{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T16:11:40Z","timestamp":1788883900215,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.115951","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T15:59:46Z","timestamp":1788883186000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Apoptosis, Mitosis, and Cell Turnover in Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders and Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Narrative Review on Histochemical Assessment and Clinicopathological Relevance"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Swati S","family":"Gotmare","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Treville","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanpreet S","family":"Sachdev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Subraj","family":"Shetty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.13704","article-title":"Oral potentially malignant disorders: a consensus report from an international seminar on nomenclature and classification, convened by the WHO Collaborating Centre for Oral Cancer","volume":"27","author":"Warnakulasuriya S","year":"2021","unstructured":"Warnakulasuriya S, Kujan O, Aguirre-Urizar JM, et al.. Oral potentially malignant disorders: a consensus report from an international seminar on nomenclature and classification, convened by the WHO Collaborating Centre for Oral Cancer. Oral Dis. 2021, 27:1862-1880. 10.1111\/odi.13704","journal-title":"Oral Dis"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23031562","article-title":"Proliferation and apoptosis pathways and factors in oral squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"23","author":"He S","year":"2022","unstructured":"He S, Chakraborty R, Ranganathan S. Proliferation and apoptosis pathways and factors in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci. 2022, 23:1562. 10.3390\/ijms23031562","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/jomfp.jomfp_442_21","article-title":"Apoptotic and mitotic indices in oral epithelial dysplasia and squamous cell carcinoma: a comparative study","volume":"26","author":"Suhasini PD","year":"2022","unstructured":"Suhasini PD, Mulki S, Supriya H. Apoptotic and mitotic indices in oral epithelial dysplasia and squamous cell carcinoma: a comparative study. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol. 2022, 26:598. 10.4103\/jomfp.jomfp_442_21","journal-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Pathol"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.30699\/ijp.2020.107263.2115","article-title":"Detection of apoptosis in leukoplakia and oral squamous cell carcinoma using methyl green pyronin and hematoxylin and eosin","volume":"15","author":"Sharma P","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sharma P, Narwal A, Kamboj M. Detection of apoptosis in leukoplakia and oral squamous cell carcinoma using methyl green pyronin and hematoxylin and eosin. Iran J Pathol. 2020, 15:189-196. 10.30699\/ijp.2020.107263.2115","journal-title":"Iran J Pathol"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10520295.2014.982709","article-title":"A histochemical comparison of methyl green-pyronin, and hematoxylin and eosin for detecting apoptotic cells in oral squamous cell carcinoma, oral leukoplakia, oral submucous fibrosis and normal oral mucosa","volume":"90","author":"Sumedha S","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sumedha S, Kotrashetti VS, Somannavar P, Nayak R, Babji D. A histochemical comparison of methyl green-pyronin, and hematoxylin and eosin for detecting apoptotic cells in oral squamous cell carcinoma, oral leukoplakia, oral submucous fibrosis and normal oral mucosa. Biotech Histochem. 2015, 90:264-269. 10.3109\/10520295.2014.982709","journal-title":"Biotech Histochem"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s41073-019-0064-8","article-title":"SANRA-a scale for the quality assessment of narrative review articles","volume":"4","author":"Baethge C","year":"2019","unstructured":"Baethge C, Goldbeck-Wood S, Mertens S. SANRA-a scale for the quality assessment of narrative review articles. Res Integr Peer Rev. 2019, 4:5. 10.1186\/s41073-019-0064-8","journal-title":"Res Integr Peer Rev"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1972.33","article-title":"Apoptosis: a basic biological phenomenon with wide-ranging implications in tissue kinetics","volume":"26","author":"Kerr JF","year":"1972","unstructured":"Kerr JF, Wyllie AH, Currie AR. Apoptosis: a basic biological phenomenon with wide-ranging implications in tissue kinetics. Br J Cancer. 1972, 26:239-257. 10.1038\/bjc.1972.33","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-21-1059","article-title":"Hallmarks of cancer: new dimensions","volume":"12","author":"Hanahan D","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hanahan D. Hallmarks of cancer: new dimensions. Cancer Discov. 2022, 12:31-46. 10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-21-1059","journal-title":"Cancer Discov"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01926230701320337","article-title":"Apoptosis: a review of programmed cell death","volume":"35","author":"Elmore S","year":"2007","unstructured":"Elmore S. Apoptosis: a review of programmed cell death. Toxicol Pathol. 2007, 35:495-516. 10.1080\/01926230701320337","journal-title":"Toxicol Pathol"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0964-1955(96)00068-1","article-title":"Atypical mitoses in lesions of the oral mucosa: a new interpretation of their impact upon tumorigenesis","volume":"33","author":"Steinbeck RG","year":"1997","unstructured":"Steinbeck RG. Atypical mitoses in lesions of the oral mucosa: a new interpretation of their impact upon tumorigenesis. Oral Oncol. 1997, 33:110-118. 10.1016\/S0964-1955(96)00068-1","journal-title":"Oral Oncol"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/srmjrds.srmjrds_49_18","article-title":"Feulgen stain as a special stain for mitotic figures and apoptotic bodies in oral squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"9","author":"Radhakrishnan S","year":"2018","unstructured":"Radhakrishnan S, Venkatapathy R, Balamurali PD, Prashad KS, Premalatha B, Chakraborty S. Feulgen stain as a special stain for mitotic figures and apoptotic bodies in oral squamous cell carcinoma. SRM J Res Dent Sci. 2018, 9:164-167. 10.4103\/srmjrds.srmjrds_49_18","journal-title":"SRM J Res Dent Sci"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004180050367","article-title":"The Feulgen reaction 75 years on","volume":"111","author":"Chieco P","year":"1999","unstructured":"Chieco P, Derenzini M. The Feulgen reaction 75 years on. Histochem Cell Biol. 1999, 111:345-358. 10.1007\/s004180050367","journal-title":"Histochem Cell Biol"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acthis.2017.07.002","article-title":"The Feulgen reaction: a brief review and new perspectives","volume":"119","author":"Mello MLS","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mello MLS, Vidal BC. The Feulgen reaction: a brief review and new perspectives. Acta Histochem. 2017, 119:603-609. 10.1016\/j.acthis.2017.07.002","journal-title":"Acta Histochem"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10024-1527","article-title":"Comparison and evaluation of mitotic figures in oral epithelial dysplasia using crystal violet and Feulgen stain","volume":"15","author":"Rao RS","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rao RS, Patil S, Agarwal A. Comparison and evaluation of mitotic figures in oral epithelial dysplasia using crystal violet and Feulgen stain. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2014, 15:273-277. 10.5005\/jp-journals-10024-1527","journal-title":"J Contemp Dent Pract"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18295\/squmj.2018.18.02.005","article-title":"Evaluation of mitotic figures and cellular and nuclear morphometry of various histopathological grades of oral squamous cell carcinoma: comparative study using crystal violet and Feulgen stains","volume":"18","author":"Kesarkar K","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kesarkar K, Tamgadge A, Peirera T, Tamgadge S, Gotmare S, Kamat P. Evaluation of mitotic figures and cellular and nuclear morphometry of various histopathological grades of oral squamous cell carcinoma: comparative study using crystal violet and Feulgen stains. Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J. 2018, 18:e149-e154. 10.18295\/squmj.2018.18.02.005","journal-title":"Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1085\/jgp.33.3.243","article-title":"Methyl green-pyronin: basis of selective staining of nucleic acids","volume":"33","author":"Kurnick NB","year":"1950","unstructured":"Kurnick NB. Methyl green-pyronin: basis of selective staining of nucleic acids. J Gen Physiol. 1950, 33:243-264. 10.1085\/jgp.33.3.243","journal-title":"J Gen Physiol"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10520295.2013.839826","article-title":"Simultaneous quantification of nucleoproteins and comparison of methyl green-pyronin Y and Feulgen staining in sections of oral squamous cell carcinoma, dysplastic lesions and normal mucosa","volume":"89","author":"Metgud R","year":"2014","unstructured":"Metgud R, Gupta K, Chandra UK. Simultaneous quantification of nucleoproteins and comparison of methyl green-pyronin Y and Feulgen staining in sections of oral squamous cell carcinoma, dysplastic lesions and normal mucosa. Biotech Histochem. 2014, 89:267-272. 10.3109\/10520295.2013.839826","journal-title":"Biotech Histochem"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/jomfp.JOMFP_360_19","article-title":"Comparative analysis of nucleomorphometric parameters in methyl green-pyronin-stained sections of oral epithelial dysplasia, oral submucous fibrosis and oral squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"24","author":"Singh E","year":"2020","unstructured":"Singh E. Comparative analysis of nucleomorphometric parameters in methyl green-pyronin-stained sections of oral epithelial dysplasia, oral submucous fibrosis and oral squamous cell carcinoma. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol. 2020, 24:401. 10.4103\/jomfp.JOMFP_360_19","journal-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Pathol"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10520295.2014.919025","article-title":"Cytomorphometric analysis of oral submucous fibrosis and leukoplakia using methyl green-pyronin Y, Feulgen staining and exfoliative brush cytology","volume":"90","author":"Metgud R","year":"2015","unstructured":"Metgud R, Gupta K, Prasad U, Gupta J. Cytomorphometric analysis of oral submucous fibrosis and leukoplakia using methyl green-pyronin Y, Feulgen staining and exfoliative brush cytology. Biotech Histochem. 2015, 90:8-13. 10.3109\/10520295.2014.919025","journal-title":"Biotech Histochem"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.25259\/Cytojournal_39_2020","article-title":"A comparative study for qualitative and quantitative analysis of light and fluorescence microscopy stains in oral premalignant and malignant lesions","volume":"18","author":"Warke DJ","year":"2021","unstructured":"Warke DJ, Khot KP. A comparative study for qualitative and quantitative analysis of light and fluorescence microscopy stains in oral premalignant and malignant lesions. Cytojournal. 2021, 18:14. 10.25259\/Cytojournal_39_2020","journal-title":"Cytojournal"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-9290.93450","article-title":"Reliability of acridine orange fluorescence microscopy in oral cytodiagnosis","volume":"22","author":"Prakash N","year":"2011","unstructured":"Prakash N, Sharada P, Pradeep GL, Soundarya N. Reliability of acridine orange fluorescence microscopy in oral cytodiagnosis. Indian J Dent Res. 2011, 22:649-653. 10.4103\/0970-9290.93450","journal-title":"Indian J Dent Res"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/jomfp.JOMFP_275_20","article-title":"Comparative cytopathologic evaluation using acridine orange with Papanicolaou stain in psychoactive substances abusers with potentially malignant and malignant disorders","volume":"25","author":"Patel FH","year":"2021","unstructured":"Patel FH, Bhavasar R, Shah S, Shah V, Patel PD. Comparative cytopathologic evaluation using acridine orange with Papanicolaou stain in psychoactive substances abusers with potentially malignant and malignant disorders. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol. 2021, 25:198. 10.4103\/jomfp.JOMFP_275_20","journal-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Pathol"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0377-4929.188126","article-title":"Apoptosis in oral epithelial dysplastic lesions and oral squamous cell carcinoma: a prognostic marker","volume":"59","author":"Nambiar S","year":"2016","unstructured":"Nambiar S, Hegde V. Apoptosis in oral epithelial dysplastic lesions and oral squamous cell carcinoma: a prognostic marker. Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 2016, 59:284-286. 10.4103\/0377-4929.188126","journal-title":"Indian J Pathol Microbiol"},{"key":"ref24","article-title":"Apoptotic index and proliferative index in premalignant and malignant squamous cell lesions of the oral cavity","volume":"7","author":"Viswanathan V","year":"2015","unstructured":"Viswanathan V, Juluri R, Goel S, Madan J, Mitra SK, Gopalakrishnan D. Apoptotic index and proliferative index in premalignant and malignant squamous cell lesions of the oral cavity. J Int Oral Health. 2015, 7:40-43.","journal-title":"J Int Oral Health"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.13727","article-title":"Malignant transformation of oral submucous fibrosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"27","author":"Kujan O","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kujan O, Mello FW, Warnakulasuriya S. Malignant transformation of oral submucous fibrosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Oral Dis. 2021, 27:1936-1946. 10.1111\/odi.13727","journal-title":"Oral Dis"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/njms.NJMS_32_17","article-title":"Oral submucous fibrosis: newer proposed classification with critical updates in pathogenesis and management strategies","volume":"8","author":"Passi D","year":"2017","unstructured":"Passi D, Bhanot P, Kacker D, Chahal D, Atri M, Panwar Y. Oral submucous fibrosis: newer proposed classification with critical updates in pathogenesis and management strategies. Natl J Maxillofac Surg. 2017, 8:89-94. 10.4103\/njms.NJMS_32_17","journal-title":"Natl J Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-029X.84478","article-title":"Proliferation and apoptosis markers in oral submucous fibrosis","volume":"15","author":"Ranganathan K","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ranganathan K, Kavitha R. Proliferation and apoptosis markers in oral submucous fibrosis. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol. 2011, 15:148-153. 10.4103\/0973-029X.84478","journal-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Pathol"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/JMAU.JMAU_28_19","article-title":"Evaluation of Ki-67 expression in oral submucous fibrosis and its correlation with clinical and histopathological features","volume":"8","author":"Iqbal A","year":"2019","unstructured":"Iqbal A, Tamgadge S, Tamgadge A, Pereira T, Kumar S, Acharya S, Jadhav A. Evaluation of Ki-67 expression in oral submucous fibrosis and its correlation with clinical and histopathological features. J Microsc Ultrastruct. 2019, 8:20-24. 10.4103\/JMAU.JMAU_28_19","journal-title":"J Microsc Ultrastruct"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.13347","article-title":"Proliferative ability and accumulation of cancer stem cells in oral submucous fibrosis epithelium","volume":"26","author":"Xie C","year":"2020","unstructured":"Xie C, Feng H, Zhong L, et al.. Proliferative ability and accumulation of cancer stem cells in oral submucous fibrosis epithelium. Oral Dis. 2020, 26:1255-1264. 10.1111\/odi.13347","journal-title":"Oral Dis"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmr.IJMR_490_19","article-title":"Comparison of apoptotic bodies' count & mitotic index in oral squamous cell carcinoma with regional lymph node involvement","volume":"157","author":"Yousefi M","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yousefi M, Naderi NJ, Muhammadnejad A. Comparison of apoptotic bodies' count &amp; mitotic index in oral squamous cell carcinoma with regional lymph node involvement. Indian J Med Res. 2023, 157:311-315. 10.4103\/ijmr.IJMR_490_19","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4317\/medoral.25420","article-title":"The value of phosphohistone H3 as a cell proliferation marker in oral squamous cell carcinoma. A comparative study with Ki-67 and the mitotic activity index","volume":"27","author":"Tancredi-Cueto N","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tancredi-Cueto N, Vigil-Bastitta G, Bologna-Molina R, Beovide-Cortegoso V. The value of phosphohistone H3 as a cell proliferation marker in oral squamous cell carcinoma. A comparative study with Ki-67 and the mitotic activity index. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2022, 27:e444-e451. 10.4317\/medoral.25420","journal-title":"Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/jcrt.JCRT_10_20","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of immunohistochemical expression of MCM2 and Ki67 in oral epithelial dysplasia and oral squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"18","author":"Swain S","year":"2022","unstructured":"Swain S, Nishat R, Ramachandran S, Raghuvanshi M, Behura SS, Kumar H. Comparative evaluation of immunohistochemical expression of MCM2 and Ki67 in oral epithelial dysplasia and oral squamous cell carcinoma. J Cancer Res Ther. 2022, 18:997-1002. 10.4103\/jcrt.JCRT_10_20","journal-title":"J Cancer Res Ther"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.15078","article-title":"Understanding interobserver variability of pathologists to improve oral epithelial dysplasia grading","volume":"31","author":"Ng GTE","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ng GTE, Phang SC, Yu KS, Tiwari L, Khurram SA, Sloan P, Kujan O. Understanding interobserver variability of pathologists to improve oral epithelial dysplasia grading. Oral Dis. 2025, 31:838-845. 10.1111\/odi.15078","journal-title":"Oral Dis"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jop.13501","article-title":"Calibration improves the agreement in grading oral epithelial dysplasia-findings from a national workshop in Malaysia","volume":"53","author":"Kallarakkal TG","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kallarakkal TG, Zaini ZM, Ghani WMN, Karen-Ng LP, Siriwardena BSMS, Cheong SC, Tilakaratne WM. Calibration improves the agreement in grading oral epithelial dysplasia-findings from a national workshop in Malaysia. J Oral Pathol Med. 2024, 53:53-60. 10.1111\/jop.13501","journal-title":"J Oral Pathol Med"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12105-024-01643-4","article-title":"An update on the use of artificial intelligence in digital pathology for oral epithelial dysplasia research","volume":"18","author":"Alajaji SA","year":"2024","unstructured":"Alajaji SA, Khoury ZH, Jessri M, Sciubba JJ, Sultan AS. An update on the use of artificial intelligence in digital pathology for oral epithelial dysplasia research. Head Neck Pathol. 2024, 18:38. 10.1007\/s12105-024-01643-4","journal-title":"Head Neck Pathol"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patol.2026.100869","article-title":"Development and validation of a CNN model for grading oral epithelial dysplasia","volume":"59","author":"Belaldavar C","year":"2026","unstructured":"Belaldavar C, Angadi PV, Mudenagudi U, Patil U, Tabib RA. Development and validation of a CNN model for grading oral epithelial dysplasia. Rev Esp Patol. 2026, 59:100869. 10.1016\/j.patol.2026.100869","journal-title":"Rev Esp Patol"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/528953-apoptosis-mitosis-and-cell-turnover-in-oral-potentially-malignant-disorders-and-oral-squamous-cell-carcinoma-a-narrative-review-on-histochemical-assessment-and-clinicopathological-relevance","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T15:59:47Z","timestamp":1788883187000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/528953-apoptosis-mitosis-and-cell-turnover-in-oral-potentially-malignant-disorders-and-oral-squamous-cell-carcinoma-a-narrative-review-on-histochemical-assessment-and-clinicopathological-relevance"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]]},"references-count":36,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.115951","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]]}}}