{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T23:02:06Z","timestamp":1789513326981,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.116319","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T22:03:41Z","timestamp":1789509821000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["External Lumbar Drainage for Refractory Intracranial Hypertension in Acute Brain Injury: A Narrative Review and Case Series"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Teresa Maria Caires Gomes da","family":"Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matilde","family":"Drumond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margarida","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susana","family":"Afonso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ary","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"J\u00e1come","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lu\u00eds","family":"Morais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruno","family":"Maia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(74)91639-0","article-title":"Assessment of coma and impaired consciousness: a practical scale","volume":"304","author":"Teasdale G","year":"1974","unstructured":"Teasdale G, Jennett B. Assessment of coma and impaired consciousness: a practical scale. Lancet. 1974, 304:81-4. 10.1016\/S0140-6736(74)91639-0","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-019-05805-9","article-title":"A management algorithm for patients with intracranial pressure monitoring: the Seattle International Severe Traumatic Brain Injury Consensus Conference (SIBICC)","volume":"45","author":"Hawryluk GW","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hawryluk GW, Aguilera S, Buki A, et al.. A management algorithm for patients with intracranial pressure monitoring: the Seattle International Severe Traumatic Brain Injury Consensus Conference (SIBICC). Intensive Care Med. 2019, 45:1783-94. 10.1007\/s00134-019-05805-9","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.56.12.1746","article-title":"The Monro-Kellie hypothesis: applications in CSF volume depletion","volume":"56","author":"Mokri B","year":"2001","unstructured":"Mokri B. The Monro-Kellie hypothesis: applications in CSF volume depletion. Neurology. 2001, 56:1746-8. 10.1212\/wnl.56.12.1746","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-024-02291-6","article-title":"The glymphatic system for neurosurgeons: a scoping review","volume":"47","author":"Al Masri M","year":"2024","unstructured":"Al Masri M, Corell A, Micha\u00eblsson I, Jakola AS, Skoglund T. The glymphatic system for neurosurgeons: a scoping review. Neurosurg Rev. 2024, 47:61. 10.1007\/s10143-024-02291-6","journal-title":"Neurosurg Rev"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1227\/neuprac.0000000000000051","article-title":"Glymphatics for the neurosurgeon","volume":"4","author":"Treffy RW","year":"2023","unstructured":"Treffy RW, Eraky AM, Hussain O, Hedayat HS. Glymphatics for the neurosurgeon. Neurosurg Pract. 2023, 4:e00051. 10.1227\/neuprac.0000000000000051","journal-title":"Neurosurg Pract"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14218\/NSSS.2025.00025","article-title":"The role of the brain-lymphatic axis in traumatic brain injury-associated cognitive impairment: from glymphatic system clearance dysfunction to peripheral lymphatic stasis","volume":"1","author":"Dong S","year":"2025","unstructured":"Dong S, Li X, Zhuo Y, et al.. The role of the brain-lymphatic axis in traumatic brain injury-associated cognitive impairment: from glymphatic system clearance dysfunction to peripheral lymphatic stasis. Neurosurg Subspec. 2025, 1:197-206. 10.14218\/NSSS.2025.00025","journal-title":"Neurosurg Subspec"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ta.0000199422.01949.78","article-title":"Neurologic outcome of posttraumatic refractory intracranial hypertension treated with external lumbar drainage","volume":"62","author":"Abadal-Centellas JM","year":"2007","unstructured":"Abadal-Centellas JM, Llompart-Pou JA, Homar-Ram\u00edrez J, P\u00e9rez-B\u00e1rcena J, Rossell\u00f3-Ferrer A, Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez-Juv\u00e9 J. Neurologic outcome of posttraumatic refractory intracranial hypertension treated with external lumbar drainage. J Trauma. 2007, 62:282-6; discussion 286. 10.1097\/01.ta.0000199422.01949.78","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X15617172","article-title":"Molecular pathophysiology of cerebral edema","volume":"36","author":"Stokum JA","year":"2016","unstructured":"Stokum JA, Gerzanich V, Simard JM. Molecular pathophysiology of cerebral edema. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2016, 36:513-38. 10.1177\/0271678X15617172","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30668-7","article-title":"Spontaneous subarachnoid haemorrhage","volume":"389","author":"Macdonald RL","year":"2017","unstructured":"Macdonald RL, Schweizer TA. Spontaneous subarachnoid haemorrhage. Lancet. 2017, 389:655-66. 10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30668-7","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30469-1","article-title":"Traumatic brain injury in China","volume":"18","author":"Jiang JY","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jiang JY, Gao GY, Feng JF, et al.. Traumatic brain injury in China. Lancet Neurol. 2019, 18:286-95. 10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30469-1","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-020-01438-5","article-title":"Escalation therapy in severe traumatic brain injury: how long is intracranial pressure monitoring necessary?","volume":"44","author":"Anania P","year":"2021","unstructured":"Anania P, Battaglini D, Miller JP, et al.. Escalation therapy in severe traumatic brain injury: how long is intracranial pressure monitoring necessary?. Neurosurg Rev. 2021, 44:2415-23. 10.1007\/s10143-020-01438-5","journal-title":"Neurosurg Rev"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.30033","article-title":"External lumbar drainage for refractory intracranial hypertension in traumatic brain injury: a systematic review","volume":"14","author":"Stevens AR","year":"2022","unstructured":"Stevens AR, Soon WC, Chowdhury YA, et al.. External lumbar drainage for refractory intracranial hypertension in traumatic brain injury: a systematic review. Cureus. 2022, 14:e30033. 10.7759\/cureus.30033","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/neuros\/nyab181","article-title":"External lumbar drainage following traumatic intracranial hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"89","author":"Badhiwala J","year":"2021","unstructured":"Badhiwala J, Lumba-Brown A, Hawryluk GW, Ghajar J. External lumbar drainage following traumatic intracranial hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosurgery. 2021, 89:395-405. 10.1093\/neuros\/nyab181","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2024.111337","article-title":"Controlled lumbar cerebrospinal fluid drainage effectively decreases the need for second and third tier interventions for intracranial hypertension in severe traumatic brain injury patients","volume":"55 Suppl 3","author":"Solt\u00e9sz R","year":"2024","unstructured":"Solt\u00e9sz R, D\u00f6m\u00f6t\u00f6r H, Varga \u00c1L, et al.. Controlled lumbar cerebrospinal fluid drainage effectively decreases the need for second and third tier interventions for intracranial hypertension in severe traumatic brain injury patients. Injury. 2024, 55 Suppl 3:111337. 10.1016\/j.injury.2024.111337","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1227\/neuprac.0000000000000176","article-title":"External lumbar drainage to abort severe traumatic intracranial hypertension phase 1 randomized clinical trial: scientific rationale and methodology: an MTBI(2) study","volume":"6","author":"Mangat HS","year":"2025","unstructured":"Mangat HS, Hawryluk G, Gerber LM, Bokova E, Ghajar J. External lumbar drainage to abort severe traumatic intracranial hypertension phase 1 randomized clinical trial: scientific rationale and methodology: an MTBI(2) study. Neurosurg Pract. 2025, 6:e000176. 10.1227\/neuprac.0000000000000176","journal-title":"Neurosurg Pract"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-024-05199-1","article-title":"Impact of lumbar cerebrospinal fluid drainage to control intracranial hypertension in patients with severe traumatic brain injury: a retrospective monocentric cohort","volume":"29","author":"Dagod G","year":"2025","unstructured":"Dagod G, Laurens M, Roustan JP, et al.. Impact of lumbar cerebrospinal fluid drainage to control intracranial hypertension in patients with severe traumatic brain injury: a retrospective monocentric cohort. Crit Care. 2025, 29:2. 10.1186\/s13054-024-05199-1","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-023-01878-z","article-title":"Intracranial hypertension with patent basal cisterns: controlled lumbar drainage as a therapeutic option. Selected case series","volume":"40","author":"Grille P","year":"2024","unstructured":"Grille P, Biestro A, Rekate HL. Intracranial hypertension with patent basal cisterns: controlled lumbar drainage as a therapeutic option. Selected case series. Neurocrit Care. 2024, 40:1070-82. 10.1007\/s12028-023-01878-z","journal-title":"Neurocrit Care"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1227\/NEU.0b013e31820c0274","article-title":"Early recognition of lumbar overdrainage by lumboventricular pressure gradient","volume":"68","author":"Staykov D","year":"2011","unstructured":"Staykov D, Speck V, Volbers B, et al.. Early recognition of lumbar overdrainage by lumboventricular pressure gradient. Neurosurgery. 2011, 68:1187-91; discussion 1191. 10.1227\/NEU.0b013e31820c0274","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/sni.sni_98_17","article-title":"Refractory intracranial hypertension in traumatic brain injury: proposal for a novel score to assess the safety of lumbar cerebrospinal fluid drainage","volume":"8","author":"Bauer M","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bauer M, Sohm F, Thom\u00e9 C, Ortler M. Refractory intracranial hypertension in traumatic brain injury: proposal for a novel score to assess the safety of lumbar cerebrospinal fluid drainage. Surg Neurol Int. 2017, 8:265. 10.4103\/sni.sni_98_17","journal-title":"Surg Neurol Int"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1752-1947-7-223","article-title":"The CARE guidelines: consensus-based clinical case reporting guideline development","volume":"7","author":"Gagnier JJ","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gagnier JJ, Kienle G, Altman DG, Moher D, Sox H, Riley D. The CARE guidelines: consensus-based clinical case reporting guideline development. J Med Case Rep. 2013, 7:223. 10.1186\/1752-1947-7-223","journal-title":"J Med Case Rep"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-005-2762-6","article-title":"SAPS 3--from evaluation of the patient to evaluation of the intensive care unit. Part 1: objectives, methods and cohort description","volume":"31","author":"Metnitz PG","year":"2005","unstructured":"Metnitz PG, Moreno RP, Almeida E, et al.. SAPS 3--from evaluation of the patient to evaluation of the intensive care unit. Part 1: objectives, methods and cohort description. Intensive Care Med. 2005, 31:1336-44. 10.1007\/s00134-005-2762-6","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01709751","article-title":"The SOFA (Sepsis-related Organ Failure Assessment) score to describe organ dysfunction\/failure. On behalf of the Working Group on Sepsis-Related Problems of the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine","volume":"22","author":"Vincent JL","year":"1996","unstructured":"Vincent JL, Moreno R, Takala J, et al.. The SOFA (Sepsis-related Organ Failure Assessment) score to describe organ dysfunction\/failure. On behalf of the Working Group on Sepsis-Related Problems of the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine. Intensive Care Med. 1996, 22:707-10. 10.1007\/BF01709751","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(75)92830-5","article-title":"Assessment of outcome after severe brain damage: a practical scale","volume":"305","author":"Jennett B","year":"1975","unstructured":"Jennett B, Bond M. Assessment of outcome after severe brain damage: a practical scale. Lancet. 1975, 305:480-4. 10.1016\/S0140-6736(75)92830-5","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuchi.2021.05.004","article-title":"A review of external lumbar drainage for the management of intracranial hypertension in traumatic brain injury","volume":"68","author":"Ginalis EE","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ginalis EE, Fern\u00e1ndez LL, \u00c1vila JP, Aristizabal S, Rubiano AM. A review of external lumbar drainage for the management of intracranial hypertension in traumatic brain injury. Neurochirurgie. 2022, 68:206-11. 10.1016\/j.neuchi.2021.05.004","journal-title":"Neurochirurgie"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/2024.7.PEDS24156","article-title":"External lumbar drainage for the management of refractory intracranial hypertension in pediatric severe traumatic brain injury: a retrospective single-center case series","volume":"34","author":"Guida L","year":"2024","unstructured":"Guida L, Visentin A, Benichi S, et al.. External lumbar drainage for the management of refractory intracranial hypertension in pediatric severe traumatic brain injury: a retrospective single-center case series. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2024, 34:566-73. 10.3171\/2024.7.PEDS24156","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.05.047","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid diversion for refractory intracranial hypertension in traumatic brain injury: a single center experience","volume":"176","author":"Stevens AR","year":"2023","unstructured":"Stevens AR, Gilbody H, Greig J, et al.. Cerebrospinal fluid diversion for refractory intracranial hypertension in traumatic brain injury: a single center experience. World Neurosurg. 2023, 176:e265-72. 10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.05.047","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.25877","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid diversion for refractory intracranial hypertension: a United Kingdom and Ireland survey on practice variation","volume":"14","author":"Chowdhury YA","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chowdhury YA, Stevens AR, Soon WC, et al.. Cerebrospinal fluid diversion for refractory intracranial hypertension: a United Kingdom and Ireland survey on practice variation. Cureus. 2022, 14:e25877. 10.7759\/cureus.25877","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2011.06.018","article-title":"A case for further investigating the use of controlled lumbar cerebrospinal fluid drainage for the control of intracranial pressure","volume":"77","author":"Murad A","year":"2012","unstructured":"Murad A, Ghostine S, Colohan AR. A case for further investigating the use of controlled lumbar cerebrospinal fluid drainage for the control of intracranial pressure. World Neurosurg. 2012, 77:160-5. 10.1016\/j.wneu.2011.06.018","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"ref29","article-title":"Preliminary experience with controlled lumbar drainage in medically refractory intracranial hypertension (Article in Hungarian)","volume":"146","author":"T\u00f6m\u00f6sv\u00e1ri A","year":"2005","unstructured":"T\u00f6m\u00f6sv\u00e1ri A, Mencser Z, Fut\u00f3 J, Hortob\u00e1gyi A, Bodosi M, Barz\u00f3 P. Preliminary experience with controlled lumbar drainage in medically refractory intracranial hypertension (Article in Hungarian). Orv Hetil. 2005, 146:159-64.","journal-title":"Orv Hetil"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-200105000-00016","article-title":"Therapy of malignant intracranial hypertension by controlled lumbar cerebrospinal fluid drainage","volume":"29","author":"M\u00fcnch EC","year":"2001","unstructured":"M\u00fcnch EC, Bauhuf C, Horn P, Roth HR, Schmiedek P, Vajkoczy P. Therapy of malignant intracranial hypertension by controlled lumbar cerebrospinal fluid drainage. Crit Care Med. 2001, 29:976-81. 10.1097\/00003246-200105000-00016","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/521998-external-lumbar-drainage-for-refractory-intracranial-hypertension-in-acute-brain-injury-a-narrative-review-and-case-series","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T22:03:42Z","timestamp":1789509822000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/521998-external-lumbar-drainage-for-refractory-intracranial-hypertension-in-acute-brain-injury-a-narrative-review-and-case-series"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]},"references-count":30,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.116319","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]}}}