{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T13:11:44Z","timestamp":1789996304807,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.116639","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T12:32:41Z","timestamp":1789993961000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Terminologia Anatomica Compliance in Generative Artificial Intelligence Outputs: A Structured Narrative Review and Terminology-Specific Verification Checklist"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Deepak","family":"Sharma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anaida","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Mahgoub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","unstructured":"Federative International Programme for Anatomical Terminology. Terminologia Anatomica. (2019). Accessed: September 7, 2026: https:\/\/neuron.mefst.hr\/docs\/katedre\/anatomija\/medicina\/Terminologia%20anatomica\/Terminologia-Anatomica-2nd-Ed-2019.pdf."},{"key":"ref2","unstructured":"International Federation of Associations of Anatomists. Anatomical Terminology (FIPAT). (2019). Accessed: September 7, 2026: https:\/\/ifaa.net\/committees\/anatomical-terminology-fipat\/."},{"key":"ref3","unstructured":"Open Anatomy Project. TA2 Viewer. (2019). Accessed: September 7, 2026: https:\/\/ta2viewer.openanatomy.org\/."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.115656","article-title":"Governing generative artificial intelligence in anatomy education: a proposed risk-tiered framework for donor-derived material, anatomical fidelity, and assessment","volume":"18","author":"Mahgoub A","year":"2026","unstructured":"Mahgoub A, Singh A, Mahgoub A. Governing generative artificial intelligence in anatomy education: a proposed risk-tiered framework for donor-derived material, anatomical fidelity, and assessment. Cureus. 2026, 18:115656. 10.7759\/cureus.115656","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s41073-019-0064-8","article-title":"SANRA-a scale for the quality assessment of narrative review articles","volume":"4","author":"Baethge C","year":"2019","unstructured":"Baethge C, Goldbeck-Wood S, Mertens S. SANRA-a scale for the quality assessment of narrative review articles. Res Integr Peer Rev. 2019, 4:5. 10.1186\/s41073-019-0064-8","journal-title":"Res Integr Peer Rev"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.83","article-title":"Frequency in usage of FCAT-approved anatomical terms by North American anatomists","volume":"2","author":"Martin BD","year":"2009","unstructured":"Martin BD, Thorpe D, Barnes R, Deleon M, Hill D. Frequency in usage of FCAT-approved anatomical terms by North American anatomists. Anat Sci Educ. 2009, 2:94-106. 10.1002\/ase.83","journal-title":"Anat Sci Educ"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/950898","article-title":"Frequency in usage of Terminologia Anatomica terms by clinical anatomists","volume":"2014","author":"Martin BD","year":"2014","unstructured":"Martin BD, Thorpe DL, DeLuna V, Howard T, Hagemeyer J, Wilkins N. Frequency in usage of Terminologia Anatomica terms by clinical anatomists. J Biomed Educ. 2014, 2014:950898. 10.1155\/2014\/950898","journal-title":"J Biomed Educ"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.114","article-title":"Contrast in usage of FCAT-approved anatomical terminology between members of two anatomy associations in North America","volume":"3","author":"Martin BD","year":"2010","unstructured":"Martin BD, Thorpe D, Merenda V, Finch B, Anderson-Smith W, Consiglio-Lahti Z. Contrast in usage of FCAT-approved anatomical terminology between members of two anatomy associations in North America. Anat Sci Educ. 2010, 3:25-32. 10.1002\/ase.114","journal-title":"Anat Sci Educ"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12565-024-00789-z","article-title":"Perceptions of journal editors on the use of eponyms in anatomical publishing: the need for compromise","volume":"99","author":"Bacci N","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bacci N, Hutchinson E, Kramer B, Billings BK. Perceptions of journal editors on the use of eponyms in anatomical publishing: the need for compromise. Anat Sci Int. 2024, 99:441-53. 10.1007\/s12565-024-00789-z","journal-title":"Anat Sci Int"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12565-024-00784-4","article-title":"Terminologia Anatomica 2nd edition: perspectives from anatomy educators in the United Kingdom","volume":"99","author":"Adds PJ","year":"2024","unstructured":"Adds PJ, Longhurst G, Brassett C, Clancy J, Sulaiman S, Ashwood N, Hamilton DL. Terminologia Anatomica 2nd edition: perspectives from anatomy educators in the United Kingdom. Anat Sci Int. 2024, 99:366-77. 10.1007\/s12565-024-00784-4","journal-title":"Anat Sci Int"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.70175","article-title":"Fascia is not a system: a critical appraisal of terminological drift in anatomical literature","author":"Sharkey J","year":"2026","unstructured":"Sharkey J. Fascia is not a system: a critical appraisal of terminological drift in anatomical literature. Clin Anat. 2026, 10.1002\/ca.70175","journal-title":"Clin Anat"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00276-025-03769-8","article-title":"System-based comparison of the knowledge level of popular AI chatbots on human anatomy: a multiple-choice exam analysis of GPT-4.1, DeepSeek, Co-Pilot, and Gemini models","volume":"48","author":"Nahir M","year":"2025","unstructured":"Nahir M, Kasap A, Sahin B. System-based comparison of the knowledge level of popular AI chatbots on human anatomy: a multiple-choice exam analysis of GPT-4.1, DeepSeek, Co-Pilot, and Gemini models. Surg Radiol Anat. 2025, 48:1. 10.1007\/s00276-025-03769-8","journal-title":"Surg Radiol Anat"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5603\/fm.110023","article-title":"Evaluation of large language models in clinical neuroanatomy: a comparative scoring analysis based on accuracy, concordance, insight, and anatomical terminology accuracy","volume":"85","author":"\u00d6rs A","year":"2026","unstructured":"\u00d6rs A. Evaluation of large language models in clinical neuroanatomy: a comparative scoring analysis based on accuracy, concordance, insight, and anatomical terminology accuracy. Folia Morphol (Warsz). 2026, 85:e01726018. 10.5603\/fm.110023","journal-title":"Folia Morphol (Warsz)"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.70292","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of radiological anatomy knowledge and accuracy of ChatGPT-5, Gemini 2.5, and Grok 4 across normal and thinking modes","volume":"19","author":"Sivri I","year":"2026","unstructured":"Sivri I, Ozden FM, Celik H, Gokturk O, Colak T. Comparative evaluation of radiological anatomy knowledge and accuracy of ChatGPT-5, Gemini 2.5, and Grok 4 across normal and thinking modes. Anat Sci Educ. 2026, 19:1377-85. 10.1002\/ase.70292","journal-title":"Anat Sci Educ"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.70115","article-title":"Accuracy of ChatGPT-4o in identifying anatomical structures on cadaveric images: a practical anatomy examination study","volume":"39","author":"Melczewski P","year":"2026","unstructured":"Melczewski P, Chowaniec M, Larysz W, et al.. Accuracy of ChatGPT-4o in identifying anatomical structures on cadaveric images: a practical anatomy examination study. Clin Anat. 2026, 39:715-20. 10.1002\/ca.70115","journal-title":"Clin Anat"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.24244","article-title":"Using large language models (ChatGPT, Copilot, PaLM, Bard, and Gemini) in gross anatomy course: comparative analysis","volume":"38","author":"Mavrych V","year":"2025","unstructured":"Mavrych V, Ganguly P, Bolgova O. Using large language models (ChatGPT, Copilot, PaLM, Bard, and Gemini) in gross anatomy course: comparative analysis. Clin Anat. 2025, 38:200-10. 10.1002\/ca.24244","journal-title":"Clin Anat"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5603\/fm.107607","article-title":"AI-natomy: human anatomy through the eyes of artificial intelligence. Is there a distinction between reality and imagination?","author":"Kozio\u0142 M","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kozio\u0142 M, Kozio\u0142 TS, Batko J, et al.. AI-natomy: human anatomy through the eyes of artificial intelligence. Is there a distinction between reality and imagination?. Folia Morphol (Warsz). 2025, 10.5603\/fm.107607","journal-title":"Folia Morphol (Warsz)"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/GOX.0000000000007676","article-title":"A inaccurate anatomy: prevalence of artificial intelligence-generated illustration errors in peer-reviewed aesthetic medicine publications","volume":"14","author":"Zhang Y","year":"2026","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Soares DJ. A inaccurate anatomy: prevalence of artificial intelligence-generated illustration errors in peer-reviewed aesthetic medicine publications. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open. 2026, 14:e7676. 10.1097\/GOX.0000000000007676","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00276-025-03699-5","article-title":"Text to image generators for anatomical illustrations: potential and limitations","volume":"47","author":"Pasl\u0131 B","year":"2025","unstructured":"Pasl\u0131 B, Y\u00fcceda\u011f G\u00fcndo\u011fdu H. Text to image generators for anatomical illustrations: potential and limitations. Surg Radiol Anat. 2025, 47:215. 10.1007\/s00276-025-03699-5","journal-title":"Surg Radiol Anat"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.70189","article-title":"Evaluation of generative artificial intelligence models in producing anatomically accurate illustrations: a comparative study of text-to-image generators","author":"Struga\u0142a A","year":"2026","unstructured":"Struga\u0142a A, Batkowski B, Skrzypo\u0144 K, et al.. Evaluation of generative artificial intelligence models in producing anatomically accurate illustrations: a comparative study of text-to-image generators. Clin Anat. 2026, 10.1002\/ca.70189","journal-title":"Clin Anat"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17453054.2025.2504491","article-title":"Comparison of anatomy image generation capability in AI image generation models","volume":"48","author":"Bae JS","year":"2025","unstructured":"Bae JS, Kim GY, Kim HJ, Han SH, Youn KH. Comparison of anatomy image generation capability in AI image generation models. J Vis Commun Med. 2025, 48:44-51. 10.1080\/17453054.2025.2504491","journal-title":"J Vis Commun Med"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.70002","article-title":"Assessing the anatomical accuracy of AI-generated medical illustrations: a comparative study of text-to-image generator tools in anatomy education","volume":"38","author":"Eldesoqui M","year":"2025","unstructured":"Eldesoqui M, Albadawi EA, AlQumaizi KI, Radwan MN, Ebrahim HA, Elsaid MA. Assessing the anatomical accuracy of AI-generated medical illustrations: a comparative study of text-to-image generator tools in anatomy education. Clin Anat. 2025, 38:712-7. 10.1002\/ca.70002","journal-title":"Clin Anat"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/52155","article-title":"Using AI text-to-image generation to create novel illustrations for medical education: current limitations as illustrated by hypothyroidism and Horner syndrome","volume":"10","author":"Kumar A","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kumar A, Burr P, Young TM. Using AI text-to-image generation to create novel illustrations for medical education: current limitations as illustrated by hypothyroidism and Horner syndrome. JMIR Med Educ. 2024, 10:e52155. 10.2196\/52155","journal-title":"JMIR Med Educ"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2025.109039","article-title":"Systematic evaluation of AI-based text-to-image models for generating medical illustrations in neurosurgery: a multi-stage comparative study","volume":"257","author":"Davis P","year":"2025","unstructured":"Davis P, Napole A, Reddy C, et al.. Systematic evaluation of AI-based text-to-image models for generating medical illustrations in neurosurgery: a multi-stage comparative study. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2025, 257:109039. 10.1016\/j.clineuro.2025.109039","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00266-023-03826-w","article-title":"The promise and pitfalls of AI-generated anatomical images: evaluating Midjourney for aesthetic surgery applications","volume":"48","author":"Buzzaccarini G","year":"2024","unstructured":"Buzzaccarini G, Degliuomini RS, Borin M, et al..  The promise and pitfalls of AI-generated anatomical images: evaluating Midjourney for aesthetic surgery applications. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2024, 48:1874-83. 10.1007\/s00266-023-03826-w","journal-title":"Aesthetic Plast Surg"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.70187","article-title":"Reference hallucination, citation reliability, and readability of large language models in anatomy-related question answering","author":"\u00dclkir M","year":"2026","unstructured":"\u00dclkir M, Pasl\u0131 B. Reference hallucination, citation reliability, and readability of large language models in anatomy-related question answering. Clin Anat. 2026, 10.1002\/ca.70187","journal-title":"Clin Anat"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/53164","article-title":"Hallucination rates and reference accuracy of ChatGPT and Bard for systematic reviews: comparative analysis","volume":"26","author":"Chelli M","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chelli M, Descamps J, Lavou\u00e9 V, et al.. Hallucination rates and reference accuracy of ChatGPT and Bard for systematic reviews: comparative analysis. J Med Internet Res. 2024, 26:e53164. 10.2196\/53164","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-025-07968-0","article-title":"Leveraging ChatGPT to support terminology learning in oral anatomy: a mixed-methods study among linguistically diverse dental students","volume":"25","author":"Rath A","year":"2025","unstructured":"Rath A. Leveraging ChatGPT to support terminology learning in oral anatomy: a mixed-methods study among linguistically diverse dental students. BMC Med Educ. 2025, 25:1425. 10.1186\/s12909-025-07968-0","journal-title":"BMC Med Educ"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/atm-24-162","article-title":"Artificial intelligence in clinical settings: a systematic review of its role in language translation and interpretation","volume":"12","author":"Genovese A","year":"2024","unstructured":"Genovese A, Borna S, Gomez-Cabello CA, Haider SA, Prabha S, Forte AJ, Veenstra BR. Artificial intelligence in clinical settings: a systematic review of its role in language translation and interpretation. Ann Transl Med. 2024, 12:117. 10.21037\/atm-24-162","journal-title":"Ann Transl Med"},{"key":"ref30","article-title":"Towards a multilingual version of terminologia anatomica","volume":"116","author":"Fabry P","year":"2005","unstructured":"Fabry P, Baud R, Lovis C. Towards a multilingual version of terminologia anatomica. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2005, 116:665-70.","journal-title":"Stud Health Technol Inform"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2005.08.008","article-title":"Amplification of Terminologia anatomica by French language terms using Latin terms matching algorithm: a prototype for other language","volume":"75","author":"Fabry P","year":"2006","unstructured":"Fabry P, Baud R, Burgun A, Lovis C. Amplification of Terminologia anatomica by French language terms using Latin terms matching algorithm: a prototype for other language. Int J Med Inform. 2006, 75:542-52. 10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2005.08.008","journal-title":"Int J Med Inform"},{"key":"ref32","article-title":"Correct use of anatomic nomenclature in selected Czech professional journals (Article in Czech)","volume":"78","author":"B\u00e1ca V","year":"1999","unstructured":"B\u00e1ca V, Skubal J, Stingl J. Correct use of anatomic nomenclature in selected Czech professional journals (Article in Czech). Rozhl Chir. 1999, 78:551-5.","journal-title":"Rozhl Chir"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00276-025-03767-w","article-title":"Greek anatomical nomenclature: the urgent need for evidence-based standardization","volume":"47","author":"Triantafyllou G","year":"2025","unstructured":"Triantafyllou G, Piagkou M. Greek anatomical nomenclature: the urgent need for evidence-based standardization. Surg Radiol Anat. 2025, 47:252. 10.1007\/s00276-025-03767-w","journal-title":"Surg Radiol Anat"},{"key":"ref34","unstructured":"Artificial intelligence. (2026). Accessed. September 7, 2026: https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/author_guide\/policies-and-procedures\/artificial-intelligence."},{"key":"ref35","unstructured":"Use of artificial intelligence in publishing. (2026). Accessed. September 10, 2026: https:\/\/www.icmje.org\/recommendations\/browse\/artificial-intelligence\/."},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Authorship and AI tools. (2023). Accessed. September 10, 2026: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24318\/cCVRZBms.","DOI":"10.24318\/cCVRZBms"},{"key":"ref37","unstructured":"Generative AI policies for journals. (2026). Accessed. September 10, 2026: https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/about\/policies-and-standards\/generative-ai-policies-for-journals."},{"key":"ref38","unstructured":"AI guidance for researchers, editors and reviewers. (2026). Accessed. September 10, 2026: https:\/\/group.springernature.com\/gp\/group\/ai\/ai-guidance-for-our-researchers-and-communities."}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/535483-terminologia-anatomica-compliance-in-generative-artificial-intelligence-outputs-a-structured-narrative-review-and-terminology-specific-verification-checklist","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T12:32:45Z","timestamp":1789993965000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/535483-terminologia-anatomica-compliance-in-generative-artificial-intelligence-outputs-a-structured-narrative-review-and-terminology-specific-verification-checklist"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]]},"references-count":38,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.116639","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]]}}}