{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T14:51:49Z","timestamp":1791125509269,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.117427","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T13:56:21Z","timestamp":1791122181000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Historical Vignette on Trepanation: The Evolution of Opening the Skull"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Dilmareth E","family":"Natera-Rodriguez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Harty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Grande","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/2152-7806.156634","article-title":"Neolithic trepanation decoded-a unifying hypothesis: Has the mystery as to why primitive surgeons performed cranial surgery been solved?","volume":"6","author":"Faria MA","year":"2015","unstructured":"Faria MA. Neolithic trepanation decoded-a unifying hypothesis: Has the mystery as to why primitive surgeons performed cranial surgery been solved?. Surg Neurol Int. 2015, 6:72. 10.4103\/2152-7806.156634","journal-title":"Surg Neurol Int"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2015.08.002","article-title":"Survival after trepanation-early cranial surgery from Late Iron Age Switzerland","volume":"11","author":"Moghaddam N","year":"2015","unstructured":"Moghaddam N, Mailler-Burch S, Kara L, Kanz F, Jackowski C, L\u00f6sch S. Survival after trepanation-early cranial surgery from Late Iron Age Switzerland. Int J Paleopathol. 2015, 11:56-65. 10.1016\/j.ijpp.2015.08.002","journal-title":"Int J Paleopathol"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.03.143","article-title":"Trepanation procedures\/outcomes: comparison of prehistoric Peru with other ancient, medieval, and American Civil War cranial surgery","volume":"114","author":"Kushner DS","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kushner DS, Verano JW, Titelbaum AR. Trepanation procedures\/outcomes: comparison of prehistoric Peru with other ancient, medieval, and American Civil War cranial surgery. World Neurosurg. 2018, 114:245-51. 10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.03.143","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2026.112131","article-title":"The evolution of craniotomies, from the ancient civilizations to modern warfare: a historical review","volume":"152","author":"Cherem-Kibrit M","year":"2026","unstructured":"Cherem-Kibrit M, Moreno-Palacios J, Zonana-Schatz E, et al.. The evolution of craniotomies, from the ancient civilizations to modern warfare: a historical review. J Clin Neurosci. 2026, 152:112131. 10.1016\/j.jocn.2026.112131","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"ref5","article-title":"Craniotomy","author":"Munakomi S","year":"2026","unstructured":"Munakomi S, Hall WA. Craniotomy. StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island (FL); 2026."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s41073-019-0064-8","article-title":"SANRA-a scale for the quality assessment of narrative review articles","volume":"4","author":"Baethge C","year":"2019","unstructured":"Baethge C, Goldbeck-Wood S, Mertens S. SANRA-a scale for the quality assessment of narrative review articles. Res Integr Peer Rev. 2019, 4:5. 10.1186\/s41073-019-0064-8","journal-title":"Res Integr Peer Rev"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.07.042","article-title":"Cranial surgery in antiquity: the size of trepanations during the Neolithic period in France","volume":"190","author":"Gualdi-Russo E","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gualdi-Russo E, Lefebvre P, Arnaud J. Cranial surgery in antiquity: the size of trepanations during the Neolithic period in France. World Neurosurg. 2024, 190:131-40. 10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.07.042","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3171\/FOC-07\/07\/E5","article-title":"Decision making in head injury management in the Edwin Smith Papyrus","volume":"23","author":"Sanchez GM","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sanchez GM, Burridge AL. Decision making in head injury management in the Edwin Smith Papyrus. Neurosurg Focus. 2007, 23:E5.","journal-title":"Neurosurg Focus"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/2014.4.JNS131886","article-title":"The skull of Chios: trepanation in Hippocratic medicine","volume":"121","author":"Tsermoulas G","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tsermoulas G, Aidonis A, Flint G. The skull of Chios: trepanation in Hippocratic medicine. J Neurosurg. 2014, 121:328-32. 10.3171\/2014.4.JNS131886","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/FOC-07\/07\/E11","article-title":"Hippocrates, Galen, and the uses of trepanation in the ancient classical world","volume":"23","author":"Missios S","year":"2007","unstructured":"Missios S. Hippocrates, Galen, and the uses of trepanation in the ancient classical world. Neurosurg Focus. 2007, 23:11. 10.3171\/FOC-07\/07\/E11","journal-title":"Neurosurg Focus"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2021.07.008","article-title":"Trepanations in the ancient Greek colony of Akanthos: Skull surgery in the light of Hippocratic medicine","volume":"35","author":"Aidonis A","year":"2021","unstructured":"Aidonis A, Papavramidou N, Moraitis K, Papageorgopoulou C. Trepanations in the ancient Greek colony of Akanthos: Skull surgery in the light of Hippocratic medicine. Int J Paleopathol. 2021, 35:8-21. 10.1016\/j.ijpp.2021.07.008","journal-title":"Int J Paleopathol"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2024.02.002","article-title":"Chapter two: trepanation technique","volume":"284","author":"Ganz JC","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ganz JC. Chapter two: trepanation technique. Prog Brain Res. 2024, 284:11-7. 10.1016\/bs.pbr.2024.02.002","journal-title":"Prog Brain Res"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02688697.2023.2204928","article-title":"A history of the surgery of the cranial sutures","volume":"39","author":"Ganz JC","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ganz JC. A history of the surgery of the cranial sutures. Br J Neurosurg. 2025, 39:180-3. 10.1080\/02688697.2023.2204928","journal-title":"Br J Neurosurg"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-009-0205-5","article-title":"What does Al-Qanun Fi Al-Tibb (the Canon of medicine) say on head injuries?","volume":"32","author":"Aciduman A","year":"2009","unstructured":"Aciduman A, Arda B, Ozakt\u00fcrk FG, Telatar UF. What does Al-Qanun Fi Al-Tibb (the Canon of medicine) say on head injuries?. Neurosurg Rev. 2009, 32:255-63. 10.1007\/s10143-009-0205-5","journal-title":"Neurosurg Rev"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.01.169","article-title":"Al-Zahrawi (936-1013 AD): on the surgical treatment of neurological disorders by the father of operative surgery","volume":"184","author":"Abdulrazeq HF","year":"2024","unstructured":"Abdulrazeq HF, Ali R, Najib H, et al.. Al-Zahrawi (936-1013 AD): on the surgical treatment of neurological disorders by the father of operative surgery. World Neurosurg. 2024, 184:236-40.e1. 10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.01.169","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2001-16333","article-title":"Trepanations from the early medieval period of southwestern Germany-indications, complications and outcome (Article in German)","volume":"62","author":"Weber J","year":"2001","unstructured":"Weber J, Czarnetzki A. Trepanations from the early medieval period of southwestern Germany-indications, complications and outcome (Article in German). Zentralbl Neurochir. 2001, 62:10-4. 10.1055\/s-2001-16333","journal-title":"Zentralbl Neurochir"},{"key":"ref17","article-title":"Trephined skulls in Hungary (Article in Hungarian)","volume":"52","author":"J\u00f3zsa LG","year":"2007","unstructured":"J\u00f3zsa LG, F\u00f3thi E. Trephined skulls in Hungary (Article in Hungarian). Orvostort Kozl. 2007, 52:15-30.","journal-title":"Orvostort Kozl"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.25122\/jml-2023-1001","article-title":"History of Neurotrauma: a tale from the Medieval Ages and the Renaissance","volume":"16","author":"Dobran SA","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dobran SA, Muresanu D. History of Neurotrauma: a tale from the Medieval Ages and the Renaissance. J Med Life. 2023, 16:1-3. 10.25122\/jml-2023-1001","journal-title":"J Med Life"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08941930802330830","article-title":"De Humani Corporis Fabrica surgical revolution","volume":"21","author":"Toledo-Pereyra LH","year":"2008","unstructured":"Toledo-Pereyra LH. De Humani Corporis Fabrica surgical revolution. J Invest Surg. 2008, 21:232-6. 10.1080\/08941930802330830","journal-title":"J Invest Surg"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.10.187","article-title":"Ambroise Par\u00e9: his contribution to the future advancement of neurosurgery and the hardships of his times affecting his life and brilliant career","volume":"134","author":"Splavski B","year":"2020","unstructured":"Splavski B, Rotim K, Boop FA, Gienapp AJ, Arnautovi\u0107 KI. Ambroise Par\u00e9: his contribution to the future advancement of neurosurgery and the hardships of his times affecting his life and brilliant career. World Neurosurg. 2020, 134:233-9. 10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.10.187","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"ref21","article-title":"Discourses on the Nature and Cure of Wounds","author":"Bell J","year":"1807","unstructured":"Bell J. Discourses on the Nature and Cure of Wounds. Thomas & Thomas, Walpole, NH; 1807."},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-011-1666-8","article-title":"Sir Charles Bell (1774-1842) and his contributions to early neurosurgery","volume":"28","author":"Tubbs RS","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tubbs RS, Riech S, Verma K, Mortazavi MM, Loukas M, Benninger B, Cohen-Gadol AA. Sir Charles Bell (1774-1842) and his contributions to early neurosurgery. Childs Nerv Syst. 2012, 28:331-5. 10.1007\/s00381-011-1666-8","journal-title":"Childs Nerv Syst"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/08941939.2012.690328","article-title":"Historical development of modern anesthesia","volume":"25","author":"Robinson DH","year":"2012","unstructured":"Robinson DH, Toledo AH. Historical development of modern anesthesia. J Invest Surg. 2012, 25:141-9. 10.3109\/08941939.2012.690328","journal-title":"J Invest Surg"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.32777","article-title":"Joseph Lister (1827-1912): a pioneer of antiseptic surgery","volume":"14","author":"Michaleas SN","year":"2022","unstructured":"Michaleas SN, Laios K, Charalabopoulos A, Samonis G, Karamanou M. Joseph Lister (1827-1912): a pioneer of antiseptic surgery. Cureus. 2022, 14:e32777. 10.7759\/cureus.32777","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-023-05825-3","article-title":"William Macewen and the first documented successful resection of a brain tumor","volume":"39","author":"Cohen AR","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cohen AR. William Macewen and the first documented successful resection of a brain tumor. Childs Nerv Syst. 2023, 39:3019-24. 10.1007\/s00381-023-05825-3","journal-title":"Childs Nerv Syst"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006123-200203000-00032","article-title":"Sir Victor Horsley (1857-1916): pioneer of neurological surgery","volume":"50","author":"Tan TC","year":"2002","unstructured":"Tan TC, Black PM. Sir Victor Horsley (1857-1916): pioneer of neurological surgery. Neurosurgery. 2002, 50:607-12. 10.1097\/00006123-200203000-00032","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006123-200104000-00045","article-title":"Victor Horsley on \"trephining in pre-historic times\"","volume":"48","author":"Finger S","year":"2001","unstructured":"Finger S, Clower WT. Victor Horsley on \"trephining in pre-historic times\". Neurosurgery. 2001, 48:911-8. 10.1097\/00006123-200104000-00045","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1997.87.6.0964","article-title":"The crucial decade: modern neurosurgery's definitive development in Harvey Cushing's early research and practice, 1900 to 1910","volume":"87","author":"Greenblatt SH","year":"1997","unstructured":"Greenblatt SH. The crucial decade: modern neurosurgery's definitive development in Harvey Cushing's early research and practice, 1900 to 1910. J Neurosurg. 1997, 87:964-71. 10.3171\/jns.1997.87.6.0964","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/foc.2005.18.4.3","article-title":"Early evolution of neurological surgery: conquering increased intracranial pressure, infection, and blood loss","volume":"18","author":"Voorhees JR","year":"2005","unstructured":"Voorhees JR, Cohen-Gadol AA, Spencer DD. Early evolution of neurological surgery: conquering increased intracranial pressure, infection, and blood loss. Neurosurg Focus. 2005, 18:e2. 10.3171\/foc.2005.18.4.3","journal-title":"Neurosurg Focus"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-191807000-00002","article-title":"Ventriculography following the injection of air into the cerebral ventricles","volume":"68","author":"Dandy WE","year":"1918","unstructured":"Dandy WE. Ventriculography following the injection of air into the cerebral ventricles. Ann Surg. 1918, 68:5-11. 10.1097\/00000658-191807000-00002","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.64923","article-title":"Decompressive craniectomy: from ancient practices to modern neurosurgery","volume":"16","author":"Singh C","year":"2024","unstructured":"Singh C, Gharde P, Iratwar S, Verma P, Triwedi B. Decompressive craniectomy: from ancient practices to modern neurosurgery. Cureus. 2024, 16:e64923. 10.7759\/cureus.64923","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fsurg.2023.1241923","article-title":"Advances in artificial intelligence, robotics, augmented and virtual reality in neurosurgery","volume":"10","author":"Kazemzadeh K","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kazemzadeh K, Akhlaghdoust M, Zali A. Advances in artificial intelligence, robotics, augmented and virtual reality in neurosurgery. Front Surg. 2023, 10:1241923. 10.3389\/fsurg.2023.1241923","journal-title":"Front Surg"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/367495-historical-vignette-on-trepanation-the-evolution-of-opening-the-skull","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T13:56:22Z","timestamp":1791122182000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/367495-historical-vignette-on-trepanation-the-evolution-of-opening-the-skull"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]]},"references-count":32,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.117427","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]]}}}