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(2024). https.\/\/www.brookings.edu\/articles\/no-surprises-act-arbitration-databook\/."},{"key":"ref2","unstructured":"New Data, Same Problem. No Surprises Act arbitration abuse persists. (2026). https:\/\/www.niskanencenter.org\/new-data-same-problem-no-surprises-act-arbitration-abuse-persists\/."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/haschl\/qxae132","article-title":"No Surprises Act Independent Dispute Resolution outcomes for emergency services","volume":"2","author":"Duffy EL","year":"2024","unstructured":"Duffy EL, Garmon C, Adler L, Biener A, Trish E. No Surprises Act Independent Dispute Resolution outcomes for emergency services. Health Aff Sch. 2024, 2:qxae132. 10.1093\/haschl\/qxae132","journal-title":"Health Aff Sch"},{"key":"ref4","unstructured":"The No Surprises Act IDR process. An early look at 2025 data (Health Affairs Forefront). (2026). Accessed: 2026: https:\/\/www.healthaffairs.org\/content\/forefront\/no-surprises-act-idr-process-early-look-2025-data."},{"key":"ref5","unstructured":"A Call for New Research on the No Surprises Act. (2026). https.\/\/www.cbo.gov\/publication\/62491."},{"key":"ref6","unstructured":"UnitedHealth (UNH) Q2 2026 Earnings Call Transcript. (2026). https.\/\/www.theglobeandmail.com\/investing\/markets\/markets-news\/Motley%20Fool\/3328224\/unitedhealth-unh-q2-2026-earning...."},{"key":"ref7","unstructured":"42 U.S. Code \u00a7 300gg-111 - Preventing surprise medical bills. (2026). https.\/\/www.law.cornell.edu\/uscode\/text\/42\/300gg-111."},{"key":"ref8","unstructured":"Federal Independent Dispute Resolution Operations. (2026). https.\/\/www.federalregister.gov\/documents\/2026\/06\/04\/2026-11140\/federal-independent-dispute-resolution-operations."},{"key":"ref9","unstructured":"Independent Dispute Resolution Reports. (2026). https.\/\/www.cms.gov\/nosurprises\/policies-and-resources\/reports."},{"key":"ref10","unstructured":"Surprise Billing in Private Health Insurance. Overview of Federal Consumer Protections and Payment for Out-of-Network Services. (2021). https:\/\/www.congress.gov\/crs-product\/R46856."},{"key":"ref11","unstructured":"No Surprises Act (NSA) Independent Dispute Resolution (IDR) Process Data Analysis for 2024. (2025). https.\/\/www.congress.gov\/crs-product\/R48738."},{"key":"ref12","unstructured":"An Analysis of No Surprises Act (NSA) Independent Dispute Resolution (IDR) Emergency Service Outcomes Relative to In-Network Rates. (2026). https.\/\/www.congress.gov\/crs-product\/R48851."},{"key":"ref13","unstructured":"Texas Medical Association et al v. United States Department of Health and Human Services et al, 6.2021cv00425 - Document 113 (E.D. Tex. 2022). (2022). https:\/\/law.justia.com\/cases\/federal\/district-courts\/texas\/txedce\/6:2021cv00425\/210604\/113\/."},{"key":"ref14","unstructured":"United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit. (2026). https.\/\/www.ca5.uscourts.gov\/opinions\/pub\/23\/23-40605-CV1.pdf."},{"key":"ref15","article-title":"Report to Congress: 2024 Qualifying Payment Amount Audits","author":"Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services","year":"2025","unstructured":"Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. Report to Congress: 2024 Qualifying Payment Amount Audits. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 2025,","journal-title":"U.S. Department of Health and Human Services"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00469580251401475","article-title":"Arbitration outcomes for out-of-network medical bills under the No Surprises Act","volume":"62","author":"Ukert B","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ukert B, Gordon AS. Arbitration outcomes for out-of-network medical bills under the No Surprises Act. Inquiry. 2025, 62:469580251401475. 10.1177\/00469580251401475","journal-title":"Inquiry"},{"key":"ref17","unstructured":"CMS\u2019 First No Surprises Audit Targets Aetna, Finds Some Noncompliance. (2024). https.\/\/www.healthcaredive.com\/news\/cms-no-surprises-first-audit-aetna-texas\/721126\/."},{"key":"ref18","unstructured":"Requirements Related to Surprise Billing; Part II. (2021). https.\/\/www.federalregister.gov\/documents\/2021\/10\/07\/2021-21441\/requirements-related-to-surprise-billing-part-ii."},{"key":"ref19","unstructured":"Federal Independent Dispute Resolution Operations. (2023). https.\/\/www.federalregister.gov\/documents\/2023\/11\/03\/2023-23716\/federal-independent-dispute-resolution-operations."},{"key":"ref20","unstructured":"Supplemental Background on Federal Independent Dispute Resolution Public Use Files January 1, 2025 - June 30, 2025. (2025). https.\/\/www.cms.gov\/files\/document\/federal-idr-supplemental-background-2025-q1-2025-q2.pdf."},{"key":"ref21","unstructured":"Supplemental Background on Federal Independent Dispute Resolution Public Use Files July 1, 2025 - December 31, 2025. (2026). https.\/\/www.cms.gov\/priorities\/innovation\/data-and-reports\/2026\/federal-idr-supplemental-background-2025-q3-2025-q4."},{"key":"ref22","unstructured":"FAQs About Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021 Implementation Part 73. (2026). https.\/\/www.cms.gov\/files\/document\/faqs-part-73.pdf."},{"key":"ref23","article-title":"The No Surprises Act: Independent Dispute Resolution for Planned Procedures","author":"Elevance Health Public Policy Institute","year":"2026","unstructured":"Elevance Health Public Policy Institute. The No Surprises Act: Independent Dispute Resolution for Planned Procedures. 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