{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T16:55:36Z","timestamp":1790009736572,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,29]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.16722","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,29]],"date-time":"2021-07-29T14:15:03Z","timestamp":1627568103000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Unraveling the Association Between Schizophrenia and Substance Use Disorder-Predictors, Mechanisms and Treatment Modifications: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Anum","family":"Masroor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arseni","family":"Khorochkov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jose","family":"Prieto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karan B","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maduka C","family":"Nnadozie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Abdal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niki","family":"Shrestha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rose Anne M","family":"Abe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lubna","family":"Mohammed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2017.04.016","article-title":"The link between schizophrenia and substance use disorder: a unifying hypothesis","volume":"194","author":"Khokhar JY","year":"2018","unstructured":"Khokhar JY, Dwiel LL, Henricks AM, Doucette WT, Green AI. The link between schizophrenia and substance use disorder: a unifying hypothesis. Schizophr Res. 2018, 194:78-85. 10.1016\/j.schres.2017.04.016","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2014.12.006","article-title":"Comorbid substance use disorders in schizophrenia: a latent class approach","volume":"225","author":"Kerner B","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kerner B. Comorbid substance use disorders in schizophrenia: a latent class approach. Psychiatry Res. 2014, 225:395-401. 10.1016\/j.psychres.2014.12.006","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14740\/jocmr4380","article-title":"Substance use patterns and schizophrenia spectrum disorders: a retrospective study of inpatients at a community teaching hospital","volume":"12","author":"Tumenta T","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tumenta T, Oladeji O, Gill M, Khan BA, Olayinka O, Ojimba C, Olupona T. Substance use patterns and schizophrenia spectrum disorders: a retrospective study of inpatients at a community teaching hospital. J Clin Med Res. 2020, 12:803-8. 10.14740\/jocmr4380","journal-title":"J Clin Med Res"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13073-017-0423-3","article-title":"Schizophrenia and substance use comorbidity: a genome-wide perspective","volume":"9","author":"Polimanti R","year":"2017","unstructured":"Polimanti R, Agrawal A, Gelernter J. Schizophrenia and substance use comorbidity: a genome-wide perspective. Genome Med. 2017, 9:25. 10.1186\/s13073-017-0423-3","journal-title":"Genome Med"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2017.04.020","article-title":"Association between substance use disorder and polygenic liability to schizophrenia","volume":"82","author":"Hartz SM","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hartz SM, Horton AC, Oehlert M, et al.. Association between substance use disorder and polygenic liability to schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry. 2017, 82:709-15. 10.1016\/j.biopsych.2017.04.020","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.focus.20160008","article-title":"Substance use disorders and schizophrenia","volume":"14","author":"Manseau M","year":"2016","unstructured":"Manseau M, Bogenschutz M. Substance use disorders and schizophrenia. Focus (Am Psychiatr Publ). 2016, 14:333-42. 10.1176\/appi.focus.20160008","journal-title":"Focus (Am Psychiatr Publ)"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2018.08.002","article-title":"Impact of substance use disorder on gray matter volume in schizophrenia","volume":"280","author":"Quinn M","year":"2018","unstructured":"Quinn M, McHugo M, Armstrong K, Woodward N, Blackford J, Heckers S. Impact of substance use disorder on gray matter volume in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging. 2018, 280:9-14. 10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2018.08.002","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0706743717720196","article-title":"Canadian schizophrenia guidelines: schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders with coexisting substance use disorders","volume":"62","author":"Crockford D","year":"2017","unstructured":"Crockford D, Addington D. Canadian schizophrenia guidelines: schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders with coexisting substance use disorders. Can J Psychiatry. 2017, 62:624-34. 10.1177\/0706743717720196","journal-title":"Can J Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2016.08.029","article-title":"A longitudinal study of adolescent psychotic experiences and later development of substance use disorder and suicidal behavior","volume":"181","author":"Cederl\u00f6f M","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cederl\u00f6f M, Kuja-Halkola R, Larsson H, et al.. A longitudinal study of adolescent psychotic experiences and later development of substance use disorder and suicidal behavior. Schizophr Res. 2017, 181:13-6. 10.1016\/j.schres.2016.08.029","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2016.252","article-title":"Cannabis use and risk of schizophrenia: a Mendelian randomization study","volume":"23","author":"Vaucher J","year":"2018","unstructured":"Vaucher J, Keating BJ, Lasserre AM, et al.. Cannabis use and risk of schizophrenia: a Mendelian randomization study. Mol Psychiatry. 2018, 23:1287-92. 10.1038\/mp.2016.252","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.11.002","article-title":"Do cannabis use disorders increase medication non-compliance in schizophrenia?: United States Nationwide inpatient cross-sectional study","volume":"224","author":"Patel RS","year":"2020","unstructured":"Patel RS, Sreeram V, Vadukapuram R, Baweja R. Do cannabis use disorders increase medication non-compliance in schizophrenia?: United States Nationwide inpatient cross-sectional study. Schizophr Res. 2020, 224:40-4. 10.1016\/j.schres.2020.11.002","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.11.007","article-title":"Symptomatic and functional outcomes of substance use disorder persistence 2 years after admission to a first-episode psychosis program","volume":"247","author":"Abdel-Baki A","year":"2017","unstructured":"Abdel-Baki A, Ouellet-Plamondon C, Salvat \u00c9, Grar K, Potvin S. Symptomatic and functional outcomes of substance use disorder persistence 2 years after admission to a first-episode psychosis program. Psychiatry Res. 2017, 247:113-9. 10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.11.007","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbw003","article-title":"Meta-analysis of the association between the level of cannabis use and risk of psychosis","volume":"42","author":"Marconi A","year":"2016","unstructured":"Marconi A, Di Forti M, Lewis CM, Murray RM, Vassos E. Meta-analysis of the association between the level of cannabis use and risk of psychosis. Schizophr Bull. 2016, 42:1262-9. 10.1093\/schbul\/sbw003","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbv136","article-title":"Different paths to core pathology: the equifinal model of the schizophrenia syndrome","volume":"42","author":"Green IW","year":"2016","unstructured":"Green IW, Glausier JR. Different paths to core pathology: the equifinal model of the schizophrenia syndrome. Schizophr Bull. 2016, 42:542-9. 10.1093\/schbul\/sbv136","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2015.08.001","article-title":"Association between cannabis and psychosis: epidemiologic evidence","volume":"79","author":"Gage SH","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gage SH, Hickman M, Zammit S. Association between cannabis and psychosis: epidemiologic evidence. Biol Psychiatry. 2016, 79:549-56. 10.1016\/j.biopsych.2015.08.001","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2016.0036","article-title":"Genome-wide association study of cannabis dependence severity, novel risk variants, and shared genetic risks","volume":"73","author":"Sherva R","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sherva R, Wang Q, Kranzler H, et al.. Genome-wide association study of cannabis dependence severity, novel risk variants, and shared genetic risks. JAMA Psychiatry. 2016, 73:472-80. 10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2016.0036","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2016.36","article-title":"Genome-wide association study of lifetime cannabis use based on a large meta-analytic sample of 32 330 subjects from the International Cannabis Consortium","volume":"6","author":"Stringer S","year":"2016","unstructured":"Stringer S, Minic\u0103 CC, Verweij KJ, et al.. Genome-wide association study of lifetime cannabis use based on a large meta-analytic sample of 32 330 subjects from the International Cannabis Consortium. Transl Psychiatry. 2016, 6:e769. 10.1038\/tp.2016.36","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.09.022","article-title":"Short communication: genetic association between schizophrenia and cannabis use","volume":"171","author":"Verweij KJ","year":"2017","unstructured":"Verweij KJ, Abdellaoui A, Nivard MG, et al.. Short communication: genetic association between schizophrenia and cannabis use. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2017, 171:117-21. 10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.09.022","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.12496","article-title":"Polygenic risk scores for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder associate with addiction","volume":"23","author":"Reginsson GW","year":"2018","unstructured":"Reginsson GW, Ingason A, Euesden J, et al.. Polygenic risk scores for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder associate with addiction. Addict Biol. 2018, 23:485-92. 10.1111\/adb.12496","journal-title":"Addict Biol"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291716003172","article-title":"Assessing causality in associations between cannabis use and schizophrenia risk: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study","volume":"47","author":"Gage SH","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gage SH, Jones HJ, Burgess S, Bowden J, Davey Smith G, Zammit S, Munaf\u00f2 MR. Assessing causality in associations between cannabis use and schizophrenia risk: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study. Psychol Med. 2017, 47:971-80. 10.1017\/S0033291716003172","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2016.00149","article-title":"Associations between polygenic risk for psychiatric disorders and substance involvement","volume":"7","author":"Carey CE","year":"2016","unstructured":"Carey CE, Agrawal A, Bucholz KK, et al.. Associations between polygenic risk for psychiatric disorders and substance involvement. Front Genet. 2016, 7:149. 10.3389\/fgene.2016.00149","journal-title":"Front Genet"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.35946\/arcr.v40.1.06","article-title":"Alcohol use disorder and schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder","volume":"40","author":"Archibald L","year":"2019","unstructured":"Archibald L, Brunette MF, Wallin DJ, Green AI. Alcohol use disorder and schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Alcohol Res. 2019, 40:10.35946\/arcr.v40.1.06","journal-title":"Alcohol Res"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15504263.2016.1260190","article-title":"Predictors of the perception of smoking health risks in smokers with or without schizophrenia","volume":"13","author":"Kowalczyk WJ","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kowalczyk WJ, Wehring HJ, Burton G, Raley H, Feldman S, Heishman SJ, Kelly DL. Predictors of the perception of smoking health risks in smokers with or without schizophrenia. J Dual Diagn. 2017, 13:29-35. 10.1080\/15504263.2016.1260190","journal-title":"J Dual Diagn"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2015.11.013","article-title":"The role of cannabinoids in neuroanatomic alterations in cannabis users","volume":"79","author":"Lorenzetti V","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lorenzetti V, Solowij N, Y\u00fccel M. The role of cannabinoids in neuroanatomic alterations in cannabis users. Biol Psychiatry. 2016, 79:e17-31. 10.1016\/j.biopsych.2015.11.013","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2016.07.014","article-title":"The role of genes, stress, and dopamine in the development of schizophrenia","volume":"81","author":"Howes OD","year":"2017","unstructured":"Howes OD, McCutcheon R, Owen MJ, Murray RM. The role of genes, stress, and dopamine in the development of schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry. 2017, 81:9-20. 10.1016\/j.biopsych.2016.07.014","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2019.09.021","article-title":"Cognition and reward circuits in schizophrenia: synergistic, not separate","volume":"87","author":"Robison AJ","year":"2020","unstructured":"Robison AJ, Thakkar KN, Diwadkar VA. Cognition and reward circuits in schizophrenia: synergistic, not separate. Biol Psychiatry. 2020, 87:204-14. 10.1016\/j.biopsych.2019.09.021","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0525-z","article-title":"Reward circuitry in addiction","volume":"14","author":"Cooper S","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cooper S, Robison AJ, Mazei-Robison MS. Reward circuitry in addiction. Neurotherapeutics. 2017, 14:687-97. 10.1007\/s13311-017-0525-z","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14740\/jocmr4110","article-title":"Cannabis use in inpatients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders at a community hospital","volume":"12","author":"Olayinka O","year":"2020","unstructured":"Olayinka O, Ojimba C, Alemu B, et al.. Cannabis use in inpatients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders at a community hospital. J Clin Med Res. 2020, 12:243-50. 10.14740\/jocmr4110","journal-title":"J Clin Med Res"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2018.07.011","article-title":"Prevalence of comorbid substance use in schizophrenia spectrum disorders in community and clinical settings, 1990-2017: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"191","author":"Hunt GE","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hunt GE, Large MM, Cleary M, Lai HM, Saunders JB. Prevalence of comorbid substance use in schizophrenia spectrum disorders in community and clinical settings, 1990-2017: systematic review and meta-analysis. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2018, 191:234-58. 10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2018.07.011","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2017.04.012","article-title":"Motivation deficits and use of alcohol and illicit drugs among individuals with schizophrenia","volume":"253","author":"Bahorik AL","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bahorik AL, Greeno CG, Cochran G, Cornelius JR, Eack SM. Motivation deficits and use of alcohol and illicit drugs among individuals with schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res. 2017, 253:391-7. 10.1016\/j.psychres.2017.04.012","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0169943","article-title":"Executive functioning in men with schizophrenia and substance use disorders. Influence of lifetime suicide attempts","volume":"12","author":"Adan A","year":"2017","unstructured":"Adan A, Capella MD, Prat G, Forero DA, L\u00f3pez-Vera S, Navarro JF. Executive functioning in men with schizophrenia and substance use disorders. Influence of lifetime suicide attempts. PLoS One. 2017, 12:e0169943. 10.1371\/journal.pone.0169943","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2017.12.006","article-title":"Clozapine use in patients with schizophrenia and a comorbid substance use disorder: a systematic review","volume":"28","author":"Arranz B","year":"2018","unstructured":"Arranz B, Garriga M, Garc\u00eda-Rizo C, San L. Clozapine use in patients with schizophrenia and a comorbid substance use disorder: a systematic review. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2018, 28:227-42. 10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2017.12.006","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacol"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/63673-unraveling-the-association-between-schizophrenia-and-substance-use-disorder-predictors-mechanisms-and-treatment-modifications-a-systematic-review","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,9]],"date-time":"2024-02-09T19:27:45Z","timestamp":1707506865000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/63673-unraveling-the-association-between-schizophrenia-and-substance-use-disorder-predictors-mechanisms-and-treatment-modifications-a-systematic-review"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,29]]},"references-count":32,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.16722","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,29]]}}}