{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T22:29:20Z","timestamp":1769552960019,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,27]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.12939","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,27]],"date-time":"2021-01-27T19:14:20Z","timestamp":1611774860000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Re-bleed and Mortality Amongst Patients Following Initial Endoscopy for Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding: A Single-Center Nigeria Study"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Emeka","family":"Ray-Offor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kalanne","family":"Opusunju","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.167.12.1291","article-title":"Predicting poor outcome from acute upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage","volume":"167","author":"Imperiale TF","year":"2007","unstructured":"Imperiale TF, Dominitz JA, Provenzale DT, et al.. Predicting poor outcome from acute upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Arch Intern Med. 2007, 167:1291-1296. 10.1001\/archinte.167.12.1291","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.311.6999.222","article-title":"Incidence of and mortality from acute upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage in the United Kingdom","volume":"311","author":"Rockall TA","year":"1995","unstructured":"Rockall TA, Logan RF, Devlin HB, Northfield TC. Incidence of and mortality from acute upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage in the United Kingdom. BMJ. 1995, 311:222-226. 10.1136\/bmj.311.6999.222","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2012.168","article-title":"Trends for incidence of hospitalization and death due to GI complications in the United States from 2001 to 2009","volume":"107","author":"Laine L","year":"2012","unstructured":"Laine L, Yang H, Chang SC, Datto C. Trends for incidence of hospitalization and death due to GI complications in the United States from 2001 to 2009. Am J Gastroenterol. 2012, 107:1190-1195. 10.1038\/ajg.2012.168","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/ijmu.v12i2.2","article-title":"A clinical study on etiology, prognosis, outcome, and role of endoscopy in upper gastrointestinal bleed in a tertiary care center","volume":"12","author":"Shangavi Y","year":"2017","unstructured":"Shangavi Y, Rathod JB, Yagnik VD. A clinical study on etiology, prognosis, outcome, and role of endoscopy in upper gastrointestinal bleed in a tertiary care center. Internet J Med Updat. 2017, 12:4-9. 10.4314\/ijmu.v12i2.2","journal-title":"Internet J Med Updat"},{"key":"ref5","article-title":"Endoscopy in gastrointestinal bleeding","author":"Ray-Offor E","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ray-Offor E, Misauno MA. Endoscopy in gastrointestinal bleeding. Flexible gastrointestinal endoscopy basic principles. Ray-Offor E (ed): TND press Ltd, Port Harcourt, Nigeria; 2017. 1:92-113."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.44.3.331","article-title":"Validation of the Rockall risk scoring system in upper gastrointestinal bleeding","volume":"44","author":"Vreeburg EM","year":"1999","unstructured":"Vreeburg EM, Terwee CB, Snel P, et al.. Validation of the Rockall risk scoring system in upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Gut. 1999, 44:331-335. 10.1136\/gut.44.3.331","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00042737-200205000-00006","article-title":"Three-year prospective validation of a pre-endoscopic risk stratification in patients with acute upper-gastrointestinal haemorrhage","volume":"14","author":"Cameron EA","year":"2002","unstructured":"Cameron EA, Pratap JN, Sims TJ, et al.. Three-year prospective validation of a pre-endoscopic risk stratification in patients with acute upper-gastrointestinal haemorrhage. Eur J Gastro Hepatol. 2002, 14:497-501. 10.1097\/00042737-200205000-00006","journal-title":"Eur J Gastro Hepatol"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2011.480","article-title":"Management of patients with ulcer bleeding","volume":"107","author":"Laine L","year":"2012","unstructured":"Laine L, Jensen DM. Management of patients with ulcer bleeding. Am J Gastroenterol. 2012, 107:345-360. 10.1038\/ajg.2011.480","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.38.3.316","article-title":"Risk assessment after acute upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage","volume":"38","author":"Rockall TA","year":"1996","unstructured":"Rockall TA, Logan RF, Devlin HB, Northfield TC. Risk assessment after acute upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage. Gut. 1996, 38:316-321. 10.1136\/gut.38.3.316","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(96)90607-8","article-title":"Selection of patients for early discharge or outpatient care after acute upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage","volume":"347","author":"Rockall TA","year":"1996","unstructured":"Rockall TA,  Devlin HB, Logan RF, Northfield TC. Selection of patients for early discharge or outpatient care after acute upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage. Lancet. 1996, 347:1138-1140. 10.1016\/s0140-6736(96)90607-8","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840160607","article-title":"Prevalence, classification, and natural history of gastric varices: a long-term follow-up study in 568 portal hypertension patients","volume":"16","author":"Sarin SK","year":"1992","unstructured":"Sarin SK, Lahoti D, Saxena SP,  Murthy NS, Uday KM. Prevalence, classification, and natural history of gastric varices: a long-term follow-up study in 568 portal hypertension patients. Hepatology. 1992, 16:1343-1349. 10.1002\/hep.1840160607","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1010729","article-title":"Is the Forrest classification a useful tool for planning endoscopic therapy of bleeding peptic ulcer?","volume":"21","author":"Heldwein W","year":"1989","unstructured":"Heldwein W, Schreiner J, Pedrazzoli J, Lehnert P. Is the Forrest classification a useful tool for planning endoscopic therapy of bleeding peptic ulcer?. Endoscopy. 1989, 21:258-262. 10.1055\/s-2007-1010729","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/njss.njss_7_15","article-title":"Etiology of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in the University of Benin Teaching Hospital, South-Southern Nigeria","volume":"26","author":"Ugiagbe RA","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ugiagbe RA, Omuemu CE. Etiology of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in the University of Benin Teaching Hospital, South-Southern Nigeria. Niger J Surg Sci. 2016, 26:29-32. 10.4103\/njss.njss_7_15","journal-title":"Niger J Surg Sci"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.31.5.504","article-title":"Value of a centralized approach in the management of haematemesis and melaena: experience in a District General Hospital","volume":"31","author":"Holman RA","year":"1990","unstructured":"Holman RA, Davis M, Gough KR, Gartell P, Britton DC, Smith RB. Value of a centralized approach in the management of haematemesis and melaena: experience in a District General Hospital. Gut. 1990, 31:504-508. 10.1136\/gut.31.5.504","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-014-0210-1","article-title":"Management of overt upper gastrointestinal bleeding in a low resource setting: a real-world report from Nigeria","volume":"14","author":"Alatise OI","year":"2014","unstructured":"Alatise OI, Aderibigbe AS, Adisa AO, et al.. Management of overt upper gastrointestinal bleeding in a low resource setting: a real-world report from Nigeria. BMC Gastroenterol. 2014, 14:121-137. 10.1186\/s12876-014-0210-1","journal-title":"BMC Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref16","article-title":"Hematemesis, melena, and hematochezia","author":"Wilson DI","year":"1990","unstructured":"Wilson DI. Hematemesis, melena, and hematochezia. Clinical methods: the history, physical, and laboratory examinations, 3rd edition.. Walker HK, Hall WD, Hurst JW (ed): Butterworths, Boston, USA; 1990."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijscr.2016.08.028","article-title":"Ulcerated choledochocele: a case report","volume":"28","author":"Ray-Offor E","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ray-Offor E, Elenwo SN, Igwe PO, et al.. Ulcerated choledochocele: a case report. Int J Surg Case Reps. 2016, 28:42-44. 10.1016\/j.ijscr.2016.08.028","journal-title":"Int J Surg Case Reps"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(86)92927-2","article-title":"Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and bleeding peptic ulcer","volume":"1","author":"Somerville KW","year":"1986","unstructured":"Somerville KW, Faulkner G, Langman MJ. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and bleeding peptic ulcer. Lancet. 1986, 1:462-464. 10.1016\/s0140-6736(86)92927-2","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2007.09.024","article-title":"An evaluation of endoscopic indications and findings related to nonvariceal upper-GI hemorrhage in a large multicenter consortium","volume":"67","author":"Enestvedt BK","year":"2008","unstructured":"Enestvedt BK, Gralnek IM, Mattek N, Lieberman DA, Eisen G. An evaluation of endoscopic indications and findings related to nonvariceal upper-GI hemorrhage in a large multicenter consortium. Gastrointest Endosc. 2008, 67:422-429. 10.1016\/j.gie.2007.09.024","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/1117-6806.162575","article-title":"Endoscopic evaluation of upper and lower gastro-intestinal bleeding","volume":"21","author":"Ray-Offor E","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ray-Offor E, Elenwo SN. Endoscopic evaluation of upper and lower gastro-intestinal bleeding. Niger J Surg. 2015, 21:106-110. 10.4103\/1117-6806.162575","journal-title":"Niger J Surg"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/1319-3767.91737","article-title":"Clinical outcome of acute upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage among patients admitted to a government hospital in Egypt","volume":"18","author":"Gado AS","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gado AS, Ebeid BA, Abdelmohsen AM, Axon AT. Clinical outcome of acute upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage among patients admitted to a government hospital in Egypt. Saudi J Gastroenterol. 2012, 18:34-39. 10.4103\/1319-3767.91737","journal-title":"Saudi J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4236\/ss.2014.511077","article-title":"Upper gastrointestinal bleeding at a public referral hospital in Malawi","volume":"5","author":"Mulima G","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mulima G, Qureshi JS, Shores C, et al.. Upper gastrointestinal bleeding at a public referral hospital in Malawi. Surg Sci. 2014,  5:501-507. 10.4236\/ss.2014.511077","journal-title":"Surg Sci"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-017-0712-8","article-title":"Risk factors for mortality among patients admitted with upper gastrointestinal bleeding at a tertiary hospital: a prospective cohort study","volume":"17","author":"Moledina SM","year":"2017","unstructured":"Moledina SM, Komba E. Risk factors for mortality among patients admitted with upper gastrointestinal bleeding at a tertiary hospital: a prospective cohort study. BMC Gastroenterol. 2017, 17:165. 10.1186\/s12876-017-0712-8","journal-title":"BMC Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref24","article-title":"Factors affecting hospital mortality in acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding","volume":"6","author":"Alam MK","year":"2000","unstructured":"Alam MK. Factors affecting hospital mortality in acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Saudi J Gastroenterol. 2000, 6:87-91.","journal-title":"Saudi J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref25","article-title":"Upper gastrointestinal bleeding in Malawian adults and value of splenomegaly in predicting source of haemorrhage","volume":"66","author":"Harries AD","year":"1986","unstructured":"Harries AD, Wirima J. Upper gastrointestinal bleeding in Malawian adults and value of splenomegaly in predicting source of haemorrhage. East Afr Med J. 1986, 66:97-99.","journal-title":"East Afr Med J"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18203\/2349-3933.ijam20203598","article-title":"Endoscopic profile, and clinical outcome of patients presenting with upper gastrointestinal bleeding","volume":"7","author":"Kumar A","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kumar A, Kasturi U, Singh A, Kaur D. Endoscopic profile, and clinical outcome of patients presenting with upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Int J Adv Med. 2020, 7:1355-1360. 10.18203\/2349-3933.ijam20203598","journal-title":"Int J Adv Med"},{"key":"ref27","article-title":"Predictive factors for failure of endoscopic management of therapy in peptic ulcer bleeding","volume":"8","author":"Siva R","year":"2002","unstructured":"Siva R, Al Zubaidi G, Masoud A, Nihar M. Predictive factors for failure of endoscopic management of therapy in peptic ulcer bleeding. Saudi J Gastroenterol. 2002, 8:17-21.","journal-title":"Saudi J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gastro\/goaa009","article-title":"Predictors of mortality and endoscopic intervention in patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding in the intensive care unit","volume":"8","author":"Rao VL","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rao VL, Gupta N, Swei E, et al.. Predictors of mortality and endoscopic intervention in patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding in the intensive care unit. Gastroenterol Rep. 2020, 8:299-305. 10.1093\/gastro\/goaa009","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Rep"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5455\/medarh.2020.74.270-274","article-title":"Comparison of Glasgow-Blatchford score and Rockall score in patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding","volume":"74","author":"Custovic N","year":"2020","unstructured":"Custovic N, Husic-Selimovic A, Srsen N, Prohic D. Comparison of Glasgow-Blatchford score and Rockall score in patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Med Arch. 2020, 74:270-274. 10.5455\/medarh.2020.74.270-274","journal-title":"Med Arch"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/49723-re-bleed-and-mortality-amongst-patients-following-initial-endoscopy-for-upper-gastrointestinal-bleeding-a-single-center-nigeria-study","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,9]],"date-time":"2024-02-09T19:29:35Z","timestamp":1707506975000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/49723-re-bleed-and-mortality-amongst-patients-following-initial-endoscopy-for-upper-gastrointestinal-bleeding-a-single-center-nigeria-study"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,27]]},"references-count":29,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.12939","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,27]]}}}