{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T14:59:53Z","timestamp":1790780393140,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.117224","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T14:32:27Z","timestamp":1790778747000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Serious and Non-serious Hepatitis Reports in the U.S. Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System, 1990\u20132026: A Cross-Sectional Analysis"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Paula","family":"Arag\u00f3n Gutierrez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deepti","family":"Botlaguduru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asritha","family":"Chowdary Medarametla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sai Pratyusha","family":"Killy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2015.07.035","article-title":"Safety monitoring in the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS)","volume":"33","author":"Shimabukuro TT","year":"2015","unstructured":"Shimabukuro TT, Nguyen M, Martin D, DeStefano F. Safety monitoring in the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS). Vaccine. 2015, 33:4398-405. 10.1016\/j.vaccine.2015.07.035","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2019.10.001","article-title":"Reported adverse drug reactions in women and men: aggregated evidence from globally collected individual case reports during half a century","volume":"17","author":"Watson S","year":"2019","unstructured":"Watson S, Caster O, Rochon PA, den Ruijter H. Reported adverse drug reactions in women and men: aggregated evidence from globally collected individual case reports during half a century. EClinicalMedicine. 2019, 17:100188. 10.1016\/j.eclinm.2019.10.001","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.31065","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of autoimmune hepatitis in adults and children: 2019 practice guidance and guidelines from the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases","volume":"72","author":"Mack CL","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mack CL, Adams D, Assis DN, et al.. Diagnosis and management of autoimmune hepatitis in adults and children: 2019 practice guidance and guidelines from the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Hepatology. 2020, 72:671-722. 10.1002\/hep.31065","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.32572","article-title":"Liver injury after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination: features of immune-mediated hepatitis, role of corticosteroid therapy and outcome","volume":"76","author":"Efe C","year":"2022","unstructured":"Efe C, Kulkarni AV, Terziroli Beretta-Piccoli B, et al.. Liver injury after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination: features of immune-mediated hepatitis, role of corticosteroid therapy and outcome. Hepatology. 2022, 76:1576-86. 10.1002\/hep.32572","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2022.03.040","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 vaccination can elicit a CD8 T-cell dominant hepatitis","volume":"77","author":"Boettler T","year":"2022","unstructured":"Boettler T, Csernalabics B, Sali\u00e9 H, et al.. SARS-CoV-2 vaccination can elicit a CD8 T-cell dominant hepatitis. J Hepatol. 2022, 77:653-9. 10.1016\/j.jhep.2022.03.040","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1100617","article-title":"Real-world evidence of autoimmune hepatitis following COVID-19 vaccination: a population-based pharmacovigilance analysis","volume":"14","author":"Chen C","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chen C, Xie D, Xiao J. Real-world evidence of autoimmune hepatitis following COVID-19 vaccination: a population-based pharmacovigilance analysis. Front Pharmacol. 2023, 14:1100617. 10.3389\/fphar.2023.1100617","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref7","unstructured":"Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) Help. (2025). Accessed. May 19, 2026: https:\/\/wonder.cdc.gov\/wonder\/help\/vaers.html."},{"key":"ref8","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Health &amp; Human Services. 45 CFR 46 - Protection of Human Subjects. (2018). Accessed. May 18, 2026: https:\/\/www.hhs.gov\/ohrp\/regulations-and-policy\/regulations\/45-cfr-46\/index.html."},{"key":"ref9","unstructured":"Office for Human Research Protections (OHRP). Coded Private Information or Biospecimens Used in Research, Guidance. (2018). Accessed. May 19, 2026: https:\/\/www.hhs.gov\/ohrp\/coded-private-information-or-biospecimens-used-research.html."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23736\/S0026-4806.26.09862-9","article-title":"Virtual research designs and IRB requirements: clarifying what truly needs ethics approval","volume":"117","author":"Deoghare S","year":"2026","unstructured":"Deoghare S. Virtual research designs and IRB requirements: clarifying what truly needs ethics approval. Minerva Med. 2026, 117:96-7. 10.23736\/S0026-4806.26.09862-9","journal-title":"Minerva Med"},{"key":"ref11","unstructured":"SAS Institute Inc. SAS OnDemand for Academics. (2026). Accessed. May 15, 2026: https:\/\/www.sas.com\/en_us\/software\/on-demand-for-academics.html."},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2014.07.073","article-title":"The Vaccine Safety Datalink: successes and challenges monitoring vaccine safety","volume":"32","author":"McNeil MM","year":"2014","unstructured":"McNeil MM, Gee J, Weintraub ES, et al.. The Vaccine Safety Datalink: successes and challenges monitoring vaccine safety. Vaccine. 2014, 32:5390-8. 10.1016\/j.vaccine.2014.07.073","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7008e3","article-title":"First month of COVID-19 vaccine safety monitoring - United States, December 14, 2020-January 13, 2021","volume":"70","author":"Gee J","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gee J, Marquez P, Su J, et al.. First month of COVID-19 vaccine safety monitoring - United States, December 14, 2020-January 13, 2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2021, 70:283-8. 10.15585\/mmwr.mm7008e3","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2016.90","article-title":"Sex differences in immune responses","volume":"16","author":"Klein SL","year":"2016","unstructured":"Klein SL, Flanagan KL. Sex differences in immune responses. Nat Rev Immunol. 2016, 16:626-38. 10.1038\/nri.2016.90","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"ref15","article-title":"A comprehensive immunization strategy to eliminate transmission of hepatitis B virus infection in the United States: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) part 1: immunization of infants, children, and adolescents","volume":"54","author":"Mast EE","year":"2005","unstructured":"Mast EE, Margolis HS, Fiore AE, et al.. A comprehensive immunization strategy to eliminate transmission of hepatitis B virus infection in the United States: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) part 1: immunization of infants, children, and adolescents. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2005, 54:1-31.","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1035073","article-title":"Autoimmune hepatitis after COVID-19 vaccination","volume":"13","author":"Zheng H","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zheng H, Zhang T, Xu Y, Lu X, Sang X. Autoimmune hepatitis after COVID-19 vaccination. Front Immunol. 2022, 13:1035073. 10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1035073","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2021.102688","article-title":"Auto-immune hepatitis following COVID vaccination","volume":"123","author":"Rela M","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rela M, Jothimani D, Vij M, Rajakumar A, Rammohan A. Auto-immune hepatitis following COVID vaccination. J Autoimmun. 2021, 123:102688. 10.1016\/j.jaut.2021.102688","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2005.12.051","article-title":"Acute liver failure in children: the first 348 patients in the pediatric acute liver failure study group","volume":"148","author":"Squires RH Jr","year":"2006","unstructured":"Squires RH Jr, Shneider BL, Bucuvalas J, et al.. Acute liver failure in children: the first 348 patients in the pediatric acute liver failure study group. J Pediatr. 2006, 148:652-8. 10.1016\/j.jpeds.2005.12.051","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra035092","article-title":"Developmental pharmacology--drug disposition, action, and therapy in infants and children","volume":"349","author":"Kearns GL","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kearns GL, Abdel-Rahman SM, Alander SW, Blowey DL, Leeder JS, Kauffman RE. Developmental pharmacology--drug disposition, action, and therapy in infants and children. N Engl J Med. 2003, 349:1157-67. 10.1056\/NEJMra035092","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.14112","article-title":"Immune-mediated adverse reactions to vaccines","volume":"85","author":"Stone CA Jr","year":"2019","unstructured":"Stone CA Jr, Rukasin CR, Beachkofsky TM, Phillips EJ. Immune-mediated adverse reactions to vaccines. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2019, 85:2694-706. 10.1111\/bcp.14112","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5501\/wjv.v12.i2.100","article-title":"Immune-mediated liver injury following COVID-19 vaccination","volume":"12","author":"Schinas G","year":"2023","unstructured":"Schinas G, Polyzou E, Dimakopoulou V, Tsoupra S, Gogos C, Akinosoglou K. Immune-mediated liver injury following COVID-19 vaccination. World J Virol. 2023, 12:100-8. 10.5501\/wjv.v12.i2.100","journal-title":"World J Virol"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(22)00054-8","article-title":"Safety of mRNA vaccines administered during the initial 6 months of the US COVID-19 vaccination programme: an observational study of reports to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System and v-safe","volume":"22","author":"Rosenblum HG","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rosenblum HG, Gee J, Liu R, et al.. Safety of mRNA vaccines administered during the initial 6 months of the US COVID-19 vaccination programme: an observational study of reports to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System and v-safe. Lancet Infect Dis. 2022, 22:802-12. 10.1016\/S1473-3099(22)00054-8","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-010-9772-7_2","article-title":"Epidemiology in the United Kingdom of adverse drug reactions from non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs","author":"Weber JCP","year":"1987","unstructured":"Weber JCP. Epidemiology in the United Kingdom of adverse drug reactions from non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Side-Effects of Anti-Inflammatory Drugs: Part One Clinical and Epidemiological Aspects. Rainsford KD, Velo GP (ed): Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht; 1987. 27-35. 10.1007\/978-94-010-9772-7_2"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/514691-serious-and-non-serious-hepatitis-reports-in-the-us-vaccine-adverse-event-reporting-system-1990-2026-a-cross-sectional-analysis","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T14:32:29Z","timestamp":1790778749000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/514691-serious-and-non-serious-hepatitis-reports-in-the-us-vaccine-adverse-event-reporting-system-1990-2026-a-cross-sectional-analysis"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"references-count":23,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.117224","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]}}}