{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T01:38:22Z","timestamp":1790645902741,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,1]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.24655","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,2]],"date-time":"2022-05-02T04:54:30Z","timestamp":1651467270000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["History of Bone Grafts in Spine Surgery"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Gilad A","family":"Hampel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emre","family":"Yilmaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chrissie","family":"Massrey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Clifton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joe","family":"Iwanaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marios","family":"Loukas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. Shane","family":"Tubbs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","article-title":"Bone Graft, Derivatives & Substitutes","author":"Urist MR","year":"1994","unstructured":"Urist MR, O\u2019Connor BT, Burwell RG. Bone Graft, Derivatives & Substitutes. Butterworth-Heinemann, Cambridge; 1994."},{"key":"ref2","article-title":"Chirurgianellapreistoria. Parte I","volume":"2","author":"Flati G","year":"2004","unstructured":"Flati G, Di Stanislao C. Chirurgianellapreistoria. Parte I. Provincia Med Aquila. 2004, 2:8-11.","journal-title":"Provincia Med Aquila"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1915.02570310018006","article-title":"Hibbs osteoplastic operation for Pott's disease. Report of clinical observations with results in one hundred and fifty-eight cases, and interpretation of experimental studies in animals","volume":"LXIV","author":"Farrell B","year":"1915","unstructured":"Farrell B. Hibbs osteoplastic operation for Pott's disease. Report of clinical observations with results in one hundred and fifty-eight cases, and interpretation of experimental studies in animals. JAMA. 1915, LXIV:398-400. 10.1001\/jama.1915.02570310018006","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/00000441-191503000-00001","article-title":"The fundamental principles involved in the use of the bone graft in surgery","volume":"149","author":"Albee F","year":"1915","unstructured":"Albee F. The fundamental principles involved in the use of the bone graft in surgery. Am J Med Sci. 1915, 149:313-25.","journal-title":"Am J Med Sci"},{"key":"ref5","article-title":"Il primo trapianto omoplastico di un arto secondo la leggenda dei santi Cosma e Damiano","volume":"13","author":"Rinaldi E","year":"1987","unstructured":"Rinaldi E. Il primo trapianto omoplastico di un arto secondo la leggenda dei santi Cosma e Damiano. G Ital Ortop Traumatol. 1987, 13:405-17.","journal-title":"G Ital Ortop Traumatol"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-198801000-00037","article-title":"The history of bone grafts","author":"de Boer HH","year":"1988","unstructured":"de Boer HH. The history of bone grafts. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1988, 292-8.","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17453670610013376","article-title":"Bone grafting: historical and conceptual review, starting with an old manuscript by Vittorio Putti","volume":"78","author":"Donati D","year":"2007","unstructured":"Donati D, Zolezzi C, Tomba P, Vigan\u00f2 A. Bone grafting: historical and conceptual review, starting with an old manuscript by Vittorio Putti. Acta Orthop. 2007, 78:19-25. 10.1080\/17453670610013376","journal-title":"Acta Orthop"},{"key":"ref8","article-title":"I trapianti ossei","volume":"29","author":"Putti V","year":"1912","unstructured":"Putti V. I trapianti ossei. Arch Ortop. 1912, 29:294-334.","journal-title":"Arch Ortop"},{"key":"ref9","article-title":"Transplantation of tissue from lower animals to man, and a report of the case of bone-transplantation at Charity Hospital, Blackwell's Island, N.Y. 1891","author":"Phelps AM","year":"2000","unstructured":"Phelps AM. Transplantation of tissue from lower animals to man, and a report of the case of bone-transplantation at Charity Hospital, Blackwell's Island, N.Y. 1891. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2000, 3-9.","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-194302000-00014","article-title":"Evolution of spinal fusion","volume":"117","author":"Howorth MB","year":"1943","unstructured":"Howorth MB. Evolution of spinal fusion. Ann Surg. 1943, 117:278-89. 10.1097\/00000658-194302000-00014","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/003591572001300243","article-title":"Case of tuberculous spine; tibial bone-graft","volume":"13","author":"Sheen AW","year":"1920","unstructured":"Sheen AW. Case of tuberculous spine; tibial bone-graft. Proc R Soc Med. 1920, 13:90. 10.1177\/003591572001300243","journal-title":"Proc R Soc Med"},{"key":"ref12","article-title":"Bone implants in the spine","volume":"4","author":"Radulesco A","year":"1921","unstructured":"Radulesco A. Bone implants in the spine. Presse Med. 1921, 4:284.","journal-title":"Presse Med"},{"key":"ref13","article-title":"Beef bone in stabilizing operations of the spine","volume":"4","author":"Brown","year":"1922","unstructured":"Brown, L. Beef bone in stabilizing operations of the spine. J Bone Jt Surg. 1922, 4:711-50.","journal-title":"J Bone Jt Surg"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.1933.01170060104006","article-title":"Unilateral spine fusion","volume":"26","author":"Kleinberg","year":"1933","unstructured":"Kleinberg, S. Unilateral spine fusion. Arch Surg. 1933, 26:1035-42. 10.1001\/archsurg.1933.01170060104006","journal-title":"Arch Surg"},{"key":"ref15","article-title":"Rib-splinter graft in spinal fusion for vertebral tuberculosis","volume":"19","author":"Petter C","year":"1937","unstructured":"Petter C. Rib-splinter graft in spinal fusion for vertebral tuberculosis. J Bone Jt Surg. 1937, 19:413-6.","journal-title":"J Bone Jt Surg"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1953.10.4.0380","article-title":"Use of frozen cranial bone flaps for autogenous and homologous grafts in cranioplasty and spinal interbody fusion","volume":"10","author":"Abbott KH","year":"1953","unstructured":"Abbott KH. Use of frozen cranial bone flaps for autogenous and homologous grafts in cranioplasty and spinal interbody fusion. J Neurosurg. 1953, 10:380-8. 10.3171\/jns.1953.10.4.0380","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"ref17","article-title":"Stabilization of the cervical spine by anterior fusion","volume":"42-A","author":"BA RW","year":"1960","unstructured":"BA RW, BA CE. Stabilization of the cervical spine by anterior fusion. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1960, 42-A:565-94.","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1958.15.6.0602","article-title":"The anterior approach for removal of ruptured cervical disks","volume":"15","author":"Cloward RB","year":"1958","unstructured":"Cloward RB. The anterior approach for removal of ruptured cervical disks. J Neurosurg. 1958, 15:602-17. 10.3171\/jns.1958.15.6.0602","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"ref19","article-title":"Anterolateral cervical disc removal and interbody fusion for cervical disc syndrome","volume":"96","author":"Robinson R","year":"1955","unstructured":"Robinson R. Anterolateral cervical disc removal and interbody fusion for cervical disc syndrome. Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp. 1955, 96:223-4.","journal-title":"Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.41B2.248","article-title":"A method of spinal fusion","volume":"41-B","author":"Boucher HH","year":"1959","unstructured":"Boucher HH. A method of spinal fusion. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1959, 41-B:248-59. 10.1302\/0301-620X.41B2.248","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.41B1.87","article-title":"Lumbo-sacral interbody spinal fusion","volume":"41-B","author":"Dommisse GF","year":"1959","unstructured":"Dommisse GF. Lumbo-sacral interbody spinal fusion. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1959, 41-B:87-95. 10.1302\/0301-620X.41B1.87","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.150.3698.893","article-title":"Bone: formation by autoinduction","volume":"150","author":"Urist MR","year":"1965","unstructured":"Urist MR. Bone: formation by autoinduction. Science. 1965, 150:893-9. 10.1126\/science.150.3698.893","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref23","article-title":"Bone Graft Substitutes","author":"Van der Stok J","year":"2015","unstructured":"Van der Stok J. Bone Graft Substitutes. Erasmus University, Rotterdam; 2015."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.820090406","article-title":"Replamineform porous biomaterials for hard tissue implant applications","volume":"9","author":"White EW","year":"1975","unstructured":"White EW, Weber JN, Roy DM, Owen EL, Chiroff RT, White RA. Replamineform porous biomaterials for hard tissue implant applications. J Biomed Mater Res. 1975, 9:23-7. 10.1002\/jbm.820090406","journal-title":"J Biomed Mater Res"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/17434440.3.1.49","article-title":"Bone graft substitutes","volume":"3","author":"Laurencin C","year":"2006","unstructured":"Laurencin C, Khan Y, El-Amin SF. Bone graft substitutes. Expert Rev Med Devices. 2006, 3:49-57. 10.1586\/17434440.3.1.49","journal-title":"Expert Rev Med Devices"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.80B1.0800013","article-title":"Synthetic porous ceramic compared with autograft in scoliosis surgery. A prospective, randomized study of 341 patients","volume":"80","author":"Ransford A.O","year":"1998","unstructured":"Ransford A.O, Morley T, Edgar M.A, et al.. Synthetic porous ceramic compared with autograft in scoliosis surgery. A prospective, randomized study of 341 patients. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1998, 80:13-18. 10.1302\/0301-620X.80B1.0800013","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-198211000-00043","article-title":"Extraskeletal and intraskeletal new bone formation induced by demineralized bone matrix combined with bone marrow cells","author":"Lindholm TS","year":"1982","unstructured":"Lindholm TS, Nilsson OS, Lindholm TC. Extraskeletal and intraskeletal new bone formation induced by demineralized bone matrix combined with bone marrow cells. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1982, 251-5.","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"ref28","article-title":"Vertebral fusion dynamics in the thoracic and lumbar spine induced by allogenic demineralized bone matrix combined with autogenous bone marrow. An experimental study in rabbits","volume":"13","author":"Ragni P","year":"1987","unstructured":"Ragni P, Lindholm TS, Lindholm TC. Vertebral fusion dynamics in the thoracic and lumbar spine induced by allogenic demineralized bone matrix combined with autogenous bone marrow. An experimental study in rabbits. Ital J Orthop Traumatol. 1987, 13:241-51.","journal-title":"Ital J Orthop Traumatol"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3928\/0147-7447-19880601-13","article-title":"Arthrodesis by the distraction-compression method using a stainless steel implant","volume":"11","author":"Bagby GW","year":"1988","unstructured":"Bagby GW. Arthrodesis by the distraction-compression method using a stainless steel implant. Orthopedics. 1988, 11:931-4. 10.3928\/0147-7447-19880601-13","journal-title":"Orthopedics"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/neuros\/nyy322","article-title":"Scientific, clinical, regulatory, and economic aspects of choosing bone graft\/biological options in spine surgery","volume":"84","author":"Smith KA","year":"2019","unstructured":"Smith KA, Russo GS, Vaccaro AR, Arnold PM. Scientific, clinical, regulatory, and economic aspects of choosing bone graft\/biological options in spine surgery. Neurosurgery. 2019, 84:827-35. 10.1093\/neuros\/nyy322","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199903010-00004","article-title":"Augmentation of spinal arthrodesis with autologous bone marrow in a rabbit posterolateral spine fusion model","volume":"24","author":"Curylo LJ","year":"1999","unstructured":"Curylo LJ, Johnstone B, Petersilge CA, Janicki JA, Yoo JU. Augmentation of spinal arthrodesis with autologous bone marrow in a rabbit posterolateral spine fusion model. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1999, 24:434-8.","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620x.81b5.9283","article-title":"Characteristics of bone ingrowth and interface mechanics of a new porous tantalum biomaterial","volume":"81","author":"Bobyn JD","year":"1999","unstructured":"Bobyn JD, Stackpool GJ, Hacking SA, Tanzer M, Krygier JJ. Characteristics of bone ingrowth and interface mechanics of a new porous tantalum biomaterial. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1999, 81:907-14. 10.1302\/0301-620x.81b5.9283","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.E.00490","article-title":"Biomechanical and clinical evaluations of a porous tantalum implant for the treatment of early-stage osteonecrosis","volume":"87 Suppl 2","author":"Tsao AK","year":"2005","unstructured":"Tsao AK, Roberson JR, Christie MJ, Dore DD, Heck DA, Robertson DD, Poggie RA. Biomechanical and clinical evaluations of a porous tantalum implant for the treatment of early-stage osteonecrosis. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2005, 87 Suppl 2:22-7. 10.2106\/JBJS.E.00490","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BOT.0b013e3181ed29a6","article-title":"Quantitative assessment of the bone morphogenetic protein expression from alternate bone graft harvesting sites","volume":"24","author":"Takemoto RC","year":"2010","unstructured":"Takemoto RC, Fajardo M, Kirsch T, Egol KA. Quantitative assessment of the bone morphogenetic protein expression from alternate bone graft harvesting sites. J Orthop Trauma. 2010, 24:564-6. 10.1097\/BOT.0b013e3181ed29a6","journal-title":"J Orthop Trauma"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000240715.78657.81","article-title":"Clinical outcomes and fusion success at 2 years of single-level instrumented posterolateral fusions with recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2\/compression resistant matrix versus iliac crest bone graft","volume":"31","author":"Dimar JR","year":"2006","unstructured":"Dimar JR, Glassman SD, Burkus KJ, Carreon LY. Clinical outcomes and fusion success at 2 years of single-level instrumented posterolateral fusions with recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2\/compression resistant matrix versus iliac crest bone graft. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2006, 31:2534-9; discussion 2540. 10.1097\/01.brs.0000240715.78657.81","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00024720-200608000-00009","article-title":"A preliminary study of the efficacy of beta tricalcium phosphate as a bone expander for instrumented posterolateral lumbar fusions","volume":"19","author":"Epstein NE","year":"2006","unstructured":"Epstein NE. A preliminary study of the efficacy of beta tricalcium phosphate as a bone expander for instrumented posterolateral lumbar fusions. J Spinal Disord Tech. 2006, 19:424-9. 10.1097\/00024720-200608000-00009","journal-title":"J Spinal Disord Tech"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005131-200109000-00007","article-title":"Anterior iliac crest bone graft harvesting using the corticocancellous reamer system","volume":"15","author":"Westrich GH","year":"2001","unstructured":"Westrich GH, Geller DS, O'Malley MJ, Deland JT, Helfet DL. Anterior iliac crest bone graft harvesting using the corticocancellous reamer system. J Orthop Trauma. 2001, 15:500-6. 10.1097\/00005131-200109000-00007","journal-title":"J Orthop Trauma"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000000476","article-title":"Short-term adverse events, length of stay, and readmission after iliac crest bone graft for spinal fusion","volume":"39","author":"Gruskay JA","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gruskay JA, Basques BA, Bohl DD, Webb ML, Grauer JN. Short-term adverse events, length of stay, and readmission after iliac crest bone graft for spinal fusion. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2014, 39:1718-24. 10.1097\/BRS.0000000000000476","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2007.03.012","article-title":"The safety and efficacy of OP-1 (rhBMP-7) as a replacement for iliac crest autograft for posterolateral lumbar arthrodesis: minimum 4-year follow-up of a pilot study","volume":"8","author":"Vaccaro AR","year":"2008","unstructured":"Vaccaro AR, Whang PG, Patel T, et al.. The safety and efficacy of OP-1 (rhBMP-7) as a replacement for iliac crest autograft for posterolateral lumbar arthrodesis: minimum 4-year follow-up of a pilot study. Spine J. 2008, 8:457-65. 10.1016\/j.spinee.2007.03.012","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199409150-00005","article-title":"A prospective analysis of autograft versus allograft in posterolateral lumbar fusion in the same patient. A minimum of 1-year follow-up in 144 patients","volume":"19","author":"Jorgenson SS","year":"1994","unstructured":"Jorgenson SS, Lowe TG, France J, Sabin J. A prospective analysis of autograft versus allograft in posterolateral lumbar fusion in the same patient. A minimum of 1-year follow-up in 144 patients. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1994, 19:2048-53. 10.1097\/00007632-199409150-00005","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-018-5511-6","article-title":"Bone graft materials for posterolateral fusion made simple: a systematic review","volume":"27","author":"Morris MT","year":"2018","unstructured":"Morris MT, Tarpada SP, Cho W. Bone graft materials for posterolateral fusion made simple: a systematic review. Eur Spine J. 2018, 27:1856-67. 10.1007\/s00586-018-5511-6","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200212010-00005","article-title":"Use of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 to achieve posterolateral lumbar spine fusion in humans: a prospective, randomized clinical pilot trial: 2002 Volvo Award in clinical studies","volume":"27","author":"Boden SD","year":"2002","unstructured":"Boden SD, Kang J, Sandhu H, Heller JG. Use of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 to achieve posterolateral lumbar spine fusion in humans: a prospective, randomized clinical pilot trial: 2002 Volvo Award in clinical studies. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2002, 27:2662-73. 10.1097\/00007632-200212010-00005","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e31823ed817","article-title":"Grafton and local bone have comparable outcomes to iliac crest bone in instrumented single-level lumbar fusions","volume":"37","author":"Kang J","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kang J, An H, Hilibrand A, Yoon ST, Kavanagh E, Boden S. Grafton and local bone have comparable outcomes to iliac crest bone in instrumented single-level lumbar fusions. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2012, 37:1083-91. 10.1097\/BRS.0b013e31823ed817","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000137062.79201.98","article-title":"A pilot study evaluating the safety and efficacy of OP-1 Putty (rhBMP-7) as a replacement for iliac crest autograft in posterolateral lumbar arthrodesis for degenerative spondylolisthesis","volume":"29","author":"Vaccaro AR","year":"2004","unstructured":"Vaccaro AR, Patel T, Fischgrund J, et al.. A pilot study evaluating the safety and efficacy of OP-1 Putty (rhBMP-7) as a replacement for iliac crest autograft in posterolateral lumbar arthrodesis for degenerative spondylolisthesis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2004, 29:1885-92. 10.1097\/01.brs.0000137062.79201.98","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-009-0846-2","article-title":"The synergistic effect of autograft and BMP-7 in the treatment of atrophic nonunions","volume":"467","author":"Giannoudis PV","year":"2009","unstructured":"Giannoudis PV, Kanakaris NK, Dimitriou R, Gill I, Kolimarala V, Montgomery RJ. The synergistic effect of autograft and BMP-7 in the treatment of atrophic nonunions. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2009, 467:3239-48. 10.1007\/s11999-009-0846-2","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006950.pub2","article-title":"Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) for fracture healing in adults","volume":"2010","author":"Garrison KR","year":"2010","unstructured":"Garrison KR, Shemilt I, Donell S, et al.. Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) for fracture healing in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010, 2010:CD006950. 10.1002\/14651858.CD006950.pub2","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BOT.0000000000000460","article-title":"Bone grafting: sourcing. Timing, strategies, and alternatives","volume":"29 Suppl 12","author":"Egol KA","year":"2015","unstructured":"Egol KA, Nauth A, Lee M, Pape HC, Watson JT, Borrelli J Jr. Bone grafting: sourcing. Timing, strategies, and alternatives. J Orthop Trauma. 2015, 29 Suppl 12:S10-4. 10.1097\/BOT.0000000000000460","journal-title":"J Orthop Trauma"},{"key":"ref48","unstructured":"2008 Bone grafts and bone substitutes - Orthopedic Network News. (2008). Accessed. December 21, 2021: https:\/\/www.yumpu.com\/en\/document\/view\/6328775\/2008-bone-grafts-and-bone-substitutes-orthopedic-network-news."},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2007.02.012","article-title":"Autologous iliac crest bone graft: should it still be the gold standard for treating nonunions?","volume":"38 Suppl 1","author":"Sen MK","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sen MK, Miclau T. Autologous iliac crest bone graft: should it still be the gold standard for treating nonunions?. Injury. 2007, 38 Suppl 1:S75-80. 10.1016\/j.injury.2007.02.012","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2009.03.013","article-title":"Two-year fusion and clinical outcomes in 224 patients treated with a single-level instrumented posterolateral fusion with iliac crest bone graft","volume":"9","author":"Dimar JR 2nd","year":"2009","unstructured":"Dimar JR 2nd, Glassman SD, Burkus JK, Pryor PW, Hardacker JW, Carreon LY. Two-year fusion and clinical outcomes in 224 patients treated with a single-level instrumented posterolateral fusion with iliac crest bone graft. Spine J. 2009, 9:880-5. 10.1016\/j.spinee.2009.03.013","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2017.12.002","article-title":"Fabrication of polycaprolactone-silanated \u03b2-tricalcium phosphate-heparan sulfate scaffolds for spinal fusion applications","volume":"18","author":"Bhakta G","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bhakta G, Ekaputra AK, Rai B, et al.. Fabrication of polycaprolactone-silanated \u03b2-tricalcium phosphate-heparan sulfate scaffolds for spinal fusion applications. Spine J. 2018, 18:818-30. 10.1016\/j.spinee.2017.12.002","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-017-5020-z","article-title":"Georg-Schmorl-Prize of the German Spine Society (DWG) 2016: comparison of in vitro osteogenic potential of iliac crest and degenerative facet joint bone autografts for intervertebral fusion in lumbar spinal stenosis","volume":"26","author":"Geurts J","year":"2017","unstructured":"Geurts J, Ramp D, Sch\u00e4ren S, Netzer C. Georg-Schmorl-Prize of the German Spine Society (DWG) 2016: comparison of in vitro osteogenic potential of iliac crest and degenerative facet joint bone autografts for intervertebral fusion in lumbar spinal stenosis. Eur Spine J. 2017, 26:1408-15. 10.1007\/s00586-017-5020-z","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.gt.3302203","article-title":"Spine fusion by gene therapy","volume":"11","author":"Yoon ST","year":"2004","unstructured":"Yoon ST, Boden SD. Spine fusion by gene therapy. Gene Ther. 2004, 11:360-7. 10.1038\/sj.gt.3302203","journal-title":"Gene Ther"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surge.2012.08.001","article-title":"A review of demineralized bone matrices for spinal fusion: the evidence for efficacy","volume":"11","author":"Aghdasi B","year":"2013","unstructured":"Aghdasi B, Montgomery SR, Daubs MD, Wang JC. A review of demineralized bone matrices for spinal fusion: the evidence for efficacy. Surgeon. 2013, 11:39-48. 10.1016\/j.surge.2012.08.001","journal-title":"Surgeon"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200208151-00007","article-title":"Overview of the biology of lumbar spine fusion and principles for selecting a bone graft substitute","volume":"27","author":"Boden SD","year":"2002","unstructured":"Boden SD. Overview of the biology of lumbar spine fusion and principles for selecting a bone graft substitute. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2002, 27:S26-31. 10.1097\/00007632-200208151-00007","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"ref56","unstructured":"Bone graft and substitutes market size worth $4.3 billion by 2028. (2021). Accessed. December 20, 2021: https:\/\/www.grandviewresearch.com\/press-release\/global-bone-grafts-substitutes-market."},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jor.2016.10.010","article-title":"Mesenchymal stromal cells in spinal fusion: current and future applications","volume":"14","author":"Eltorai AE","year":"2017","unstructured":"Eltorai AE, Susai CJ, Daniels AH. Mesenchymal stromal cells in spinal fusion: current and future applications. J Orthop. 2017, 14:1-3. 10.1016\/j.jor.2016.10.010","journal-title":"J Orthop"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/81548-history-of-bone-grafts-in-spine-surgery","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,9]],"date-time":"2024-02-09T19:39:09Z","timestamp":1707507549000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/81548-history-of-bone-grafts-in-spine-surgery"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,1]]},"references-count":57,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.24655","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,1]]}}}