{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T14:10:16Z","timestamp":1788876616505,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.115944","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T13:42:13Z","timestamp":1788874933000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Vitamin D Deficiency in Preclinical Medical Students: Neuroendocrine, Cognitive, and Immune Effects"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Leah","family":"Degard-Edmond","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raju","family":"Panta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","unstructured":"National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements. Vitamin D. fact sheet for health professionals. (2025). Accessed: August 5, 2026: https:\/\/ods.od.nih.gov\/factsheets\/VitaminD-HealthProfessional\/."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14336\/AD.2016.1021","article-title":"Vitamin D and chronic diseases","volume":"8","author":"Wang H","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wang H, Chen W, Li D, Yin X, Zhang X, Olsen N, Zheng SG. Vitamin D and chronic diseases. Aging Dis. 2017, 8:346-53. 10.14336\/AD.2016.1021","journal-title":"Aging Dis"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/sji.12403","article-title":"The active metabolite of vitamin D3 as a potential immunomodulator","volume":"83","author":"Szymczak I","year":"2016","unstructured":"Szymczak I, Pawliczak R. The active metabolite of vitamin D3 as a potential immunomodulator. Scand J Immunol. 2016, 83:83-91. 10.1111\/sji.12403","journal-title":"Scand J Immunol"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14204353","article-title":"Vitamin D and the central nervous system: causative and preventative mechanisms in brain disorders","volume":"14","author":"Cui X","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cui X, Eyles DW. Vitamin D and the central nervous system: causative and preventative mechanisms in brain disorders. Nutrients. 2022, 14:4353. 10.3390\/nu14204353","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13668-022-00441-0","article-title":"Is vitamin D important in anxiety or depression? What is the truth?","volume":"11","author":"Akp\u0131nar \u015e","year":"2022","unstructured":"Akp\u0131nar \u015e, Karada\u011f MG. Is vitamin D important in anxiety or depression? What is the truth?. Curr Nutr Rep. 2022, 11:675-81. 10.1007\/s13668-022-00441-0","journal-title":"Curr Nutr Rep"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare11142097","article-title":"Impact of vitamin D deficiency on mental health in university students: a cross-sectional study","volume":"11","author":"Almuqbil M","year":"2023","unstructured":"Almuqbil M, Almadani ME, Albraiki SA, et al.. Impact of vitamin D deficiency on mental health in university students: a cross-sectional study. Healthcare (Basel). 2023, 11:2097. 10.3390\/healthcare11142097","journal-title":"Healthcare (Basel)"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.950465","article-title":"Immunomodulatory actions of vitamin D in various immune-related disorders: a comprehensive review","volume":"14","author":"Ghaseminejad-Raeini A","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ghaseminejad-Raeini A, Ghaderi A, Sharafi A, Nematollahi-Sani B, Moossavi M, Derakhshani A, Sarab GA. Immunomodulatory actions of vitamin D in various immune-related disorders: a comprehensive review. Front Immunol. 2023, 14:950465. 10.3389\/fimmu.2023.950465","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/2230-8229.98293","article-title":"The status of vitamin D in medical students in the preclerkship years of a Saudi medical school","volume":"19","author":"Al-Elq AH","year":"2012","unstructured":"Al-Elq AH. The status of vitamin D in medical students in the preclerkship years of a Saudi medical school. J Family Community Med. 2012, 19:100-4. 10.4103\/2230-8229.98293","journal-title":"J Family Community Med"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11061542","article-title":"Physiological basis for using vitamin D to improve health","volume":"11","author":"Wimalawansa SJ","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wimalawansa SJ. Physiological basis for using vitamin D to improve health. Biomedicines. 2023, 11:1542. 10.3390\/biomedicines11061542","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00014.2015","article-title":"Vitamin D: metabolism, molecular mechanism of action, and pleiotropic effects","volume":"96","author":"Christakos S","year":"2016","unstructured":"Christakos S, Dhawan P, Verstuyf A, Verlinden L, Carmeliet G. Vitamin D: metabolism, molecular mechanism of action, and pleiotropic effects. Physiol Rev. 2016, 96:365-408. 10.1152\/physrev.00014.2015","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rpped.2014.05.004","article-title":"[Vitamin D deficiency in pregnancy and its impact on the fetus, the newborn and in childhood]","volume":"33","author":"Urrutia-Pereira M","year":"2015","unstructured":"Urrutia-Pereira M, Sol\u00e9 D. [Vitamin D deficiency in pregnancy and its impact on the fetus, the newborn and in childhood]. Rev Paul Pediatr. 2015, 33:104-13. 10.1016\/j.rpped.2014.05.004","journal-title":"Rev Paul Pediatr"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25147809","article-title":"Vitamin D in central nervous system: implications for neurological disorders","volume":"25","author":"Sailike B","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sailike B, Onzhanova Z, Akbay B, Tokay T, Moln\u00e1r F. Vitamin D in central nervous system: implications for neurological disorders. Int J Mol Sci. 2024, 25:7809. 10.3390\/ijms25147809","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-53676-y","article-title":"The relationship between the level of vitamin D and ruptured intracranial aneurysms among patients with high sun exposure","volume":"14","author":"de Mac\u00eado LP","year":"2024","unstructured":"de Mac\u00eado LP, de Castro Tavares R, Torres Braga M, et al.. The relationship between the level of vitamin D and ruptured intracranial aneurysms among patients with high sun exposure. Sci Rep. 2024, 14:3555. 10.1038\/s41598-024-53676-y","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.958556","article-title":"Vitamin D status in children with a psychiatric diagnosis, autism spectrum disorders, or internalizing disorders","volume":"13","author":"Muskens J","year":"2022","unstructured":"Muskens J, Klip H, Zinkstok JR, van Dongen-Boomsma M, Staal WG. Vitamin D status in children with a psychiatric diagnosis, autism spectrum disorders, or internalizing disorders. Front Psychiatry. 2022, 13:958556. 10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.958556","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.endmts.2025.100275","article-title":"Vitamin D regulation of cortisol through the HPA axis: a focused review","volume":"19","author":"Kulzhanova D","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kulzhanova D, Amanzholkyzy A, Kosmuratova S, Altymova AK, Almawi WY. Vitamin D regulation of cortisol through the HPA axis: a focused review. Endocr Metab Sci. 2025, 19:100275. 10.1016\/j.endmts.2025.100275","journal-title":"Endocr Metab Sci"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2025.1622978","article-title":"Analysis of the correlation between serum vitamin D and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis hormone levels in patients with post-traumatic stress disorder","volume":"19","author":"Ge L","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ge L, Xu W, Liu W, Cui P, Zhang L, Ju H. Analysis of the correlation between serum vitamin D and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis hormone levels in patients with post-traumatic stress disorder. Front Neurosci. 2025, 19:1622978. 10.3389\/fnins.2025.1622978","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.00348","article-title":"Focus on 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in the peripheral nervous system","volume":"13","author":"Faye PA","year":"2019","unstructured":"Faye PA, Poumeaud F, Miressi F, et al.. Focus on 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in the peripheral nervous system. Front Neurosci. 2019, 13:348. 10.3389\/fnins.2019.00348","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2023.1133400","article-title":"Brain vitamin D(3)-auto\/paracrine system in relation to structural, neurophysiological, and behavioral disturbances associated with glucocorticoid-induced neurotoxicity","volume":"17","author":"Lisakovska O","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lisakovska O, Labudzynskyi D, Khomenko A, et al.. Brain vitamin D(3)-auto\/paracrine system in relation to structural, neurophysiological, and behavioral disturbances associated with glucocorticoid-induced neurotoxicity. Front Cell Neurosci. 2023, 17:1133400. 10.3389\/fncel.2023.1133400","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.29219\/fnr.v67.8970","article-title":"Can vitamin D status influence the effect of stress on planning and problem-solving? A randomized control trial","volume":"67","author":"Hansen AL","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hansen AL, Ambroziak G, Thornton D, et al.. Can vitamin D status influence the effect of stress on planning and problem-solving? A randomized control trial. Food Nutr Res. 2023, 67:8970. 10.29219\/fnr.v67.8970","journal-title":"Food Nutr Res"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-021-01025-0","article-title":"Vitamin D and schizophrenia: 20 years on","volume":"26","author":"Cui X","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cui X, McGrath JJ, Burne TH, Eyles DW. Vitamin D and schizophrenia: 20 years on. Mol Psychiatry. 2021, 26:2708-20. 10.1038\/s41380-021-01025-0","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-95850-6","article-title":"Vitamin D3 administration prevents memory deficit and alteration of biochemical parameters induced by unpredictable chronic mild stress in rats","volume":"11","author":"Bakhtiari-Dovvombaygi H","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bakhtiari-Dovvombaygi H, Izadi S, Zare M, Asgari Hassanlouei E, Dinpanah H, Ahmadi-Soleimani SM, Beheshti F. Vitamin D3 administration prevents memory deficit and alteration of biochemical parameters induced by unpredictable chronic mild stress in rats. Sci Rep. 2021, 11:16271. 10.1038\/s41598-021-95850-6","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12071938","article-title":"Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations are associated with mental health and psychosocial stress in young adults","volume":"12","author":"Chen L","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen L, Zhu H, Harshfield GA, et al.. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations are associated with mental health and psychosocial stress in young adults. Nutrients. 2020, 12:1938. 10.3390\/nu12071938","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23137077","article-title":"Molecular basis underlying the therapeutic potential of vitamin D for the treatment of depression and anxiety","volume":"23","author":"Kouba BR","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kouba BR, Camargo A, Gil-Mohapel J, Rodrigues AL. Molecular basis underlying the therapeutic potential of vitamin D for the treatment of depression and anxiety. Int J Mol Sci. 2022, 23:7077. 10.3390\/ijms23137077","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17203202","article-title":"The neuroprotective potential of vitamin D(3)","volume":"17","author":"Pietruszkiewicz J","year":"2025","unstructured":"Pietruszkiewicz J, Mrozek K, Zwierz M, Wi\u0144ska A, Suprunowicz M, Oracz AJ, Waszkiewicz N. The neuroprotective potential of vitamin D(3). Nutrients. 2025, 17:3202. 10.3390\/nu17203202","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26157146","article-title":"Neuroprotective roles of vitamin D: bridging the gap between mechanisms and clinical applications in cognitive decline","volume":"26","author":"Liu Y","year":"2025","unstructured":"Liu Y, Zhong Z, Xie J, Ni B, Wu Y. Neuroprotective roles of vitamin D: bridging the gap between mechanisms and clinical applications in cognitive decline. Int J Mol Sci. 2025, 26:7146. 10.3390\/ijms26157146","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2025.1642363","article-title":"Neuroprotective synergy of vitamin D and exercise: a narrative review of preclinical and clinical evidence on aging-related neuroplasticity and cognitive health","volume":"12","author":"Chen J","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chen J, Li Y, Wang L, Liu Q, Qiu B. Neuroprotective synergy of vitamin D and exercise: a narrative review of preclinical and clinical evidence on aging-related neuroplasticity and cognitive health. Front Nutr. 2025, 12:1642363. 10.3389\/fnut.2025.1642363","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9122655","article-title":"Ca(2+) dyshomeostasis disrupts neuronal and synaptic function in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"9","author":"McDaid J","year":"2020","unstructured":"McDaid J, Mustaly-Kalimi S, Stutzmann GE. Ca(2+) dyshomeostasis disrupts neuronal and synaptic function in Alzheimer's disease. Cells. 2020, 9:2655. 10.3390\/cells9122655","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2026.2620329","article-title":"Advances in calcium signalling research for the diagnosis and treatment of depression","volume":"58","author":"Li L","year":"2026","unstructured":"Li L, Yao M, Meng J, et al.. Advances in calcium signalling research for the diagnosis and treatment of depression. Ann Med. 2026, 58:2620329. 10.1080\/07853890.2026.2620329","journal-title":"Ann Med"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.71084","article-title":"Vitamin D3 improves hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function, immunological responses, and gut dysbiosis in sleep desynchrony","volume":"15","author":"Wu CW","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wu CW, Huang YJ, Xu JW, Fan HY, Zeng JL, Yang YS, Tung YT. Vitamin D3 improves hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function, immunological responses, and gut dysbiosis in sleep desynchrony. Brain Behav. 2025, 15:e71084. 10.1002\/brb3.71084","journal-title":"Brain Behav"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnha.2024.100205","article-title":"Vitamin D and behavioral disorders in older adults: results from the CLIP study","volume":"28","author":"Gilbert L","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gilbert L, Bourgeais A, Karras SN, Gezen-Ak D, Dursun E, Annweiler C. Vitamin D and behavioral disorders in older adults: results from the CLIP study. J Nutr Health Aging. 2024, 28:100205. 10.1016\/j.jnha.2024.100205","journal-title":"J Nutr Health Aging"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40345-023-00303-w","article-title":"Exploratory study of ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation and age of onset of bipolar disorder","volume":"11","author":"Bauer M","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bauer M, Glenn T, Achtyes ED, et al.. Exploratory study of ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation and age of onset of bipolar disorder. Int J Bipolar Disord. 2023, 11:22. 10.1186\/s40345-023-00303-w","journal-title":"Int J Bipolar Disord"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-024-05693-4","article-title":"Complex interplay of neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs), fractures, and osteoporosis: a mendelian randomization study","volume":"24","author":"Li Z","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li Z, Wu X, Li H, Bi C, Zhang C, Sun Y, Yan Z. Complex interplay of neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs), fractures, and osteoporosis: a mendelian randomization study. BMC Psychiatry. 2024, 24:232. 10.1186\/s12888-024-05693-4","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22168855","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency, osteoporosis and effect on autoimmune diseases and hematopoiesis: a review","volume":"22","author":"De Martinis M","year":"2021","unstructured":"De Martinis M, Allegra A, Sirufo MM, et al.. Vitamin D deficiency, osteoporosis and effect on autoimmune diseases and hematopoiesis: a review. Int J Mol Sci. 2021, 22:8855. 10.3390\/ijms22168855","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/EC-21-0554","article-title":"Autoimmune disease and interconnections with vitamin D","volume":"11","author":"Fletcher J","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fletcher J, Bishop EL, Harrison SR, et al.. Autoimmune disease and interconnections with vitamin D. Endocr Connect. 2022, 11:e210554. 10.1530\/EC-21-0554","journal-title":"Endocr Connect"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15124742","article-title":"Vitamin D as an immuno-endocrine modulator: discovering its role in autoimmune disorders and host defense mechanisms","volume":"15","author":"Shende S","year":"2026","unstructured":"Shende S, Rathored J. Vitamin D as an immuno-endocrine modulator: discovering its role in autoimmune disorders and host defense mechanisms. J Clin Med. 2026, 15:4742. 10.3390\/jcm15124742","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-023-00944-2","article-title":"Involvement of the secosteroid vitamin D in autoimmune rheumatic diseases and COVID-19","volume":"19","author":"Cutolo M","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cutolo M, Smith V, Paolino S, Gotelli E. Involvement of the secosteroid vitamin D in autoimmune rheumatic diseases and COVID-19. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2023, 19:265-87. 10.1038\/s41584-023-00944-2","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00820","article-title":"Vitamin D and its potential interplay with pain signaling pathways","volume":"11","author":"Habib AM","year":"2020","unstructured":"Habib AM, Nagi K, Thillaiappan NB, Sukumaran V, Akhtar S. Vitamin D and its potential interplay with pain signaling pathways. Front Immunol. 2020, 11:820. 10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00820","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.120193","article-title":"The peculiar role of vitamin D in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"289","author":"Janjusevic M","year":"2022","unstructured":"Janjusevic M, Gagno G, Fluca AL, et al.. The peculiar role of vitamin D in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. Life Sci. 2022, 289:120193. 10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.120193","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endrev\/bnae009","article-title":"Consensus statement on vitamin D status assessment and supplementation: whys, whens, and hows","volume":"45","author":"Giustina A","year":"2024","unstructured":"Giustina A, Bilezikian JP, Adler RA, et al.. Consensus statement on vitamin D status assessment and supplementation: whys, whens, and hows. Endocr Rev. 2024, 45:625-54. 10.1210\/endrev\/bnae009","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-019-09532-w","article-title":"Consensus statement from 2(nd) International Conference on Controversies in Vitamin D","volume":"21","author":"Giustina A","year":"2020","unstructured":"Giustina A, Adler RA, Binkley N, et al.. Consensus statement from 2(nd) International Conference on Controversies in Vitamin D. Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2020, 21:89-116. 10.1007\/s11154-019-09532-w","journal-title":"Rev Endocr Metab Disord"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980019005251","article-title":"25-Hydroxyvitamin D assay standardisation and vitamin D guidelines paralysis","volume":"23","author":"Sempos CT","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sempos CT, Binkley N. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D assay standardisation and vitamin D guidelines paralysis. Public Health Nutr. 2020, 23:1153-64. 10.1017\/S1368980019005251","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17020277","article-title":"Vitamin D: evidence-based health benefits and recommendations for population guidelines","volume":"17","author":"Grant WB","year":"2025","unstructured":"Grant WB, Wimalawansa SJ, Pludowski P, Cheng RZ. Vitamin D: evidence-based health benefits and recommendations for population guidelines. Nutrients. 2025, 17:277. 10.3390\/nu17020277","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgae290","article-title":"Vitamin D for the prevention of disease: an Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline","volume":"109","author":"Demay MB","year":"2024","unstructured":"Demay MB, Pittas AG, Bikle DD, et al.. Vitamin D for the prevention of disease: an Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2024, 109:1907-47. 10.1210\/clinem\/dgae290","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11071460","article-title":"Extra-skeletal effects of vitamin D","volume":"11","author":"Marino R","year":"2019","unstructured":"Marino R, Misra M. Extra-skeletal effects of vitamin D. Nutrients. 2019, 11:1460. 10.3390\/nu11071460","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291724001697","article-title":"The effect of vitamin D supplementation on depression: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"54","author":"Ghaemi S","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ghaemi S, Zeraattalab-Motlagh S, Jayedi A, Shab-Bidar S. The effect of vitamin D supplementation on depression: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Psychol Med. 2024, 54:3999-4008. 10.1017\/S0033291724001697","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.867150","article-title":"Nutrition, epigenetics, and major depressive disorder: understanding the connection","volume":"9","author":"Ortega MA","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ortega MA, Fraile-Mart\u00ednez \u00d3, Garc\u00eda-Montero C, et al.. Nutrition, epigenetics, and major depressive disorder: understanding the connection. Front Nutr. 2022, 9:867150. 10.3389\/fnut.2022.867150","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2017.07.001","article-title":"Biology and mechanisms of action of the vitamin D hormone","volume":"46","author":"Pike JW","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pike JW, Christakos S. Biology and mechanisms of action of the vitamin D hormone. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2017, 46:815-43. 10.1016\/j.ecl.2017.07.001","journal-title":"Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16142326","article-title":"Cholecalciferol supplementation impacts behavior and hippocampal neuroglial reorganization in vitamin D-deficient rats","volume":"16","author":"G\u00e1ll Z","year":"2024","unstructured":"G\u00e1ll Z, Cs\u00fcd\u00f6r \u00c1, S\u00e1vel IG, Kelemen K, Kolcs\u00e1r M. Cholecalciferol supplementation impacts behavior and hippocampal neuroglial reorganization in vitamin D-deficient rats. Nutrients. 2024, 16:2326. 10.3390\/nu16142326","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17162655","article-title":"Impact of vitamin D status and supplementation on brain-derived neurotrophic factor and mood-cognitive outcomes: a structured narrative review","volume":"17","author":"Skoczek-Rubi\u0144ska A","year":"2025","unstructured":"Skoczek-Rubi\u0144ska A, Cisek-Wo\u017aniak A, Molska M, Heyser M, Trocholepsza M, Pietrzak S, Mruczyk K. Impact of vitamin D status and supplementation on brain-derived neurotrophic factor and mood-cognitive outcomes: a structured narrative review. Nutrients. 2025, 17:2655. 10.3390\/nu17162655","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5281\/zenodo.6399784","article-title":"Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in medical students","volume":"2","author":"Msalati A","year":"2022","unstructured":"Msalati A, Bashein A, Aljaloh E, et al.. Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in medical students. Mediterr J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2022, 2:73-82. 10.5281\/zenodo.6399784","journal-title":"Mediterr J Pharm Pharm Sci"},{"key":"ref51","article-title":"Hypovitaminosis d: are medical students at risk?","volume":"5","author":"Zabihiyeganeh M","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zabihiyeganeh M, Jahed SA, Sarami S, Nojomi M. Hypovitaminosis d: are medical students at risk?. Int J Prev Med. 2014, 5:1161-8.","journal-title":"Int J Prev Med"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-017-4436-z","article-title":"Vitamin D levels and deficiency with different occupations: a systematic review","volume":"17","author":"Sowah D","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sowah D, Fan X, Dennett L, Hagtvedt R, Straube S. Vitamin D levels and deficiency with different occupations: a systematic review. BMC Public Health. 2017, 17:519. 10.1186\/s12889-017-4436-z","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.25258\/ijcpr.18.3.205","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors of vitamin D deficiency among undergraduate medical students in a tertiary care teaching hospital","volume":"18","author":"Mathakiya K","year":"2026","unstructured":"Mathakiya K, Kotak U, Somaiya R. Prevalence and risk factors of vitamin D deficiency among undergraduate medical students in a tertiary care teaching hospital. Int J Curr Pharm Rev Res. 2026, 18:1282-9.","journal-title":"Int J Curr Pharm Rev Res"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20935\/AcadNutr7596","article-title":"Factors associated with vitamin D deficiency among medical students","volume":"2","author":"Mehrotra V","year":"2025","unstructured":"Mehrotra V, Singh MK, Mehrotra M. Factors associated with vitamin D deficiency among medical students. Acad Nutr Dietetics. 2025, 2:7596. 10.20935\/AcadNutr7596","journal-title":"Acad Nutr Dietetics"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.61336\/ejcm\/25-09-62","article-title":"Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and its association with musculoskeletal pain among medical students","volume":"15","author":"Dholiya GA","year":"2025","unstructured":"Dholiya GA, Mehta SC, Mahadevwala D. Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and its association with musculoskeletal pain among medical students. Eur J Cardiovasc Med. 2025, 15:392-5. 10.61336\/ejcm\/25-09-62","journal-title":"Eur J Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2026.1816046","article-title":"Vitamin D levels, general health status, and work productivity among healthcare workers-a scoping review of published literature (2010-2025)","volume":"13","author":"Vasileiou E","year":"2026","unstructured":"Vasileiou E, Nena E, Ntolios P, Zissimopoulos A, Constantinides T. Vitamin D levels, general health status, and work productivity among healthcare workers-a scoping review of published literature (2010-2025). Front Nutr. 2026, 13:1816046. 10.3389\/fnut.2026.1816046","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12669\/pjms.345.15668","article-title":"Determinants of vitamin D deficiency in asymptomatic healthy young medical students","volume":"34","author":"Nadeem S","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nadeem S, Munim TF, Hussain HF, Hussain DF. Determinants of vitamin D deficiency in asymptomatic healthy young medical students. Pak J Med Sci. 2018, 34:1248-52. 10.12669\/pjms.345.15668","journal-title":"Pak J Med Sci"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s41043-023-00421-2","article-title":"Diet, physical activity, and UV protection comprehensively influenced vitamin D status in college students: a cross-section study from China","volume":"42","author":"Luo Y","year":"2023","unstructured":"Luo Y, Qu C, Zhang R, et al.. Diet, physical activity, and UV protection comprehensively influenced vitamin D status in college students: a cross-section study from China. J Health Popul Nutr. 2023, 42:73. 10.1186\/s41043-023-00421-2","journal-title":"J Health Popul Nutr"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.601562","article-title":"Calcaneal ultrasound and its relation to dietary and lifestyle factors, anthropometry, and vitamin D deficiency in young medical students","volume":"11","author":"Jafri L","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jafri L, Majid H, Ahmed S, Naureen G, Khan AH. Calcaneal ultrasound and its relation to dietary and lifestyle factors, anthropometry, and vitamin D deficiency in young medical students. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2020, 11:601562. 10.3389\/fendo.2020.601562","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15214552","article-title":"Association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations and academic performance among adolescent schoolchildren: a cross-sectional study","volume":"15","author":"Hassan AA","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hassan AA, Elbashir MI, Al-Nafeesah A, AlEed A, Adam I. Association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations and academic performance among adolescent schoolchildren: a cross-sectional study. Nutrients. 2023, 15:4552. 10.3390\/nu15214552","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-6527-5","article-title":"Vitamin D status and its correlates in Saudi male population","volume":"19","author":"Farhat KH","year":"2019","unstructured":"Farhat KH, Arafa MA, Rabah DM, Amin HS, Ibrahim NK. Vitamin D status and its correlates in Saudi male population. BMC Public Health. 2019, 19:211. 10.1186\/s12889-019-6527-5","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14081548","article-title":"Lower blood vitamin D levels are associated with depressive symptoms in a population of older adults in Kuwait: a cross-sectional study","volume":"14","author":"Albolushi T","year":"2022","unstructured":"Albolushi T, Bouhaimed M, Spencer J. Lower blood vitamin D levels are associated with depressive symptoms in a population of older adults in Kuwait: a cross-sectional study. Nutrients. 2022, 14:1548. 10.3390\/nu14081548","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/AGJSR-04-2022-0028","article-title":"Role of vitamin D in the academic performance of health sciences students in Saudi Arabia","volume":"41","author":"AlZahrani WI","year":"2023","unstructured":"AlZahrani WI, Oommen A. Role of vitamin D in the academic performance of health sciences students in Saudi Arabia. Arab Gulf J Sci Res. 2023, 41:40-7. 10.1108\/AGJSR-04-2022-0028","journal-title":"Arab Gulf J Sci Res"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17172869","article-title":"Vitamin D supplementation enhances cognitive outcomes in physically active vitamin D-deficient university students in the United Arab Emirates: a 10-week intervention study","volume":"17","author":"Dalibalta S","year":"2025","unstructured":"Dalibalta S, Khalil R, Baghdan R, Sekian S, Davison GW. Vitamin D supplementation enhances cognitive outcomes in physically active vitamin D-deficient university students in the United Arab Emirates: a 10-week intervention study. Nutrients. 2025, 17:2869. 10.3390\/nu17172869","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-023-04001-0","article-title":"Risk perception of sun exposure and knowledge of vitamin D among the healthcare providers in a high-risk country: a cross-sectional study","volume":"23","author":"Siddiqee MH","year":"2023","unstructured":"Siddiqee MH, Bhattacharjee B, Hasan M, et al.. Risk perception of sun exposure and knowledge of vitamin D among the healthcare providers in a high-risk country: a cross-sectional study. BMC Med Educ. 2023, 23:46. 10.1186\/s12909-023-04001-0","journal-title":"BMC Med Educ"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/2517207","article-title":"Epidemic of vitamin D deficiency and its management: awareness among Indian medical undergraduates","volume":"2017","author":"Lhamo Y","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lhamo Y, Chugh PK, Gautam SR, Tripathi CD. Epidemic of vitamin D deficiency and its management: awareness among Indian medical undergraduates. J Environ Public Health. 2017, 2017:2517207. 10.1155\/2017\/2517207","journal-title":"J Environ Public Health"},{"key":"ref67","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency","author":"Kaur J","year":"2026","unstructured":"Kaur J, Khare S, Givler A. Vitamin D deficiency. StatPearls (Internet). StatPearls (ed): StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island (FL); 2026."},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-022-02279-6","article-title":"Role of vitamin D supplementation in the management of musculoskeletal diseases: update from an European Society of Clinical and Economical Aspects of Osteoporosis, Osteoarthritis and Musculoskeletal Diseases (ESCEO) working group","volume":"34","author":"Chevalley T","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chevalley T, Brandi ML, Cashman KD, et al.. Role of vitamin D supplementation in the management of musculoskeletal diseases: update from an European Society of Clinical and Economical Aspects of Osteoporosis, Osteoarthritis and Musculoskeletal Diseases (ESCEO) working group. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2022, 34:2603-23. 10.1007\/s40520-022-02279-6","journal-title":"Aging Clin Exp Res"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/531695-vitamin-d-deficiency-in-preclinical-medical-students-neuroendocrine-cognitive-and-immune-effects","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T13:42:16Z","timestamp":1788874936000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/531695-vitamin-d-deficiency-in-preclinical-medical-students-neuroendocrine-cognitive-and-immune-effects"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]]},"references-count":68,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.115944","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]]}}}