and clinical associations. Dig Liver Dis. 2021, 53:1468-75. 10.1016\/j.dld.2020.11.020","journal-title":"Dig Liver Dis"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2023.03.024","article-title":"Spontaneous portosystemic shunts outside the esophago-gastric region: Prevalence, clinical characteristics, and impact on mortality in cirrhotic patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"112","author":"Ke Q","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ke Q, He J, Huang X, Li L, Liu J, Guo W. Spontaneous portosystemic shunts outside the esophago-gastric region: Prevalence, clinical characteristics, and impact on mortality in cirrhotic patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Intern Med. 2023, 112:77-85. 10.1016\/j.ejim.2023.03.024","journal-title":"Eur J Intern Med"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1756284820961287","article-title":"Spontaneous portosystemic shunts in liver cirrhosis: new approaches to an old problem","volume":"13","author":"Vidal-Gonz\u00e1lez J","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vidal-Gonz\u00e1lez J, Quiroga S, Sim\u00f3n-Talero M, Genesc\u00e0 J. Spontaneous portosystemic shunts in liver cirrhosis: new approaches to an old problem. Ther Adv Gastroenterol. 2020, 13:1756284820961287. 10.1177\/1756284820961287","journal-title":"Ther Adv Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.313105070","article-title":"Clinical and radiologic manifestations of congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunts: a comprehensive review","volume":"31","author":"Alonso-Gamarra E","year":"2011","unstructured":"Alonso-Gamarra E, Parr\u00f3n M, P\u00e9rez A, Prieto C, Hierro L, L\u00f3pez-Santamar\u00eda M. Clinical and radiologic manifestations of congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunts: a comprehensive review. Radiographics. 2011, 31:707-22. 10.1148\/rg.313105070","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.31646","article-title":"Vascular liver disorders, portal vein thrombosis, and procedural bleeding in patients with liver disease: 2020 Practice Guidance by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases","volume":"73","author":"Northup PG","year":"2021","unstructured":"Northup PG, Garcia-Pagan JC, Garcia-Tsao G, et al.. Vascular liver disorders, portal vein thrombosis, and procedural bleeding in patients with liver disease: 2020 Practice Guidance by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Hepatology. 2021, 73:366-413. 10.1002\/hep.31646","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.30817","article-title":"Congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunts (Abernethy malformation): an international observational study","volume":"71","author":"Baiges A","year":"2020","unstructured":"Baiges A, Turon F, Sim\u00f3n-Talero M, et al.. Congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunts (Abernethy malformation): an international observational study. Hepatology. 2020, 71:658-69. 10.1002\/hep.30817","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13023-022-02412-8","article-title":"International registry of congenital porto-systemic shunts: a multi-centre, retrospective and prospective registry of neonates, children and adults with congenital porto-systemic shunts","volume":"17","author":"Korff S","year":"2022","unstructured":"Korff S, Mostaguir K, Beghetti M, et al.. International registry of congenital porto-systemic shunts: a multi-centre, retrospective and prospective registry of neonates, children and adults with congenital porto-systemic shunts. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2022, 17:284. 10.1186\/s13023-022-02412-8","journal-title":"Orphanet J Rare Dis"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2023.100977","article-title":"Evolution of spontaneous portosystemic shunts over time and following aetiological intervention in patients with cirrhosis","volume":"6","author":"Vidal-Gonz\u00e1lez J","year":"2024","unstructured":"Vidal-Gonz\u00e1lez J, Mart\u00ednez J, Mulay A, et al.. Evolution of spontaneous portosystemic shunts over time and following aetiological intervention in patients with cirrhosis. JHEP Rep. 2024, 6:100977. 10.1016\/j.jhepr.2023.100977","journal-title":"JHEP Rep"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000003899","article-title":"ACG Clinical Guideline: hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"121","author":"Bajaj JS","year":"2026","unstructured":"Bajaj JS, Jakab SS, Jesudian AB, et al.. ACG Clinical Guideline: hepatic encephalopathy. Am J Gastroenterol. 2026, 121:588-618. 10.14309\/ajg.0000000000003899","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acra.2025.09.049","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of spontaneous portosystemic shunts embolization for hepatic encephalopathy: a meta-analysis","volume":"33","author":"Wang X","year":"2026","unstructured":"Wang X, Wang Z, Luo B, Lv Y, Han G. Efficacy and safety of spontaneous portosystemic shunts embolization for hepatic encephalopathy: a meta-analysis. Acad Radiol. 2026, 33:147-56. 10.1016\/j.acra.2025.09.049","journal-title":"Acad Radiol"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26314","article-title":"Embolization of large spontaneous portosystemic shunts for refractory hepatic encephalopathy: a multicenter survey on safety and efficacy","volume":"57","author":"Laleman W","year":"2013","unstructured":"Laleman W, Simon-Talero M, Maleux G, et al.. Embolization of large spontaneous portosystemic shunts for refractory hepatic encephalopathy: a multicenter survey on safety and efficacy. Hepatology. 2013, 57:2448-57. 10.1002\/hep.26314","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0000000000002569","article-title":"Massive spontaneous portosystemic shunt is a solid, easily identifiable prognostic factor in patients with cirrhosis","volume":"35","author":"Garc\u00eda-Villarreal L","year":"2023","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Villarreal L, Ortega-Quevedo V, P\u00e9rez-Aguado G, et al.. Massive spontaneous portosystemic shunt is a solid, easily identifiable prognostic factor in patients with cirrhosis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2023, 35:769-76. 10.1097\/MEG.0000000000002569","journal-title":"Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2020.12.114","article-title":"Size and location of spontaneous portosystemic shunts predict the risk of decompensation in cirrhotic patients","volume":"54","author":"Dajti E","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dajti E, Renzulli M, Colecchia A, et al.. Size and location of spontaneous portosystemic shunts predict the risk of decompensation in cirrhotic patients. Dig Liver Dis. 2022, 54:103-10. 10.1016\/j.dld.2020.12.114","journal-title":"Dig Liver Dis"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.70381","article-title":"Research Communication: the cumulated spontaneous portosystemic shunts (SPSS) area decreases after TIPS and impacts on prognosis","volume":"63","author":"Hintersteininger M","year":"2026","unstructured":"Hintersteininger M, M\u00fcllner-Bucsics T, Riegler S, et al.. Research Communication: the cumulated spontaneous portosystemic shunts (SPSS) area decreases after TIPS and impacts on prognosis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2026, 63:419-23. 10.1111\/apt.70381","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i45.16996","article-title":"Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts and portal hypertension-related complications","volume":"20","author":"Siramolpiwat S","year":"2014","unstructured":"Siramolpiwat S. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts and portal hypertension-related complications. World J Gastroenterol. 2014, 20:16996-7010. 10.3748\/wjg.v20.i45.16996","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD012358.pub2","article-title":"Expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE)-covered stents versus bare stents for transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt in people with liver cirrhosis","volume":"8","author":"Zhu P","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhu P, Dong S, Sun P, et al.. Expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE)-covered stents versus bare stents for transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt in people with liver cirrhosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023, 8:CD012358. 10.1002\/14651858.CD012358.pub2","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3350\/cmh.2021.0239","article-title":"The role of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt in patients with portal hypertension: advantages and pitfalls","volume":"28","author":"Lee HL","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lee HL, Lee SW. The role of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt in patients with portal hypertension: advantages and pitfalls. Clin Mol Hepatol. 2022, 28:121-34. 10.3350\/cmh.2021.0239","journal-title":"Clin Mol Hepatol"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2016.09.016","article-title":"Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts with covered stents increase transplant-free survival of patients with cirrhosis and recurrent ascites","volume":"152","author":"Bureau C","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bureau C, Thabut D, Oberti F, et al.. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts with covered stents increase transplant-free survival of patients with cirrhosis and recurrent ascites. Gastroenterology. 2017, 152:157-63. 10.1053\/j.gastro.2016.09.016","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2050640620952637","article-title":"Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt in patients with cirrhosis: indications and posttransjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt complications in 2020","volume":"9","author":"Horhat A","year":"2021","unstructured":"Horhat A, Bureau C, Thabut D, Rudler M. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt in patients with cirrhosis: indications and posttransjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt complications in 2020. United European Gastroenterol J. 2021, 9:203-8. 10.1177\/2050640620952637","journal-title":"United European Gastroenterol J"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0910102","article-title":"Early use of TIPS in patients with cirrhosis and variceal bleeding","volume":"362","author":"Garc\u00eda-Pag\u00e1n JC","year":"2010","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Pag\u00e1n JC, Caca K, Bureau C, et al.. Early use of TIPS in patients with cirrhosis and variceal bleeding. N Engl J Med. 2010, 362:2370-9. 10.1056\/NEJMoa0910102","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2025.08.001","article-title":"EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines on vascular diseases of the liver","volume":"84","author":"European Association for the Study of the Liver","year":"2026","unstructured":"European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines on vascular diseases of the liver. J Hepatol. 2026, 84:399-456. 10.1016\/j.jhep.2025.08.001","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.13809","article-title":"Procedural and shunt-related complications and mortality of the transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPSS)","volume":"44","author":"Bettinger D","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bettinger D, Schultheiss M, Boettler T, Muljono M, Thimme R, R\u00f6ssle M. Procedural and shunt-related complications and mortality of the transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPSS). Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2016, 44:1051-61. 10.1111\/apt.13809","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2023.04.028","article-title":"TIPS prevents further decompensation and improves survival in patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension in an individual patient data meta-analysis","volume":"79","author":"Larrue H","year":"2023","unstructured":"Larrue H, D'Amico G, Olivas P, et al.. TIPS prevents further decompensation and improves survival in patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension in an individual patient data meta-analysis. J Hepatol. 2023, 79:692-703. 10.1016\/j.jhep.2023.04.028","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v26.i37.5561","article-title":"Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt in cirrhosis: an exhaustive critical update","volume":"26","author":"Rajesh S","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rajesh S, George T, Philips CA, et al.. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt in cirrhosis: an exhaustive critical update. World J Gastroenterol. 2020, 26:5561-96. 10.3748\/wjg.v26.i37.5561","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref44","article-title":"Portal hypertension","author":"Li JC","year":"2001","unstructured":"Li JC, Henderson JM. Portal hypertension. Surgical Treatment: Evidence-Based and Problem-Oriented. Holzheimer RG, Mannick JA (ed): Zuckschwerdt, Munich, Germany; 2001."},{"key":"ref45","article-title":"Selective trans-splenic decompression of gastroesophageal varices by distal splenorenal shunt","volume":"166(3)","author":"Warren WD","year":"1967","unstructured":"Warren WD, Zeppa R, Fomon JJ. Selective trans-splenic decompression of gastroesophageal varices by distal splenorenal shunt. Ann Surg. 1967, 166(3):437-55.","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"ref46","article-title":"Original table of contents page","volume":"102(6)","year":"1987","unstructured":"Original table of contents page. Public Health Rep. 1987, 102(6).i1.","journal-title":"Public Health Rep"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-019-06644-4","article-title":"Intractable hepatic encephalopathy in cirrhotic patients: mid-term efficacy of balloon-occluded retrograde portosystemic shunt obliteration","volume":"30","author":"Mukund A","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mukund A, Chalamarla LK, Singla N, Shasthry SM, Sarin SK. Intractable hepatic encephalopathy in cirrhotic patients: mid-term efficacy of balloon-occluded retrograde portosystemic shunt obliteration. Eur Radiol. 2020, 30:3462-72. 10.1007\/s00330-019-06644-4","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/527453-portosystemic-anastomoses-a-narrative-review-of-anatomy-clinical-significance-of-spontaneous-portosystemic-shunts-and-contemporary-therapeutic-approaches","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T20:16:48Z","timestamp":1788812208000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/527453-portosystemic-anastomoses-a-narrative-review-of-anatomy-clinical-significance-of-spontaneous-portosystemic-shunts-and-contemporary-therapeutic-approaches"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]]},"references-count":47,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.115911","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]]}}}