{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T01:03:41Z","timestamp":1789607021031,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.116383","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T00:10:21Z","timestamp":1789603821000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Internet Sales of \"Research Grade Compounds\": The Opioid SR-17018 (SR-17) as an Example"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Robert B","family":"Raffa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph V","family":"Pergolizzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eugene","family":"Vortsman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.286.5449.2495","article-title":"Enhanced morphine analgesia in mice lacking beta-arrestin 2","volume":"286","author":"Bohn LM","year":"1999","unstructured":"Bohn LM, Lefkowitz RJ, Gainetdinov RR, Peppel K, Caron MG, Lin FT. Enhanced morphine analgesia in mice lacking beta-arrestin 2. Science. 1999, 286:2495-8. 10.1126\/science.286.5449.2495","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35047086","article-title":"Mu-opioid receptor desensitization by beta-arrestin-2 determines morphine tolerance but not dependence","volume":"408","author":"Bohn LM","year":"2000","unstructured":"Bohn LM, Gainetdinov RR, Lin FT, Lefkowitz RJ, Caron MG. Mu-opioid receptor desensitization by beta-arrestin-2 determines morphine tolerance but not dependence. Nature. 2000, 408:720-3. 10.1038\/35047086","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.105.087254","article-title":"Morphine side effects in beta-arrestin 2 knockout mice","volume":"314","author":"Raehal KM","year":"2005","unstructured":"Raehal KM, Walker JK, Bohn LM. Morphine side effects in beta-arrestin 2 knockout mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2005, 314:1195-201. 10.1124\/jpet.105.087254","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.10.035","article-title":"Bias factor and therapeutic window correlate to predict safer opioid analgesics","volume":"171","author":"Schmid CL","year":"2017","unstructured":"Schmid CL, Kennedy NM, Ross NC, et al.. Bias factor and therapeutic window correlate to predict safer opioid analgesics. Cell. 2017, 171:1165-1175.e13. 10.1016\/j.cell.2017.10.035","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.112.201616","article-title":"A G protein-biased ligand at the \u03bc-opioid receptor is potently analgesic with reduced gastrointestinal and respiratory dysfunction compared with morphine","volume":"344","author":"DeWire SM","year":"2013","unstructured":"DeWire SM, Yamashita DS, Rominger DH, et al.. A G protein-biased ligand at the \u03bc-opioid receptor is potently analgesic with reduced gastrointestinal and respiratory dysfunction compared with morphine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2013, 344:708-17. 10.1124\/jpet.112.201616","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jm4010829","article-title":"Structure-activity relationships and discovery of a G protein biased \u03bc opioid receptor ligand, [(3-methoxythiophen-2-yl)methyl]({2-[(9R)-9-(pyridin-2-yl)-6-oxaspiro-[4.5]decan-9-yl]ethyl})amine (TRV130), for the treatment of acute severe pain","volume":"56","author":"Chen XT","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chen XT, Pitis P, Liu G, et al.. Structure-activity relationships and discovery of a G protein biased \u03bc opioid receptor ligand, [(3-methoxythiophen-2-yl)methyl]({2-[(9R)-9-(pyridin-2-yl)-6-oxaspiro-[4.5]decan-9-yl]ethyl})amine (TRV130), for the treatment of acute severe pain. J Med Chem. 2013, 56:8019-31. 10.1021\/jm4010829","journal-title":"J Med Chem"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature19112","article-title":"Structure-based discovery of opioid analgesics with reduced side effects","volume":"537","author":"Manglik A","year":"2016","unstructured":"Manglik A, Lin H, Aryal DK, et al.. Structure-based discovery of opioid analgesics with reduced side effects. Nature. 2016, 537:185-90. 10.1038\/nature19112","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(95)00340-f","article-title":"DAMGO, a mu-opioid receptor selective ligand, distinguishes between mu-and kappa-opioid receptors at a different region from that for the distinction between mu- and delta-opioid receptors","volume":"364","author":"Minami M","year":"1995","unstructured":"Minami M, Onogi T, Nakagawa T, Katao Y, Aoki Y, Katsumata S, Satoh M. DAMGO, a mu-opioid receptor selective ligand, distinguishes between mu-and kappa-opioid receptors at a different region from that for the distinction between mu- and delta-opioid receptors. FEBS Lett. 1995, 364:23-7. 10.1016\/0014-5793(95)00340-f","journal-title":"FEBS Lett"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scisignal.aaz3140","article-title":"Low intrinsic efficacy for G protein activation can explain the improved side effect profiles of new opioid agonists","volume":"13","author":"Gillis A","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gillis A, Gondin AB, Kliewer A, et al.. Low intrinsic efficacy for G protein activation can explain the improved side effect profiles of new opioid agonists. Sci Signal. 2020, 13:eaaz3140. 10.1126\/scisignal.aaz3140","journal-title":"Sci Signal"},{"key":"ref10","unstructured":"National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). RaDAR Newsletter. (2026). Accessed: August 8, 2026: https:\/\/content.govdelivery.com\/accounts\/USNIST\/bulletins\/40e2fe7."},{"key":"ref11","unstructured":"The Center for Forensic Science Research &amp; Education (CFSRE). Drug Checking Quarterly Report (Q4 2025): Mid-Atlantic, USA. (2026). Accessed: August 8, 2026: https:\/\/www.cfsre.org\/nps-discovery\/drug-checking\/drug-checking-quarterly-report-q4-2025-mid-atlantic-usa."},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.70202","article-title":"Price of nitazenes for sale on cryptomarkets and surface web shops","volume":"45","author":"Man N","year":"2026","unstructured":"Man N, Barratt MJ, Bruno R, Graham C, Sadaphale V, Peacock A, Sutherland R. Price of nitazenes for sale on cryptomarkets and surface web shops. Drug Alcohol Rev. 2026, 45:e70202. 10.1111\/dar.70202","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Rev"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2024.110093","article-title":"Activation of \u03bc receptors by SR-17018 through a distinctive mechanism","volume":"258","author":"Singleton S","year":"2024","unstructured":"Singleton S, Dieterle C, Walker DJ, et al.. Activation of \u03bc receptors by SR-17018 through a distinctive mechanism. Neuropharmacology. 2024, 258:110093. 10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2024.110093","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.14224","article-title":"The novel \u03bc-opioid receptor agonist PZM21 depresses respiration and induces tolerance to antinociception","volume":"175","author":"Hill R","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hill R, Disney A, Conibear A, et al.. The novel \u03bc-opioid receptor agonist PZM21 depresses respiration and induces tolerance to antinociception. Br J Pharmacol. 2018, 175:2653-61. 10.1111\/bph.14224","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.15004","article-title":"Morphine-induced respiratory depression is independent of \u03b2-arrestin2 signalling","volume":"177","author":"Kliewer A","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kliewer A, Gillis A, Hill R, et al.. Morphine-induced respiratory depression is independent of \u03b2-arrestin2 signalling. Br J Pharmacol. 2020, 177:2923-31. 10.1111\/bph.15004","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-08162-1","article-title":"Phosphorylation-deficient G-protein-biased \u03bc-opioid receptors improve analgesia and diminish tolerance but worsen opioid side effects","volume":"10","author":"Kliewer A","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kliewer A, Schmiedel F, Sianati S, et al.. Phosphorylation-deficient G-protein-biased \u03bc-opioid receptors improve analgesia and diminish tolerance but worsen opioid side effects. Nat Commun. 2019, 10:367. 10.1038\/s41467-018-08162-1","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2020.09.009","article-title":"Critical assessment of G protein-biased agonism at the \u03bc-opioid receptor","volume":"41","author":"Gillis A","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gillis A, Kliewer A, Kelly E, Henderson G, Christie MJ, Schulz S, Canals M. Critical assessment of G protein-biased agonism at the \u03bc-opioid receptor. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2020, 41:947-59. 10.1016\/j.tips.2020.09.009","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-021-01054-x","article-title":"Pharmacological and genetic manipulations at the \u00b5-opioid receptor reveal arrestin-3 engagement limits analgesic tolerance and does not exacerbate respiratory depression in mice","volume":"46","author":"He L","year":"2021","unstructured":"He L, Gooding SW, Lewis E, Felth LC, Gaur A, Whistler JL. Pharmacological and genetic manipulations at the \u00b5-opioid receptor reveal arrestin-3 engagement limits analgesic tolerance and does not exacerbate respiratory depression in mice. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2021, 46:2241-9. 10.1038\/s41386-021-01054-x","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.62552","article-title":"\u00df-arrestin 2 germline knockout does not attenuate opioid respiratory depression","volume":"10","author":"Bachmutsky I","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bachmutsky I, Wei XP, Durand A, Yackle K. \u00df-arrestin 2 germline knockout does not attenuate opioid respiratory depression. Elife. 2021, 10:e62552. 10.7554\/eLife.62552","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25173870","article-title":"Biased versus partial agonism in the search for safer opioid analgesics","volume":"25","author":"Azevedo Neto J","year":"2020","unstructured":"Azevedo Neto J, Costanzini A, De Giorgio R, Lambert DG, Ruzza C, Cal\u00f2 G. Biased versus partial agonism in the search for safer opioid analgesics. Molecules. 2020, 25:3870. 10.3390\/molecules25173870","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26154509","article-title":"SR-17018 stimulates atypical \u00b5-opioid receptor phosphorylation and dephosphorylation","volume":"26","author":"Fritzwanker S","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fritzwanker S, Schulz S, Kliewer A. SR-17018 stimulates atypical \u00b5-opioid receptor phosphorylation and dephosphorylation. Molecules. 2021, 26:4509. 10.3390\/molecules26154509","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2023.110021","article-title":"Characterizing biased mu-opioid receptor agonists, PZM21 and SR17018 in self-administration and whole-body plethysmography in rats","volume":"260","author":"Pham L","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pham L, Ladner A, Araujo A, Blough BE, Freeman KB. Characterizing biased mu-opioid receptor agonists, PZM21 and SR17018 in self-administration and whole-body plethysmography in rats. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2024, 260:Article 110021. 10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2023.110021","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881116689257","article-title":"Effects of acute and repeated treatment with the biased mu opioid receptor agonist TRV130 (oliceridine) on measures of antinociception, gastrointestinal function, and abuse liability in rodents","volume":"31","author":"Altarifi AA","year":"2017","unstructured":"Altarifi AA, David B, Muchhala KH, Blough BE, Akbarali H, Negus SS. Effects of acute and repeated treatment with the biased mu opioid receptor agonist TRV130 (oliceridine) on measures of antinociception, gastrointestinal function, and abuse liability in rodents. J Psychopharmacol. 2017, 31:730-9. 10.1177\/0269881116689257","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-019-0491-8","article-title":"A G protein signaling-biased agonist at the \u03bc-opioid receptor reverses morphine tolerance while preventing morphine withdrawal","volume":"45","author":"Grim TW","year":"2020","unstructured":"Grim TW, Schmid CL, Stahl EL, et al.. A G protein signaling-biased agonist at the \u03bc-opioid receptor reverses morphine tolerance while preventing morphine withdrawal. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2020, 45:416-25. 10.1038\/s41386-019-0491-8","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.1994.71","article-title":"Clinical pharmacology of buprenorphine: Ceiling effects at high doses","volume":"55","author":"Walsh SL","year":"1994","unstructured":"Walsh SL, Preston KL, Stitzer ML, Cone EJ, Bigelow GE. Clinical pharmacology of buprenorphine: Ceiling effects at high doses. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1994, 55:569-80. 10.1038\/clpt.1994.71","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/FBP.0000000000000634","article-title":"Some effects of putative G-protein biased mu-opioid receptor agonists in male rhesus monkeys","volume":"32","author":"Cornelissen JC","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cornelissen JC, Blough BE, Bohn LM, Negus SS, Banks ML. Some effects of putative G-protein biased mu-opioid receptor agonists in male rhesus monkeys. Behav Pharmacol. 2021, 32:453-8. 10.1097\/FBP.0000000000000634","journal-title":"Behav Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.17376","article-title":"Slow dissociation kinetics of fentanyls and nitazenes correlates with reduced sensitivity to naloxone reversal at the \u03bc-opioid receptor","volume":"182","author":"Alhosan N","year":"2025","unstructured":"Alhosan N, Cavallo D, Santiago M, Kelly E, Henderson G. Slow dissociation kinetics of fentanyls and nitazenes correlates with reduced sensitivity to naloxone reversal at the \u03bc-opioid receptor. Br J Pharmacol. 2025, 182:969-87. 10.1111\/bph.17376","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15563650.2025.2504133","article-title":"Nitazenes: Review of comparative pharmacology and antagonist action","volume":"63","author":"Stangeland M","year":"2025","unstructured":"Stangeland M, Dale O, Skulberg AK. Nitazenes: Review of comparative pharmacology and antagonist action. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2025, 63:393-406. 10.1080\/15563650.2025.2504133","journal-title":"Clin Toxicol (Phila)"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/526239-internet-sales-of-research-grade-compounds-the-opioid-sr-17018-sr-17-as-an-example","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T00:10:23Z","timestamp":1789603823000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/526239-internet-sales-of-research-grade-compounds-the-opioid-sr-17018-sr-17-as-an-example"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]]},"references-count":28,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.116383","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]]}}}