{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T21:12:39Z","timestamp":1789593159128,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":146,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,28]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.21681","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,28]],"date-time":"2022-01-28T05:33:37Z","timestamp":1643348017000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Raynaud\u2019s Phenomenon: Reviewing the Pathophysiology and Management Strategies"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Iqra","family":"Nawaz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yashfa","family":"Nawaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eisha","family":"Nawaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Romail","family":"Manan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adil","family":"Mahmood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1507638","article-title":"Raynaud's phenomenon","volume":"375","author":"Wigley FM","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wigley FM, Flavahan NA. Raynaud's phenomenon. N Engl J Med. 2016, 375:556-65. 10.1056\/NEJMra1507638","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref2","article-title":"Raynaud's disease, or local asphyxia and symmetrical gangrene of the extremities","volume":"30","author":"Tannahill TF","year":"1888","unstructured":"Tannahill TF. Raynaud's disease, or local asphyxia and symmetrical gangrene of the extremities. Glasgow Med J. 1888, 30:425-9.","journal-title":"Glasgow Med J"},{"key":"ref3","article-title":"Genetic Investigation of Primary Raynaud's Phenomenon and Systemic Sclerosis","author":"Susol E","year":"1999","unstructured":"Susol E. Genetic Investigation of Primary Raynaud's Phenomenon and Systemic Sclerosis. The University of Manchester, Manchester; 1999."},{"key":"ref4","article-title":"Raynaud phenomenon in children","volume":"65","author":"Goldman RD","year":"2019","unstructured":"Goldman RD. Raynaud phenomenon in children. Can Fam Physician. 2019, 65:264-5.","journal-title":"Can Fam Physician"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2021.0023","article-title":"Raynaud's phenomenon: a vascular acrosyndrome that requires long-term care","volume":"118","author":"Klein-Weigel P","year":"2021","unstructured":"Klein-Weigel P, Sander O, Reinhold S, Nielitz J, Steindl J, Richter J. Raynaud's phenomenon: a vascular acrosyndrome that requires long-term care. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2021, 118:273. 10.3238\/arztebl.m2021.0023","journal-title":"Dtsch Arztebl Int"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp013013","article-title":"Clinical practice. Raynaud's phenomenon","volume":"347","author":"Wigley FM","year":"2002","unstructured":"Wigley FM. Clinical practice. Raynaud's phenomenon. N Engl J Med. 2002, 347:1001-8. 10.1056\/NEJMcp013013","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2397198319826467","article-title":"Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon","volume":"4","author":"Herrick AL","year":"2019","unstructured":"Herrick AL. Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon. J Scleroderma Relat Disord. 2019, 4:89-101. 10.1177\/2397198319826467","journal-title":"J Scleroderma Relat Disord"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(00)05118-7","article-title":"Raynaud's phenomenon","volume":"357","author":"Block JA","year":"2001","unstructured":"Block JA, Sequeira W. Raynaud's phenomenon. Lancet. 2001, 357:2042-8. 10.1016\/s0140-6736(00)05118-7","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbspin.2006.07.002","article-title":"Raynaud's phenomenon","volume":"74","author":"Gayraud M","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gayraud M. Raynaud's phenomenon. Jt Bone Spine. 2007, 74:1-8. 10.1016\/j.jbspin.2006.07.002","journal-title":"Jt Bone Spine"},{"key":"ref10","article-title":"Cold climate could be an etiologic factor involved in Raynaud's phenomenon physiopathology. Epidemiological investigation from 954 consultations in general practic","volume":"34","author":"Plissonneau Duquene P","year":"2015","unstructured":"Plissonneau Duquene P, Pistorius MA, Pottier P, Aymard B, Planchon B. Cold climate could be an etiologic factor involved in Raynaud's phenomenon physiopathology. Epidemiological investigation from 954 consultations in general practic. Int Angiol. 2015, 34:467-74.","journal-title":"Int Angiol"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780390717","article-title":"Familial aggregation of primary Raynaud's disease","volume":"39","author":"Freedman RR","year":"1996","unstructured":"Freedman RR, Mayes MD. Familial aggregation of primary Raynaud's disease. Arthritis Rheum. 1996, 39:1189-91. 10.1002\/art.1780390717","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-002-0007-z","article-title":"Raynaud's phenomenon: epidemiology and risk factors","volume":"4","author":"Fraenkel L","year":"2002","unstructured":"Fraenkel L. Raynaud's phenomenon: epidemiology and risk factors. Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2002, 4:123-8. 10.1007\/s11926-002-0007-z","journal-title":"Curr Rheumatol Rep"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-020-0386-4","article-title":"Raynaud phenomenon and digital ulcers in systemic sclerosis","volume":"16","author":"Hughes M","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hughes M, Allanore Y, Chung L, Pauling JD, Denton CP, Matucci-Cerinic M. Raynaud phenomenon and digital ulcers in systemic sclerosis. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2020, 16:208-21. 10.1038\/s41584-020-0386-4","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1024\/0301-1526\/a000661","article-title":"ESVM guidelines-the diagnosis and management of Raynaud's phenomenon","volume":"46","author":"Belch J","year":"2017","unstructured":"Belch J, Carlizza A, Carpentier PH, et al.. ESVM guidelines-the diagnosis and management of Raynaud's phenomenon. Vasa. 2017, 46:413-23. 10.1024\/0301-1526\/a000661","journal-title":"Vasa"},{"key":"ref15","article-title":"Geographic variation in the prevalence of Raynaud's phenomenon: a 5 region comparison","volume":"24","author":"Maricq HR","year":"1997","unstructured":"Maricq HR, Carpentier PH, Weinrich MC, et al.. Geographic variation in the prevalence of Raynaud's phenomenon: a 5 region comparison. J Rheumatol. 1997, 24:879-89.","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.287.6404.1499","article-title":"Role of cold and emotional stress in Raynaud's disease and scleroderma","volume":"287","author":"Freedman RR","year":"1983","unstructured":"Freedman RR, Ianni P. Role of cold and emotional stress in Raynaud's disease and scleroderma. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1983, 287:1499-502. 10.1136\/bmj.287.6404.1499","journal-title":"Br Med J (Clin Res Ed)"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.1976.tb03334.x","article-title":"An evaluation of finger pulse volume as a psychophysiological measure of anxiety","volume":"13","author":"Bloom LJ","year":"1976","unstructured":"Bloom LJ, Houston BK, Burish TG. An evaluation of finger pulse volume as a psychophysiological measure of anxiety. Psychophysiology. 1976, 13:40-2. 10.1111\/j.1469-8986.1976.tb03334.x","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.1977.tb01195.x","article-title":"Finger pulse volume as a measure of anxiety: further evaluation","volume":"14","author":"Bloom LJ","year":"1977","unstructured":"Bloom LJ, Trautt GM. Finger pulse volume as a measure of anxiety: further evaluation. Psychophysiology. 1977, 14:541-4. 10.1111\/j.1469-8986.1977.tb01195.x","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2016.00438","article-title":"Raynaud's phenomenon: a brief review of the underlying mechanisms","volume":"7","author":"Fardoun MM","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fardoun MM, Nassif J, Issa K, Baydoun E, Eid AH. Raynaud's phenomenon: a brief review of the underlying mechanisms. Front Pharmacol. 2016, 7:438. 10.3389\/fphar.2016.00438","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00306.2007","article-title":"Estrogen increases smooth muscle expression of alpha2C-adrenoceptors and cold-induced constriction of cutaneous arteries","volume":"293","author":"Eid AH","year":"2007","unstructured":"Eid AH, Maiti K, Mitra S, et al.. Estrogen increases smooth muscle expression of alpha2C-adrenoceptors and cold-induced constriction of cutaneous arteries. Am J Physiol-Heart Circ Physiol. 2007, 293:1955-61. 10.1152\/ajpheart.00306.2007","journal-title":"Am J Physiol-Heart Circ Physiol"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-129-3-199808010-00009","article-title":"The association of estrogen replacement therapy and the Raynaud phenomenon in postmenopausal women","volume":"129","author":"Fraenkel L","year":"1998","unstructured":"Fraenkel L, Zhang Y, Chaisson CE, Evans SR, Wilson PW, Felson DT. The association of estrogen replacement therapy and the Raynaud phenomenon in postmenopausal women. Ann Intern Med. 1998, 129:208-11. 10.7326\/0003-4819-129-3-199808010-00009","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(200007)43:7<1641::AID-ANR30>3.0.CO;2-Y","article-title":"A two-stage, genome-wide screen for susceptibility loci in primary Raynaud's phenomenon","volume":"43","author":"Susol E","year":"2000","unstructured":"Susol E, MacGregor AJ, Barrett JH, et al.. A two-stage, genome-wide screen for susceptibility loci in primary Raynaud's phenomenon. Arthritis Rheum. 2000, 43:1641-6.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/1806-9282.65.10.1314","article-title":"Raynaud's phenomenon in the occupational context","volume":"65","author":"Cordeiro RA","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cordeiro RA, Andrade RM. Raynaud's phenomenon in the occupational context. Rev Assoc Med Bras (1992). 2019, 65:1314-20. 10.1590\/1806-9282.65.10.1314","journal-title":"Rev Assoc Med Bras (1992)"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hcz095","article-title":"Raynaud's phenomenon and the nailfold capillaroscopic findings in a guitar player","volume":"112","author":"Sirufo MM","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sirufo MM, Ginaldi L, De Martinis M. Raynaud's phenomenon and the nailfold capillaroscopic findings in a guitar player. QJM. 2019, 112:531-3. 10.1093\/qjmed\/hcz095","journal-title":"QJM"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10038-006-0038-9","article-title":"Glutathione S-transferase M1 and GST T1 genetic polymorphisms and Raynaud's phenomenon in French vinyl chloride monomer-exposed workers","volume":"51","author":"Fontana L","year":"2006","unstructured":"Fontana L, Marion MJ, Ughetto S, Catilina P. Glutathione S-transferase M1 and GST T1 genetic polymorphisms and Raynaud's phenomenon in French vinyl chloride monomer-exposed workers. J Hum Genet. 2006, 51:879-86. 10.1007\/s10038-006-0038-9","journal-title":"J Hum Genet"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2014-006389","article-title":"Prevalence, risk factors and associations of primary Raynaud's phenomenon: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"5","author":"Garner R","year":"2015","unstructured":"Garner R, Kumari R, Lanyon P, Doherty M, Zhang W. Prevalence, risk factors and associations of primary Raynaud's phenomenon: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. BMJ Open. 2015, 5:e006389. 10.1136\/bmjopen-2014-006389","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(199902)42:2<306::AID-ANR13>3.0.CO;2-G","article-title":"Different factors influencing the expression of Raynaud's phenomenon in men and women","volume":"42","author":"Fraenkel L","year":"1999","unstructured":"Fraenkel L, Zhang Y, Chaisson CE, et al.. Different factors influencing the expression of Raynaud's phenomenon in men and women. Arthritis Rheum. 1999, 42:306-10.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/20.1.221","article-title":"Demographic, social and clinical correlates of Raynaud phenomenon","volume":"20","author":"Keil JE","year":"1991","unstructured":"Keil JE, Maricq HR, Weinrich MC, McGregor AR, Diat F. Demographic, social and clinical correlates of Raynaud phenomenon. Int J Epidemiol. 1991, 20:221-4. 10.1093\/ije\/20.1.221","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1191\/1358863x05vm639ra","article-title":"Mechanisms of Raynaud's disease","volume":"10","author":"Cooke JP","year":"2005","unstructured":"Cooke JP, Marshall JM. Mechanisms of Raynaud's disease. Vasc Med. 2005, 10:293-307. 10.1191\/1358863x05vm639ra","journal-title":"Vasc Med"},{"key":"ref30","article-title":"A review of Raynaud\u2019s disease","volume":"113","author":"Temprano KK","year":"2016","unstructured":"Temprano KK. A review of Raynaud\u2019s disease. Mo Med. 2016, 113:123-6.","journal-title":"Mo Med"},{"key":"ref31","article-title":"Raynaud Disease","author":"Musa R","year":"2021","unstructured":"Musa R, Qurie A. Raynaud Disease. StatPearls, Treasure Island, FL; 2021."},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1024\/0301-1526.37.S73.3","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of primary, secondary and suspected secondary Raynaud\u2019s syndrome and diagnostic transition in the long-term follow-up. A retrospective study in 900 patients","volume":"37","author":"Heidrich","year":"2008","unstructured":"Heidrich, Helmis, Fahrig, H\u00f6velmann, Martini. Clinical characteristics of primary, secondary and suspected secondary Raynaud\u2019s syndrome and diagnostic transition in the long-term follow-up. A retrospective study in 900 patients. Vasa. 2008, 37:3-25. 10.1024\/0301-1526.37.S73.3","journal-title":"Vasa"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-019-04745-5","article-title":"Raynaud's phenomenon-an update on diagnosis, classification and management","volume":"38","author":"Pauling JD","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pauling JD, Hughes M, Pope JE. Raynaud's phenomenon-an update on diagnosis, classification and management. Clin Rheumatol. 2019, 38:3317-30. 10.1007\/s10067-019-04745-5","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keh552","article-title":"Pathogenesis of Raynaud's phenomenon","volume":"44","author":"Herrick AL","year":"2005","unstructured":"Herrick AL. Pathogenesis of Raynaud's phenomenon. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2005, 44:587-96. 10.1093\/rheumatology\/keh552","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000128407.45014.58","article-title":"Rho kinase mediates cold-induced constriction of cutaneous arteries: role of alpha2C-adrenoceptor translocation","volume":"94","author":"Bailey SR","year":"2004","unstructured":"Bailey SR, Eid AH, Mitra S, Flavahan S, Flavahan NA. Rho kinase mediates cold-induced constriction of cutaneous arteries: role of alpha2C-adrenoceptor translocation. Circ Res. 2004, 94:1367-74. 10.1161\/01.RES.0000128407.45014.58","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.01305.2004","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species from smooth muscle mitochondria initiate cold-induced constriction of cutaneous arteries","volume":"289","author":"Bailey SR","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bailey SR, Mitra S, Flavahan S, Flavahan NA. Reactive oxygen species from smooth muscle mitochondria initiate cold-induced constriction of cutaneous arteries. Am J Physiol-Heart Circ Physiol. 2005, 289:243-50. 10.1152\/ajpheart.01305.2004","journal-title":"Am J Physiol-Heart Circ Physiol"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(17)30933-9","article-title":"Systemic sclerosis","volume":"390","author":"Denton CP","year":"2017","unstructured":"Denton CP, Khanna D. Systemic sclerosis. Lancet. 2017, 390:1685-99. 10.1016\/s0140-6736(17)30933-9","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2012.96","article-title":"The pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of Raynaud phenomenon","volume":"8","author":"Herrick AL","year":"2012","unstructured":"Herrick AL. The pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of Raynaud phenomenon. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2012, 8:469-79. 10.1038\/nrrheum.2012.96","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0889-857x(05)70300-8","article-title":"Raynaud's phenomenon","volume":"22","author":"Wigley FM","year":"1996","unstructured":"Wigley FM, Flavahan NA. Raynaud's phenomenon. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 1996, 22:765-81. 10.1016\/s0889-857x(05)70300-8","journal-title":"Rheum Dis Clin North Am"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1992.tb00100.x","article-title":"Studies of the microvascular endothelium in uninvolved skin of patients with systemic sclerosis: direct evidence for a generalized microangiopathy","volume":"126","author":"Freemont AJ","year":"1992","unstructured":"Freemont AJ, Hoyland J, Fielding P, Hodson N, Jayson MI. Studies of the microvascular endothelium in uninvolved skin of patients with systemic sclerosis: direct evidence for a generalized microangiopathy. Br J Dermatol. 1992, 126:561-8. 10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1992.tb00100.x","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0895-7061(95)00030-s","article-title":"Endothelial cell signaling and endothelial dysfunction","volume":"8","author":"Flavahan NA","year":"1995","unstructured":"Flavahan NA, Vanhoutte PM. Endothelial cell signaling and endothelial dysfunction. Am J Hypertens. 1995, 8:28. 10.1016\/0895-7061(95)00030-s","journal-title":"Am J Hypertens"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2008.06.004","article-title":"Raynaud's phenomenon: pathogenesis and management","volume":"59","author":"Bakst R","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bakst R, Merola JF, Franks AG Jr, Sanchez M. Raynaud's phenomenon: pathogenesis and management. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2008, 59:633-53. 10.1016\/j.jaad.2008.06.004","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7861\/clinmed.2020-0754","article-title":"Raynaud's phenomenon","volume":"20","author":"Haque A","year":"2020","unstructured":"Haque A, Hughes M. Raynaud's phenomenon. Clin Med. 2020, 20:580-7. 10.7861\/clinmed.2020-0754","journal-title":"Clin Med"},{"key":"ref44","article-title":"Nitric oxide production and inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in systemic sclerosis","volume":"25","author":"Yamamoto T","year":"1998","unstructured":"Yamamoto T, Katayama I, Nishioka K. Nitric oxide production and inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in systemic sclerosis. J Rheumatol. 1998, 25:314-7.","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(90)92766-b","article-title":"Serum endothelin-1 concentrations and cold provocation in primary Raynaud's phenomenon","volume":"336","author":"Zamora MR","year":"1990","unstructured":"Zamora MR, O'Brien RF, Rutherford RB, Weil JV. Serum endothelin-1 concentrations and cold provocation in primary Raynaud's phenomenon. Lancet. 1990, 336:1144-7. 10.1016\/0140-6736(90)92766-b","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.11060","article-title":"Increased asymmetric dimethylarginine and endothelin 1 levels in secondary Raynaud's phenomenon: implications for vascular dysfunction and progression of disease","volume":"48","author":"Rajagopalan S","year":"2003","unstructured":"Rajagopalan S, Pfenninger D, Kehrer C, et al.. Increased asymmetric dimethylarginine and endothelin 1 levels in secondary Raynaud's phenomenon: implications for vascular dysfunction and progression of disease. Arthritis Rheum. 2003, 48:1992-2000. 10.1002\/art.11060","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"ref47","article-title":"Localization of endothelin-1 and its binding sites in scleroderma skin","volume":"21","author":"Vancheeswaran R","year":"1994","unstructured":"Vancheeswaran R, Azam A, Black C, Dashwood MR. Localization of endothelin-1 and its binding sites in scleroderma skin. J Rheumatol. 1994, 21:1268-76.","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.11364","article-title":"Angiotensin II in the lesional skin of systemic sclerosis patients contributes to tissue fibrosis via angiotensin II type 1 receptors","volume":"50","author":"Kawaguchi Y","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kawaguchi Y, Takagi K, Hara M, et al.. Angiotensin II in the lesional skin of systemic sclerosis patients contributes to tissue fibrosis via angiotensin II type 1 receptors. Arthritis Rheum. 2004, 50:216-26. 10.1002\/art.11364","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2006.10.004","article-title":"Angiopoietins: a link between angiogenesis and inflammation","volume":"27","author":"Fiedler U","year":"2006","unstructured":"Fiedler U, Augustin HG. Angiopoietins: a link between angiogenesis and inflammation. Trends Immunol. 2006, 27:552-8. 10.1016\/j.it.2006.10.004","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keq392","article-title":"Angiopoietins-1 and -2 are differentially expressed in the sera of patients with systemic sclerosis: high angiopoietin-2 levels are associated with greater severity and higher activity of the disease","volume":"50","author":"Michalska-Jakubus M","year":"2011","unstructured":"Michalska-Jakubus M, Kowal-Bielecka O, Chodorowska G, Bielecki M, Krasowska D. Angiopoietins-1 and -2 are differentially expressed in the sera of patients with systemic sclerosis: high angiopoietin-2 levels are associated with greater severity and higher activity of the disease. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2011, 50:746-55. 10.1093\/rheumatology\/keq392","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-014-2637-8","article-title":"The influence of multiwave locked system (MLS) laser therapy on clinical features, microcirculatory abnormalities and selected modulators of angiogenesis in patients with Raynaud's phenomenon","volume":"34","author":"Kuryliszyn-Moskal A","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kuryliszyn-Moskal A, Kita J, Dakowicz A, et al.. The influence of multiwave locked system (MLS) laser therapy on clinical features, microcirculatory abnormalities and selected modulators of angiogenesis in patients with Raynaud's phenomenon. Clin Rheumatol. 2015, 34:489-96. 10.1007\/s10067-014-2637-8","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/cs0950249","article-title":"Lack of habituation of the pattern of cardiovascular response evoked by sound in subjects with primary Raynaud's disease","volume":"95","author":"Edwards CM","year":"1998","unstructured":"Edwards CM, Marshall JM, Pugh M. Lack of habituation of the pattern of cardiovascular response evoked by sound in subjects with primary Raynaud's disease. Clin Sci. 1998, 95:249-60. 10.1042\/cs0950249","journal-title":"Clin Sci"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/cs0960577","article-title":"Cardiovascular responses evoked by mild cool stimuli in primary Raynaud's disease: the role of endothelin","volume":"96","author":"Edwards CM","year":"1999","unstructured":"Edwards CM, Marshall JM, Pugh M. Cardiovascular responses evoked by mild cool stimuli in primary Raynaud's disease: the role of endothelin. Clin Sci. 1999, 96:577-88. 10.1042\/cs0960577","journal-title":"Clin Sci"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00034.2013","article-title":"Calcitonin gene-related peptide: physiology and pathophysiology","volume":"94","author":"Russell FA","year":"2014","unstructured":"Russell FA, King R, Smillie SJ, Kodji X, Brain SD. Calcitonin gene-related peptide: physiology and pathophysiology. Physiol Rev. 2014, 94:1099-142. 10.1152\/physrev.00034.2013","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(90)93307-b","article-title":"Deficiency of calcitonin gene-related peptide in Raynaud's phenomenon","volume":"336","author":"Bunker CB","year":"1990","unstructured":"Bunker CB, Terenghi G, Springall DR, Polak JM, Dowd PM. Deficiency of calcitonin gene-related peptide in Raynaud's phenomenon. Lancet. 1990, 336:1530-3. 10.1016\/0140-6736(90)93307-b","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5114\/reum.2015.51508","article-title":"Raynaud's phenomenon: new aspects of pathogenesis and the role of nailfold videocapillaroscopy","volume":"53","author":"Kuryliszyn-Moskal A","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kuryliszyn-Moskal A, Kita J, Hryniewicz A. Raynaud's phenomenon: new aspects of pathogenesis and the role of nailfold videocapillaroscopy. Reumatologia. 2015, 53:87-93. 10.5114\/reum.2015.51508","journal-title":"Reumatologia"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2004.10.005","article-title":"Estrogens and neuropeptides in Raynaud's phenomenon","volume":"31","author":"Generini S","year":"2005","unstructured":"Generini S, Seibold JR, Matucci-Cerinic M. Estrogens and neuropeptides in Raynaud's phenomenon. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 2005, 31:177-86. 10.1016\/j.rdc.2004.10.005","journal-title":"Rheum Dis Clin North Am"},{"key":"ref58","article-title":"Human postjunctional alpha-1 and alpha-2 adrenoceptors: differential distribution in arteries of the limbs","volume":"241","author":"Flavahan NA","year":"1987","unstructured":"Flavahan NA, Cooke JP, Shepherd JT, Vanhoutte PM. Human postjunctional alpha-1 and alpha-2 adrenoceptors: differential distribution in arteries of the limbs. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1987, 241:361-5.","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0889-857x(03)00021-8","article-title":"The vasculopathy of Raynaud's phenomenon and scleroderma","volume":"29","author":"Flavahan NA","year":"2003","unstructured":"Flavahan NA, Flavahan S, Mitra S, Chotani MA. The vasculopathy of Raynaud's phenomenon and scleroderma. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 2003, 29:275-91. 10.1016\/s0889-857x(03)00021-8","journal-title":"Rheum Dis Clin North Am"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.2000.278.4.H1075","article-title":"Silent alpha(2C)-adrenergic receptors enable cold-induced vasoconstriction in cutaneous arteries","volume":"278","author":"Chotani MA","year":"2000","unstructured":"Chotani MA, Flavahan S, Mitra S, Daunt D, Flavahan NA. Silent alpha(2C)-adrenergic receptors enable cold-induced vasoconstriction in cutaneous arteries. Am J Physiol-Heart Circ Physiol. 2000, 278:1075-83. 10.1152\/ajpheart.2000.278.4.H1075","journal-title":"Am J Physiol-Heart Circ Physiol"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.60.6.1195","article-title":"Cooling evokes redistribution of alpha2C-adrenoceptors from Golgi to plasma membrane in transfected human embryonic kidney 293 cells","volume":"60","author":"Jeyaraj SC","year":"2001","unstructured":"Jeyaraj SC, Chotani MA, Mitra S, Gregg HE, Flavahan NA, Morrison KJ. Cooling evokes redistribution of alpha2C-adrenoceptors from Golgi to plasma membrane in transfected human embryonic kidney 293 cells. Mol Pharmacol. 2001, 60:1195-200. 10.1124\/mol.60.6.1195","journal-title":"Mol Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.20214","article-title":"Increased tyrosine phosphorylation mediates the cooling-induced contraction and increased vascular reactivity of Raynaud's disease","volume":"50","author":"Furspan PB","year":"2004","unstructured":"Furspan PB, Chatterjee S, Freedman RR. Increased tyrosine phosphorylation mediates the cooling-induced contraction and increased vascular reactivity of Raynaud's disease. Arthritis Rheum. 2004, 50:1578-85. 10.1002\/art.20214","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keh517","article-title":"Cooling-induced contraction and protein tyrosine kinase activity of isolated arterioles in secondary Raynaud's phenomenon","volume":"44","author":"Furspan PB","year":"2005","unstructured":"Furspan PB, Chatterjee S, Mayes MD, Freedman RR. Cooling-induced contraction and protein tyrosine kinase activity of isolated arterioles in secondary Raynaud's phenomenon. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2005, 44:488-94. 10.1093\/rheumatology\/keh517","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/030097401753180372","article-title":"Relative roles of endothelial cell damage and platelet activation in primary Raynaud's phenomenon (RP) and RP secondary to systemic sclerosis","volume":"30","author":"Silveri F","year":"2001","unstructured":"Silveri F, De Angelis R, Poggi A, Muti S, Bonapace G, Argentati F, Cervini C. Relative roles of endothelial cell damage and platelet activation in primary Raynaud's phenomenon (RP) and RP secondary to systemic sclerosis. Scand J Rheumatol. 2001, 30:290-6. 10.1080\/030097401753180372","journal-title":"Scand J Rheumatol"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.37.2.182","article-title":"Assessment of platelet function in patients with Raynaud's syndrome","volume":"37","author":"Hutton RA","year":"1984","unstructured":"Hutton RA, Mikhailidis DP, Bernstein RM, Jeremy JY, Hughes GR, Dandona P. Assessment of platelet function in patients with Raynaud's syndrome. J Clin Pathol. 1984, 37:182-7. 10.1136\/jcp.37.2.182","journal-title":"J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.292.6527.1037","article-title":"Biosynthesis of thromboxane in patients with systemic sclerosis and Raynaud's phenomenon","volume":"292","author":"Reilly IA","year":"1986","unstructured":"Reilly IA, Roy L, Fitzgerald GA. Biosynthesis of thromboxane in patients with systemic sclerosis and Raynaud's phenomenon. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1986, 292:1037-9. 10.1136\/bmj.292.6527.1037","journal-title":"Br Med J (Clin Res Ed)"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/41.8.869","article-title":"Elevated expression of the genes encoding TNF-alpha and thromboxane synthase in leucocytes from patients with systemic sclerosis","volume":"41","author":"Young V","year":"2002","unstructured":"Young V, Ho M, Vosper H, Belch JJ, Palmer CN. Elevated expression of the genes encoding TNF-alpha and thromboxane synthase in leucocytes from patients with systemic sclerosis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2002, 41:869-75. 10.1093\/rheumatology\/41.8.869","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/cs0860269","article-title":"Plasma levels of 5-hydroxytryptamine during sympathetic stimulation and in Raynaud's phenomenon","volume":"86","author":"Coffman JD","year":"1994","unstructured":"Coffman JD, Cohen RA. Plasma levels of 5-hydroxytryptamine during sympathetic stimulation and in Raynaud's phenomenon. Clin Sci. 1994, 86:269-73. 10.1042\/cs0860269","journal-title":"Clin Sci"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/36.10.1045","article-title":"The coagulation\/fibrinolysis balance in systemic sclerosis: evidence for a haematological stress syndrome","volume":"36","author":"Ames PR","year":"1997","unstructured":"Ames PR, Lupoli S, Alves J, et al.. The coagulation\/fibrinolysis balance in systemic sclerosis: evidence for a haematological stress syndrome. Br J Rheumatol. 1997, 36:1045-50. 10.1093\/rheumatology\/36.10.1045","journal-title":"Br J Rheumatol"},{"key":"ref70","article-title":"Micronutrient antioxidant status in patients with primary Raynaud's phenomenon and systemic sclerosis","volume":"21","author":"Herrick AL","year":"1994","unstructured":"Herrick AL, Rieley F, Schofield D, Hollis S, Braganza JM, Jayson MI. Micronutrient antioxidant status in patients with primary Raynaud's phenomenon and systemic sclerosis. J Rheumatol. 1994, 21:1477-83.","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(76)92651-9","article-title":"Abnormal blood viscosity in Raynaud's phenomenon","volume":"1","author":"Goyle KB","year":"1976","unstructured":"Goyle KB, Dormandy JA. Abnormal blood viscosity in Raynaud's phenomenon. Lancet. 1976, 1:1317-8. 10.1016\/s0140-6736(76)92651-9","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.121093","article-title":"Raynaud's phenomenon of the tongue","volume":"40","author":"Cohen JC","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cohen JC, Palomba ML, Morris LG. Raynaud's phenomenon of the tongue. J Rheumatol. 2013, 40:336. 10.3899\/jrheum.121093","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.200258","article-title":"Raynaud phenomenon with lingual involvement in a 6-year-old female","volume":"48","author":"Hunter JA","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hunter JA, Levy DM, Berard RA. Raynaud phenomenon with lingual involvement in a 6-year-old female. J Rheumatol. 2021, 48:465-6. 10.3899\/jrheum.200258","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ju.0000116082.54048.8f","article-title":"Raynaud's phenomenon of the penis","volume":"171","author":"Kropman RF","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kropman RF. Raynaud's phenomenon of the penis. J Urol. 2004, 171:1630. 10.1097\/01.ju.0000116082.54048.8f","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.113.4.e360","article-title":"Raynaud's phenomenon of the nipple: a treatable cause of painful breastfeeding","volume":"113","author":"Anderson JE","year":"2004","unstructured":"Anderson JE, Held N, Wright K. Raynaud's phenomenon of the nipple: a treatable cause of painful breastfeeding. Pediatrics. 2004, 113:360-4. 10.1542\/peds.113.4.e360","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2013.1560","article-title":"Raynaud phenomenon of the nipple in breastfeeding mothers: an underdiagnosed cause of nipple pain","volume":"149","author":"Barrett ME","year":"2013","unstructured":"Barrett ME, Heller MM, Stone HF, Murase JE. Raynaud phenomenon of the nipple in breastfeeding mothers: an underdiagnosed cause of nipple pain. JAMA Dermatol. 2013, 149:300-6. 10.1001\/jamadermatol.2013.1560","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mvn.2001.117786","article-title":"Raynaud's phenomenon","volume":"19","author":"O'connor CM","year":"2001","unstructured":"O'connor CM. Raynaud's phenomenon. J Vasc Nurs. 2001, 19:87-92. 10.1067\/mvn.2001.117786","journal-title":"J Vasc Nurs"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5152\/eurjrheum.2020.19124","article-title":"New perspectives in the imaging of Raynaud's phenomenon","volume":"7","author":"Herrick AL","year":"2020","unstructured":"Herrick AL, Dinsdale G, Murray A. New perspectives in the imaging of Raynaud's phenomenon. Eur J Rheumatol. 2020, 7:212-21. 10.5152\/eurjrheum.2020.19124","journal-title":"Eur J Rheumatol"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiographics.22.3.g02ma16583","article-title":"Contrast-enhanced MR angiography of the hand","volume":"22","author":"Connell DA","year":"2002","unstructured":"Connell DA, Koulouris G, Thorn DA, Potter HG. Contrast-enhanced MR angiography of the hand. Radiographics. 2002, 22:583-99. 10.1148\/radiographics.22.3.g02ma16583","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00117-010-2005-x","article-title":"Angiographic diagnosis of acral circulatory disorders of the upper extremities","volume":"50","author":"De\u00e1k Z","year":"2010","unstructured":"De\u00e1k Z, Treitl M, Reiser MF, Degenhart C. Angiographic diagnosis of acral circulatory disorders of the upper extremities. Radiologe. 2010, 50:879-86. 10.1007\/s00117-010-2005-x","journal-title":"Radiologe"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1759720X17740074","article-title":"Evidence-based management of Raynaud's phenomenon","volume":"9","author":"Herrick AL","year":"2017","unstructured":"Herrick AL. Evidence-based management of Raynaud's phenomenon. Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis. 2017, 9:317-29. 10.1177\/1759720X17740074","journal-title":"Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.020","article-title":"International consensus criteria for the diagnosis of Raynaud's phenomenon","volume":"48","author":"Maverakis E","year":"2014","unstructured":"Maverakis E, Patel F, Kronenberg DG, et al.. International consensus criteria for the diagnosis of Raynaud's phenomenon. J Autoimmun. 2014, 48:60-5. 10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.020","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-021-00685-0","article-title":"Detection of microvascular changes in systemic sclerosis and other rheumatic diseases","volume":"17","author":"Cutolo M","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cutolo M, Smith V. Detection of microvascular changes in systemic sclerosis and other rheumatic diseases. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2021, 17:665-77. 10.1038\/s41584-021-00685-0","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kev441","article-title":"An EULAR study group pilot study on reliability of simple capillaroscopic definitions to describe capillary morphology in rheumatic diseases","volume":"55","author":"Smith V","year":"2016","unstructured":"Smith V, Beeckman S, Herrick AL, et al.. An EULAR study group pilot study on reliability of simple capillaroscopic definitions to describe capillary morphology in rheumatic diseases. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2016, 55:883-90. 10.1093\/rheumatology\/kev441","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2020.102458","article-title":"Standardisation of nailfold capillaroscopy for the assessment of patients with Raynaud's phenomenon and systemic sclerosis","volume":"19","author":"Smith V","year":"2020","unstructured":"Smith V, Herrick AL, Ingegnoli F, et al.. Standardisation of nailfold capillaroscopy for the assessment of patients with Raynaud's phenomenon and systemic sclerosis. Autoimmun Rev. 2020, 19:102458. 10.1016\/j.autrev.2020.102458","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2017.11.036","article-title":"The role of capillaroscopy and thermography in the assessment and management of Raynaud's phenomenon","volume":"17","author":"Herrick AL","year":"2018","unstructured":"Herrick AL, Murray A. The role of capillaroscopy and thermography in the assessment and management of Raynaud's phenomenon. Autoimmun Rev. 2018, 17:465-72. 10.1016\/j.autrev.2017.11.036","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2019.102394","article-title":"Fast track algorithm: how to differentiate a \"scleroderma pattern\" from a \"non-scleroderma pattern\"","volume":"18","author":"Smith V","year":"2019","unstructured":"Smith V, Vanhaecke A, Herrick AL, et al.. Fast track algorithm: how to differentiate a \"scleroderma pattern\" from a \"non-scleroderma pattern\". Autoimmun Rev. 2019, 18:102394. 10.1016\/j.autrev.2019.102394","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01071951","article-title":"Esophageal dysfunction and Raynaud's phenomenon in patients with scleroderma","volume":"21","author":"Hurwitz AL","year":"1976","unstructured":"Hurwitz AL, Duranceau A, Postlethwait RW. Esophageal dysfunction and Raynaud's phenomenon in patients with scleroderma. Am J Dig Dis. 1976, 21:601-6. 10.1007\/BF01071951","journal-title":"Am J Dig Dis"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.9734\/jammr\/2019\/v29i730104","article-title":"Raynaud\u2019s disease and clinical challenges: a minireview of literature with a spotlight on acupuncture","volume":"29","author":"Qureshi NA","year":"2019","unstructured":"Qureshi NA, Sharma S, Guru R, Kahlenberg A, Alharbi MK. Raynaud\u2019s disease and clinical challenges: a minireview of literature with a spotlight on acupuncture. J Adv Med Med Res. 2019, 29:1-10. 10.9734\/jammr\/2019\/v29i730104","journal-title":"J Adv Med Med Res"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/35.8.752","article-title":"Raynaud's phenomenon in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"35","author":"Saraux A","year":"1996","unstructured":"Saraux A, Allain J, Guedes C, Baron D, Youinou P, Le Goff P. Raynaud's phenomenon in rheumatoid arthritis. Br J Rheumatol. 1996, 35:752-4. 10.1093\/rheumatology\/35.8.752","journal-title":"Br J Rheumatol"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-011-1727-0","article-title":"The association of Raynaud's syndrome with rheumatoid arthritis--a meta-analysis","volume":"30","author":"Hartmann P","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hartmann P, Mohokum M, Schlattmann P. The association of Raynaud's syndrome with rheumatoid arthritis--a meta-analysis. Clin Rheumatol. 2011, 30:1013-9. 10.1007\/s10067-011-1727-0","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1744666X.2019.1614915","article-title":"Pathophysiology of systemic sclerosis: current understanding and new insights","volume":"15","author":"Cutolo M","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cutolo M, Soldano S, Smith V. Pathophysiology of systemic sclerosis: current understanding and new insights. Expert Rev Clin Immunol. 2019, 15:753-64. 10.1080\/1744666X.2019.1614915","journal-title":"Expert Rev Clin Immunol"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2015.2","article-title":"Systemic sclerosis","volume":"1","author":"Allanore Y","year":"2015","unstructured":"Allanore Y, Simms R, Distler O, Trojanowska M, Pope J, Denton CP, Varga J. Systemic sclerosis. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2015, 1:15002. 10.1038\/nrdp.2015.2","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tri.12923","article-title":"Kidney transplantation in patients with systemic sclerosis: a nationwide multicentre study","volume":"30","author":"Bertrand D","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bertrand D, Dehay J, Ott J, et al.. Kidney transplantation in patients with systemic sclerosis: a nationwide multicentre study. Transpl Int. 2017, 30:256-65. 10.1111\/tri.12923","journal-title":"Transpl Int"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2007.12.002","article-title":"The heart in scleroderma","volume":"34","author":"Champion HC","year":"2008","unstructured":"Champion HC. The heart in scleroderma. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 2008, 34:181-90. 10.1016\/j.rdc.2007.12.002","journal-title":"Rheum Dis Clin North Am"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-012-2449-6","article-title":"Is there a difference in systemic lupus erythematosus with and without Raynaud's phenomenon?","volume":"33","author":"Pavlov-Dolijanovic S","year":"2013","unstructured":"Pavlov-Dolijanovic S, Damjanov NS, Vujasinovic Stupar NZ, Marcetic DR, Sefik-Bukilica MN, Petrovic RR. Is there a difference in systemic lupus erythematosus with and without Raynaud's phenomenon?. Rheumatol Int. 2013, 33:859-65. 10.1007\/s00296-012-2449-6","journal-title":"Rheumatol Int"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1358863X20983455","article-title":"Raynaud's phenomenon and related vasospastic disorders","volume":"26","author":"Choi E","year":"2021","unstructured":"Choi E, Henkin S. Raynaud's phenomenon and related vasospastic disorders. Vasc Med. 2021, 26:56-70. 10.1177\/1358863X20983455","journal-title":"Vasc Med"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/PCC.17l02240","article-title":"Lisdexamfetamine and secondary Raynaud's phenomenon","volume":"20","author":"Gnanavel S","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gnanavel S. Lisdexamfetamine and secondary Raynaud's phenomenon. Prim Care Companion CNS Disord. 2018, 20:27425. 10.4088\/PCC.17l02240","journal-title":"Prim Care Companion CNS Disord"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JCP.0000000000001007","article-title":"Methylphenidate-induced Raynaud phenomenon developed after increasing methylphenidate in an adult with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder","volume":"39","author":"Monteerarat Y","year":"2019","unstructured":"Monteerarat Y, Pariwatcharakul P. Methylphenidate-induced Raynaud phenomenon developed after increasing methylphenidate in an adult with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2019, 39:178-9. 10.1097\/JCP.0000000000001007","journal-title":"J Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/PCC.20l02857","article-title":"Rare side effects of stimulants: Raynaud's phenomenon","volume":"23","author":"Gupta M","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gupta M. Rare side effects of stimulants: Raynaud's phenomenon. Prim Care Companion CNS Disord. 2021, 23:36908. 10.4088\/PCC.20l02857","journal-title":"Prim Care Companion CNS Disord"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.56.652.106","article-title":"Raynaud's phenomenon induced by sulphasalazine","volume":"56","author":"Reid J","year":"1980","unstructured":"Reid J, Holt S, Housley E, Sneddon DJ. Raynaud's phenomenon induced by sulphasalazine. Postgrad Med J. 1980, 56:106-7. 10.1136\/pgmj.56.652.106","journal-title":"Postgrad Med J"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2013.09.027","article-title":"Interferons beta have vasoconstrictive and procoagulant effects: a woman who developed livedo reticularis and Raynaud phenomenon in association with interferon beta treatment for multiple sclerosis","volume":"115","author":"Rot U","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rot U, Ledinek AH. Interferons beta have vasoconstrictive and procoagulant effects: a woman who developed livedo reticularis and Raynaud phenomenon in association with interferon beta treatment for multiple sclerosis. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2013, 115:79-81. 10.1016\/j.clineuro.2013.09.027","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/sarh.2002.34606","article-title":"Interferon-induced Raynaud's syndrome","volume":"32","author":"Schapira D","year":"2002","unstructured":"Schapira D, Nahir AM, Hadad N. Interferon-induced Raynaud's syndrome. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2002, 32:157-62. 10.1053\/sarh.2002.34606","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.53.1160","article-title":"Gemcitabine-induced hemolytic uremic syndrome mimicking scleroderma renal crisis presenting with Raynaud's phenomenon, positive antinuclear antibodies and hypertensive emergency","volume":"53","author":"Yamada Y","year":"2014","unstructured":"Yamada Y, Suzuki K, Nobata H, et al.. Gemcitabine-induced hemolytic uremic syndrome mimicking scleroderma renal crisis presenting with Raynaud's phenomenon, positive antinuclear antibodies and hypertensive emergency. Intern Med. 2014, 53:445-8. 10.2169\/internalmedicine.53.1160","journal-title":"Intern Med"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crwh.2019.e00135","article-title":"Raynaud's phenomenon of the nipple as a side-effect of labetalol: case report and literature review","volume":"23","author":"Avila-Vega J","year":"2019","unstructured":"Avila-Vega J, Urrea-Mendoza E, Lee C. Raynaud's phenomenon of the nipple as a side-effect of labetalol: case report and literature review. Case Rep Womens Health. 2019, 23:e00135. 10.1016\/j.crwh.2019.e00135","journal-title":"Case Rep Womens Health"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2016.04.001","article-title":"Raynaud's phenomenon","volume":"30","author":"Hughes M","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hughes M, Herrick AL. Raynaud's phenomenon. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2016, 30:112-32. 10.1016\/j.berh.2016.04.001","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0025-7125(16)30623-x","article-title":"Raynaud's phenomenon and disease","volume":"73","author":"Cardelli MB","year":"1989","unstructured":"Cardelli MB, Kleinsmith DM. Raynaud's phenomenon and disease. Med Clin North Am. 1989, 73:1127-41. 10.1016\/s0025-7125(16)30623-x","journal-title":"Med Clin North Am"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2013.03.012","article-title":"Current medical and surgical management of Raynaud's syndrome","volume":"57","author":"Landry GJ","year":"2013","unstructured":"Landry GJ. Current medical and surgical management of Raynaud's syndrome. J Vasc Surg. 2013, 57:1710-6. 10.1016\/j.jvs.2013.03.012","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keh390","article-title":"Calcium channel blockers for primary Raynaud's phenomenon: a meta-analysis","volume":"44","author":"Thompson AE","year":"2005","unstructured":"Thompson AE, Pope JE. Calcium channel blockers for primary Raynaud's phenomenon: a meta-analysis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2005, 44:145-50. 10.1093\/rheumatology\/keh390","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/138161206775474503","article-title":"L-type calcium channels","volume":"12","author":"Triggle DJ","year":"2006","unstructured":"Triggle DJ. L-type calcium channels. Curr Pharm Des. 2006, 12:443-57. 10.2174\/138161206775474503","journal-title":"Curr Pharm Des"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006687.pub2","article-title":"Oral vasodilators for primary Raynaud's phenomenon","volume":"2","author":"Vinjar B","year":"2008","unstructured":"Vinjar B, Stewart M. Oral vasodilators for primary Raynaud's phenomenon. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008, 2:CD006687. 10.1002\/14651858.CD006687.pub2","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.1986.166","article-title":"Double-blind, placebo-controlled study of prazosin in Raynaud's phenomenon","volume":"40","author":"Wollersheim H","year":"1986","unstructured":"Wollersheim H, Thien T, Fennis J, van Elteren P, van't Laar A. Double-blind, placebo-controlled study of prazosin in Raynaud's phenomenon. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1986, 40:219-25. 10.1038\/clpt.1986.166","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000956","article-title":"Prazosin for Raynaud's phenomenon in progressive systemic sclerosis","volume":"2","author":"Pope J","year":"1998","unstructured":"Pope J, Fenlon D, Thompson A, Shea B, Furst D, Wells G, Silman A. Prazosin for Raynaud's phenomenon in progressive systemic sclerosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 1998, 2:CD000956. 10.1002\/14651858.CD000956","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/vhrm.s4551","article-title":"Advances in the treatment of Raynaud's phenomenon","volume":"6","author":"Levien TL","year":"2010","unstructured":"Levien TL. Advances in the treatment of Raynaud's phenomenon. Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2010, 6:167-77. 10.2147\/vhrm.s4551","journal-title":"Vasc Health Risk Manag"},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/34.7.636","article-title":"Sustained-release transdermal glyceryl trinitrate patches as a treatment for primary and secondary Raynaud's phenomenon","volume":"34","author":"Teh LS","year":"1995","unstructured":"Teh LS, Manning J, Moore T, Tully MP, O'Reilly D, Jayson MI. Sustained-release transdermal glyceryl trinitrate patches as a treatment for primary and secondary Raynaud's phenomenon. Br J Rheumatol. 1995, 34:636-41. 10.1093\/rheumatology\/34.7.636","journal-title":"Br J Rheumatol"},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.41536","article-title":"Dissecting the cellular mechanism of prostacyclin analog iloprost in reversing vascular dysfunction in scleroderma","volume":"73","author":"Tsou PS","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tsou PS, Palisoc PJ, Flavahan NA, Khanna D. Dissecting the cellular mechanism of prostacyclin analog iloprost in reversing vascular dysfunction in scleroderma. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2021, 73:520-9. 10.1002\/art.41536","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0735-1097(02)02139-3","article-title":"The effect of sildenafil on human vascular function, platelet activation, and myocardial ischemia","volume":"40","author":"Halcox JP","year":"2002","unstructured":"Halcox JP, Nour KR, Zalos G, et al.. The effect of sildenafil on human vascular function, platelet activation, and myocardial ischemia. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002, 40:1232-40. 10.1016\/s0735-1097(02)02139-3","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.523324","article-title":"Sildenafil in the treatment of Raynaud's phenomenon resistant to vasodilatory therapy","volume":"112","author":"Fries R","year":"2005","unstructured":"Fries R, Shariat K, von Wilmowsky H, B\u00f6hm M. Sildenafil in the treatment of Raynaud's phenomenon resistant to vasodilatory therapy. Circulation. 2005, 112:2980-5. 10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.523324","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000331979304400213","article-title":"Case of fluoxetine-induced remission of Raynaud's phenomenon--a case report","volume":"44","author":"Bolte MA","year":"1993","unstructured":"Bolte MA, Avery D. Case of fluoxetine-induced remission of Raynaud's phenomenon--a case report. Angiology. 1993, 44:161-3. 10.1177\/000331979304400213","journal-title":"Angiology"},{"key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/40.9.1038","article-title":"Treatment of Raynaud's phenomenon with the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor fluoxetine","volume":"40","author":"Coleiro B","year":"2001","unstructured":"Coleiro B, Marshall SE, Denton CP, Howell K, Blann A, Welsh KI, Black CM. Treatment of Raynaud's phenomenon with the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor fluoxetine. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2001, 40:1038-43. 10.1093\/rheumatology\/40.9.1038","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0006-3223(97)00188-1","article-title":"Fluoxetine-induced Raynaud's phenomenon","volume":"41","author":"Rudnick A","year":"1997","unstructured":"Rudnick A, Modai I, Zelikovski A. Fluoxetine-induced Raynaud's phenomenon. Biol Psychiatry. 1997, 41:1218-21. 10.1016\/s0006-3223(97)00188-1","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keg137","article-title":"Serotonin reuptake inhibitors, Raynaud's phenomenon and erythromelalgia","volume":"42","author":"Rey J","year":"2003","unstructured":"Rey J, Cretel E, Jean R, Pastor MJ, Durand JM. Serotonin reuptake inhibitors, Raynaud's phenomenon and erythromelalgia. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2003, 42:601-2. 10.1093\/rheumatology\/keg137","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145704004882","article-title":"Treatment of Raynaud's phenomenon with escitalopram","volume":"8","author":"Buecking A","year":"2005","unstructured":"Buecking A, Rougemont E, Fabio Zullino D. Treatment of Raynaud's phenomenon with escitalopram. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2005, 8:307-8. 10.1017\/S1461145704004882","journal-title":"Int J Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-006-0254-9","article-title":"Citalopram-induced Raynaud's phenomenon","volume":"27","author":"Peir\u00f3 AM","year":"2007","unstructured":"Peir\u00f3 AM, Margarit C, Torra M. Citalopram-induced Raynaud's phenomenon. Rheumatol Int. 2007, 27:599-601. 10.1007\/s00296-006-0254-9","journal-title":"Rheumatol Int"},{"key":"ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/039463200501800420","article-title":"Significant changes of peripheral perfusion and plasma adrenomedullin levels in N-acetylcysteine long term treatment of patients with sclerodermic Raynauds phenomenon","volume":"18","author":"Salsano F","year":"2005","unstructured":"Salsano F, Letizia C, Proietti M, Rossi C, Proietti AR, Rosato E, Pisarri S. Significant changes of peripheral perfusion and plasma adrenomedullin levels in N-acetylcysteine long term treatment of patients with sclerodermic Raynauds phenomenon. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 2005, 18:761-70. 10.1177\/039463200501800420","journal-title":"Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0b013e3181a80576","article-title":"Botox therapy for ischemic digits","volume":"124","author":"Neumeister MW","year":"2009","unstructured":"Neumeister MW, Chambers CB, Herron MS, et al.. Botox therapy for ischemic digits. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2009, 124:191-201. 10.1097\/PRS.0b013e3181a80576","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"ref127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.prs.0000287135.17291.2f","article-title":"The effects of botulinum toxin type A on muscle blood perfusion and metabolism","volume":"120","author":"Matic DB","year":"2007","unstructured":"Matic DB, Lee TY, Wells RG, Gan BS. The effects of botulinum toxin type A on muscle blood perfusion and metabolism. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2007, 120:1823-33. 10.1097\/01.prs.0000287135.17291.2f","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"ref128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.14140","article-title":"Successful treatment of Raynaud's phenomenon and digital ulcers in systemic sclerosis patients with botulinum toxin B injection: assessment of peripheral vascular disorder by angiography and dermoscopic image of nail fold capillary","volume":"45","author":"Motegi SI","year":"2018","unstructured":"Motegi SI, Sekiguchi A, Saito S, Ishibuchi H, Kishi C, Yasuda M, Ishikawa O. Successful treatment of Raynaud's phenomenon and digital ulcers in systemic sclerosis patients with botulinum toxin B injection: assessment of peripheral vascular disorder by angiography and dermoscopic image of nail fold capillary. J Dermatol. 2018, 45:349-52. 10.1111\/1346-8138.14140","journal-title":"J Dermatol"},{"key":"ref129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/vhrm.s5255","article-title":"Recent achievements in the management of Raynaud's phenomenon","volume":"6","author":"Baumh\u00e4kel M","year":"2010","unstructured":"Baumh\u00e4kel M, B\u00f6hm M. Recent achievements in the management of Raynaud's phenomenon. Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2010, 6:207-14. 10.2147\/vhrm.s5255","journal-title":"Vasc Health Risk Manag"},{"key":"ref130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/14779072.3.3.441","article-title":"ROCKs as therapeutic targets in cardiovascular diseases","volume":"3","author":"Rikitake Y","year":"2005","unstructured":"Rikitake Y, Liao JK. ROCKs as therapeutic targets in cardiovascular diseases. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther. 2005, 3:441-51. 10.1586\/14779072.3.3.441","journal-title":"Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther"},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.2003.029470","article-title":"Acute vasodilator effects of a Rho-kinase inhibitor, fasudil, in patients with severe pulmonary hypertension","volume":"91","author":"Fukumoto Y","year":"2005","unstructured":"Fukumoto Y, Matoba T, Ito A, et al.. Acute vasodilator effects of a Rho-kinase inhibitor, fasudil, in patients with severe pulmonary hypertension. Heart. 2005, 91:391-2. 10.1136\/hrt.2003.029470","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"ref132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1191\/1358863x02vm455oa","article-title":"The use of Ginkgo biloba in Raynaud's disease: a double-blind placebo-controlled trial","volume":"7","author":"Muir AH","year":"2002","unstructured":"Muir AH, Robb R, McLaren M, Daly F, Belch JJ. The use of Ginkgo biloba in Raynaud's disease: a double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Vasc Med. 2002, 7:265-7. 10.1191\/1358863x02vm455oa","journal-title":"Vasc Med"},{"key":"ref133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctim.2017.10.012","article-title":"Effect of topical rosemary essential oil on Raynaud phenomenon in systemic sclerosis","volume":"40","author":"von Schoen-Angerer T","year":"2018","unstructured":"von Schoen-Angerer T, Deckers B, Henes J, Helmert E, Vagedes J. Effect of topical rosemary essential oil on Raynaud phenomenon in systemic sclerosis. Complement Ther Med. 2018, 40:191-4. 10.1016\/j.ctim.2017.10.012","journal-title":"Complement Ther Med"},{"key":"ref134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2796.1997.91105000.x","article-title":"Treatment of primary Raynaud's syndrome with traditional Chinese acupuncture","volume":"241","author":"Appiah R","year":"1997","unstructured":"Appiah R, Hiller S, Caspary L, Alexander K, Creutzig A. Treatment of primary Raynaud's syndrome with traditional Chinese acupuncture. J Intern Med. 1997, 241:119-24. 10.1046\/j.1365-2796.1997.91105000.x","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"key":"ref135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/acupmed-2011-010107","article-title":"Raynaud's phenomenon, cytokines and acupuncture: a case report","volume":"30","author":"Omole FS","year":"2012","unstructured":"Omole FS, Lin JS, Chu T, Sow CM, Flood A, Powell MD. Raynaud's phenomenon, cytokines and acupuncture: a case report. Acupunct Med. 2012, 30:139-41. 10.1136\/acupmed-2011-010107","journal-title":"Acupunct Med"},{"key":"ref136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/S00508-011-1531-5","article-title":"Auricular electroacupuncture reduces frequency and severity of Raynaud attacks","volume":"123","author":"Schlager O","year":"2011","unstructured":"Schlager O, Gschwandtner ME, Mlekusch I, et al.. Auricular electroacupuncture reduces frequency and severity of Raynaud attacks. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2011, 123:112-6. 10.1007\/S00508-011-1531-5","journal-title":"Wien Klin Wochenschr"},{"key":"ref137","article-title":"Low level laser therapy in primary Raynaud's phenomenon--results of a placebo controlled, double blind intervention study","volume":"31","author":"Hirschl M","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hirschl M, Katzenschlager R, Francesconi C, Kundi M. Low level laser therapy in primary Raynaud's phenomenon--results of a placebo controlled, double blind intervention study. J Rheumatol. 2004, 31:2408-12.","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"ref138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-4725.2011.02093.x","article-title":"Scleroderma and Raynaud's phenomenon improve with high-peak power laser therapy: a case report","volume":"37","author":"St Surin-Lord S","year":"2011","unstructured":"St Surin-Lord S, Obagi S. Scleroderma and Raynaud's phenomenon improve with high-peak power laser therapy: a case report. Dermatol Surg. 2011, 37:1531-5. 10.1111\/j.1524-4725.2011.02093.x","journal-title":"Dermatol Surg"},{"key":"ref139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jhsu.2002.35887","article-title":"Adventitial stripping of the radial and ulnar arteries in Raynaud's disease","volume":"27","author":"Balogh B","year":"2002","unstructured":"Balogh B, Mayer W, Vesely M, Mayer S, Partsch H, Piza-Katzer H. Adventitial stripping of the radial and ulnar arteries in Raynaud's disease. J Hand Surg Am. 2002, 27:1073-80. 10.1053\/jhsu.2002.35887","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Am"},{"key":"ref140","article-title":"Microsurgical distal sympathectomy in chronic vasospastic syndromes of the hand","volume":"90","author":"Ortensi A","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ortensi A, Salsano F, Trinchi S, D'orazi V, Pisarri S. Microsurgical distal sympathectomy in chronic vasospastic syndromes of the hand. Int Surg. 2005, 90:88-92.","journal-title":"Int Surg"},{"key":"ref141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03022212","article-title":"Bilateral pain relief after unilateral thoracic percutaneous sympathectomy","volume":"53","author":"Gofeld M","year":"2006","unstructured":"Gofeld M, Faclier G. Bilateral pain relief after unilateral thoracic percutaneous sympathectomy. Can J Anaesth. 2006, 53:258-62. 10.1007\/BF03022212","journal-title":"Can J Anaesth"},{"key":"ref142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a061312","article-title":"Vasodilation induced by transcutaneous nerve stimulation in peripheral ischemia (Raynaud's phenomenon and diabetic polyneuropathy)","volume":"3","author":"Kaada B","year":"1982","unstructured":"Kaada B. Vasodilation induced by transcutaneous nerve stimulation in peripheral ischemia (Raynaud's phenomenon and diabetic polyneuropathy). Eur Heart J. 1982, 3:303-14. 10.1093\/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a061312","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"ref143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200501000-00032","article-title":"Successful use of spinal cord stimulation in the treatment of severe Raynaud's disease of the hands","volume":"102","author":"Sibell DM","year":"2005","unstructured":"Sibell DM, Colantonio AJ, Stacey BR. Successful use of spinal cord stimulation in the treatment of severe Raynaud's disease of the hands. Anesthesiology. 2005, 102:225-7. 10.1097\/00000542-200501000-00032","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"ref144","article-title":"Treatment of psoriasis with ustekinumab improved skin tightening in systemic sclerosis","volume":"35","author":"Ichihara A","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ichihara A, Jinnin M, Ihn H. Treatment of psoriasis with ustekinumab improved skin tightening in systemic sclerosis. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2017, 35:208-10.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"ref145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2016.04.006","article-title":"Paquinimod reduces skin fibrosis in tight skin 1 mice, an experimental model of systemic sclerosis","volume":"83","author":"Stenstr\u00f6m M","year":"2016","unstructured":"Stenstr\u00f6m M, Nyhl\u00e9n HC, T\u00f6rngren M, et al.. Paquinimod reduces skin fibrosis in tight skin 1 mice, an experimental model of systemic sclerosis. J Dermatol Sci. 2016, 83:52-9. 10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2016.04.006","journal-title":"J Dermatol Sci"},{"key":"ref146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00846683","article-title":"Behavioral treatment of Raynaud's disease","volume":"1","author":"Surwit RS","year":"1978","unstructured":"Surwit RS, Pilon RN, Fenton CH. Behavioral treatment of Raynaud's disease. J Behav Med. 1978, 1:323-35. 10.1007\/BF00846683","journal-title":"J Behav Med"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/73113-raynauds-phenomenon-reviewing-the-pathophysiology-and-management-strategies","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,9]],"date-time":"2024-02-09T14:36:35Z","timestamp":1707489395000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/73113-raynauds-phenomenon-reviewing-the-pathophysiology-and-management-strategies"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,28]]},"references-count":146,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.21681","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,28]]}}}