{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T11:16:37Z","timestamp":1789816597030,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.116527","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T10:41:17Z","timestamp":1789814477000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Clinical and Metabolic Predictors of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding in Women With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Retrospective Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Ayisha Ejaz","family":"Bhutta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zubia","family":"Bugti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rizwana","family":"Naz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mamoona","family":"Shuja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Shahid Nawaz","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shoaib","family":"Liaquat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amina","family":"Shahid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijgo.12666","article-title":"The two FIGO systems for normal and abnormal uterine bleeding symptoms and classification of causes of abnormal uterine bleeding in the reproductive years: 2018 revisions","volume":"143","author":"Munro MG","year":"2018","unstructured":"Munro MG, Critchley HO, Fraser IS. The two FIGO systems for normal and abnormal uterine bleeding symptoms and classification of causes of abnormal uterine bleeding in the reproductive years: 2018 revisions. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2018, 143:393-408. 10.1002\/ijgo.12666","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-021-00629-4","article-title":"Uterine bleeding: how understanding endometrial physiology underpins menstrual health","volume":"18","author":"Jain V","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jain V, Chodankar RR, Maybin JA, Critchley HO. Uterine bleeding: how understanding endometrial physiology underpins menstrual health. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2022, 18:290-308. 10.1038\/s41574-021-00629-4","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2022.10.014","article-title":"Abnormal uterine bleeding","volume":"107","author":"Lebduska E","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lebduska E, Beshear D, Spataro BM. Abnormal uterine bleeding. Med Clin North Am. 2023, 107:235-46.","journal-title":"Med Clin North Am"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijgo.14946","article-title":"Contemporary evaluation of women and girls with abnormal uterine bleeding: FIGO Systems 1 and 2","volume":"162 Suppl 2","author":"Jain V","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jain V, Munro MG, Critchley HO. Contemporary evaluation of women and girls with abnormal uterine bleeding: FIGO Systems 1 and 2. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2023, 162 Suppl 2:29-42. 10.1002\/ijgo.14946","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijgo.14947","article-title":"Therapeutic options for the management of abnormal uterine bleeding","volume":"162 Suppl 2","author":"MacGregor B","year":"2023","unstructured":"MacGregor B, Munro MG, Lumsden MA. Therapeutic options for the management of abnormal uterine bleeding. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2023, 162 Suppl 2:43-57. 10.1002\/ijgo.14947","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.sult.2023.10.002","article-title":"Abnormal uterine bleeding in reproductive age women: role of imaging in the diagnosis and management","volume":"44","author":"Hill S","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hill S, Shetty MK. Abnormal uterine bleeding in reproductive age women: role of imaging in the diagnosis and management. Semin Ultrasound CT MR. 2023, 44:511-8. 10.1053\/j.sult.2023.10.002","journal-title":"Semin Ultrasound CT MR"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2023.07.001","article-title":"Management of women with abnormal uterine bleeding: clinical practice guidelines of the French National College of Gynaecologists and Obstetricians (CNGOF)","volume":"288","author":"Brun JL","year":"2023","unstructured":"Brun JL, Plu-Bureau G, Huchon C, et al.. Management of women with abnormal uterine bleeding: clinical practice guidelines of the French National College of Gynaecologists and Obstetricians (CNGOF). Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2023, 288:90-107. 10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2023.07.001","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15173760","article-title":"Therapeutic carbohydrate restriction as a metabolic modality for the prevention and treatment of abnormal uterine bleeding","volume":"15","author":"Salcedo AC","year":"2023","unstructured":"Salcedo AC, Yun J, Carter C, Hart E. Therapeutic carbohydrate restriction as a metabolic modality for the prevention and treatment of abnormal uterine bleeding. Nutrients. 2023, 15:3760. 10.3390\/nu15173760","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09513590.2024.2362244","article-title":"Unmet needs in abnormal uterine bleeding due to ovulatory dysfunction","volume":"40","author":"Simoncini T","year":"2024","unstructured":"Simoncini T, Arab H, Pedachenko N, et al.. Unmet needs in abnormal uterine bleeding due to ovulatory dysfunction. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2024, 40:2362244. 10.1080\/09513590.2024.2362244","journal-title":"Gynecol Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jog.16073","article-title":"Diagnosis of abnormal uterine bleeding based on the FIGO classification: a systematic review and expert opinions","volume":"50","author":"Kitahara Y","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kitahara Y, Hiraike O, Ishikawa H, et al.. Diagnosis of abnormal uterine bleeding based on the FIGO classification: a systematic review and expert opinions. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2024, 50:1785-94. 10.1111\/jog.16073","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol Res"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/GME.0000000000002548","article-title":"The uterus is an end organ: a preliminary study of the association between abnormal uterine bleeding and hyperinsulinemia","volume":"32","author":"Salcedo AC","year":"2025","unstructured":"Salcedo AC, Fox L, De Los Santos G, Larson S, Yun J. The uterus is an end organ: a preliminary study of the association between abnormal uterine bleeding and hyperinsulinemia. Menopause. 2025, 32:719-26. 10.1097\/GME.0000000000002548","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2025.114796","article-title":"Menstrual irregularities and cardiometabolic risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"316","author":"Afzal A","year":"2026","unstructured":"Afzal A, Abdelkader OK, Abd-ElGawad M, et al.. Menstrual irregularities and cardiometabolic risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2026, 316:114796. 10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2025.114796","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-024-01057-w","article-title":"Polycystic ovary syndrome as a metabolic disease","volume":"21","author":"Helvaci N","year":"2025","unstructured":"Helvaci N, Yildiz BO. Polycystic ovary syndrome as a metabolic disease. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2025, 21:230-44. 10.1038\/s41574-024-01057-w","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13048-022-01091-0","article-title":"Insulin resistance in polycystic ovary syndrome across various tissues: an updated review of pathogenesis, evaluation, and treatment","volume":"16","author":"Zhao H","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhao H, Zhang J, Cheng X, Nie X, He B. Insulin resistance in polycystic ovary syndrome across various tissues: an updated review of pathogenesis, evaluation, and treatment. J Ovarian Res. 2023, 16:9. 10.1186\/s13048-022-01091-0","journal-title":"J Ovarian Res"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-23-0342","article-title":"Hormonal changes in PCOS","volume":"261","author":"Yang J","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yang J, Chen C. Hormonal changes in PCOS. J Endocrinol. 2024, 261:230342. 10.1530\/JOE-23-0342","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines12122801","article-title":"The interplay of uterine health and obesity: a comprehensive review","volume":"12","author":"\u0160i\u0161ljagi\u0107 D","year":"2024","unstructured":"\u0160i\u0161ljagi\u0107 D, Bla\u017eeti\u0107 S, Heffer M, Vranje\u0161 Dela\u0107 M, Muller A. The interplay of uterine health and obesity: a comprehensive review. Biomedicines. 2024, 12:2801. 10.3390\/biomedicines12122801","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.obmed.2021.100375","article-title":"Female obesity: association with endocrine disruption and reproductive dysfunction","volume":"28","author":"Baraskar K","year":"2021","unstructured":"Baraskar K, Thakur P, Shrivastava R, Shrivastava VK. Female obesity: association with endocrine disruption and reproductive dysfunction. Obes Med. 2021, 28:100375. 10.1016\/j.obmed.2021.100375","journal-title":"Obes Med"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2023.06.028","article-title":"Does weight loss in women with obesity induce regression of endometrial hyperplasia? A systematic review","volume":"288","author":"Mooney SS","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mooney SS, Sumithran P. Does weight loss in women with obesity induce regression of endometrial hyperplasia? A systematic review. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2023, 288:49-55. 10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2023.06.028","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110764","article-title":"Type 2 diabetes mellitus facilitates endometrial hyperplasia progression by activating the proliferative function of mucin O-glycosylating enzyme GALNT2","volume":"131","author":"Zhou X","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhou X, Xu Y, Yin D, et al.. Type 2 diabetes mellitus facilitates endometrial hyperplasia progression by activating the proliferative function of mucin O-glycosylating enzyme GALNT2. Biomed Pharmacother. 2020, 131:110764. 10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110764","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD012214.pub3","article-title":"Metformin for endometrial hyperplasia","volume":"5","author":"Shiwani H","year":"2024","unstructured":"Shiwani H, Clement NS, Daniels JP, Atiomo W. Metformin for endometrial hyperplasia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2024, 5:CD012214. 10.1002\/14651858.CD012214.pub3","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/533156-clinical-and-metabolic-predictors-of-abnormal-uterine-bleeding-in-women-with-type-2-diabetes-mellitus-a-retrospective-cohort-study","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T10:41:18Z","timestamp":1789814478000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/533156-clinical-and-metabolic-predictors-of-abnormal-uterine-bleeding-in-women-with-type-2-diabetes-mellitus-a-retrospective-cohort-study"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]]},"references-count":20,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.116527","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]]}}}