{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T16:10:23Z","timestamp":1758816623057},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,23]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.25235","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,23]],"date-time":"2022-05-23T10:38:17Z","timestamp":1653302297000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Psychoactive Drugs in the Management of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder: A Promising New Horizon"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Kawther N","family":"Elsouri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sahand","family":"Kalhori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Diego","family":"Colunge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Grant","family":"Grabarczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Hanna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cassidy","family":"Carrasco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andy","family":"Aleman Espino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andres","family":"Francisco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bradley","family":"Borosky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bassem","family":"Bekheit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maha","family":"Ighanifard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrea A","family":"Astudillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michelle","family":"Demory Beckler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596","article-title":"","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"2013","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic And Statistical Manual Of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition. \tAmerican Psychiatric Association, Arlington, VA; 2013. 10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2016.11.061","article-title":"Neuropeptide Y, resilience, and PTSD therapeutics","volume":"649","author":"Kautz M","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kautz M, Charney DS, Murrough JW. Neuropeptide Y, resilience, and PTSD therapeutics. Neurosci Lett. 2017, 649:164-9. 10.1016\/j.neulet.2016.11.061","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.62.6.593","article-title":"Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication","volume":"62","author":"Kessler RC","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kessler RC, Berglund P, Demler O, Jin R, Merikangas KR, Walters EE. Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005, 62:593-602. 10.1001\/archpsyc.62.6.593","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-5949.2008.00049.x","article-title":"Post-traumatic stress disorder in Canada","volume":"14","author":"Van Ameringen M","year":"2008","unstructured":"Van Ameringen M, Mancini C, Patterson B, Boyle MH. Post-traumatic stress disorder in Canada. CNS Neurosci Ther. 2008, 14:171-81. 10.1111\/j.1755-5949.2008.00049.x","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci Ther"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291717000708","article-title":"Posttraumatic stress disorder in the World Mental Health Surveys","volume":"47","author":"Koenen KC","year":"2017","unstructured":"Koenen KC, Ratanatharathorn A, Ng L, et al.. Posttraumatic stress disorder in the World Mental Health Surveys. Psychol Med. 2017, 47:2260-74. 10.1017\/S0033291717000708","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-016-1208-5","article-title":"The epidemiology of DSM-5 posttraumatic stress disorder in the United States: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions-III","volume":"51","author":"Goldstein RB","year":"2016","unstructured":"Goldstein RB, Smith SM, Chou SP, et al.. The epidemiology of DSM-5 posttraumatic stress disorder in the United States: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions-III. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2016, 51:1137-48. 10.1007\/s00127-016-1208-5","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.62.1.99","article-title":"Prevalence of DSM-IV disorders and attendant help-seeking in 2 American Indian reservation populations","volume":"62","author":"Beals J","year":"2005","unstructured":"Beals J, Manson SM, Whitesell NR, Spicer P, Novins DK, Mitchell CM. Prevalence of DSM-IV disorders and attendant help-seeking in 2 American Indian reservation populations. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005, 62:99-108. 10.1001\/archpsyc.62.1.99","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2016.09.032","article-title":"The prevalence of depression and anxiety disorders in indigenous people of the Americas: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"84","author":"Kisely S","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kisely S, Alichniewicz KK, Black EB, Siskind D, Spurling G, Toombs M. The prevalence of depression and anxiety disorders in indigenous people of the Americas: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Psychiatr Res. 2017, 84:137-52. 10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2016.09.032","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s43045-021-00098-5","article-title":"Severe post-traumatic disorder leading to failure of passing asylum interview\u2014a case report","volume":"28","author":"Sarangi A","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sarangi A, Deleon S, Baronia R, et al.. Severe post-traumatic disorder leading to failure of passing asylum interview\u2014a case report. Middle East Curr Psychiatry. 2021, 28:19. 10.1186\/s43045-021-00098-5","journal-title":"Middle East Curr Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s43045-021-00119-3","article-title":"COVID-19-associated PTSD in the elderly\u2014lessons learned for the next global pandemic","volume":"28","author":"Sarangi A","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sarangi A, Javed S, Karki K, Kaushal A. COVID-19-associated PTSD in the elderly\u2014lessons learned for the next global pandemic. Middle East Curr Psychiatry. 2021, 28:39. 10.1186\/s43045-021-00119-3","journal-title":"Middle East Curr Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.294.5.571","article-title":"Mental health of Cambodian refugees 2 decades after resettlement in the United States","volume":"294","author":"Marshall GN","year":"2005","unstructured":"Marshall GN, Schell TL, Elliott MN, Berthold SM, Chun CA. Mental health of Cambodian refugees 2 decades after resettlement in the United States. JAMA. 2005, 294:571-9. 10.1001\/jama.294.5.571","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.152.7.973","article-title":"MRI-based measurement of hippocampal volume in patients with combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"152","author":"Bremner JD","year":"1995","unstructured":"Bremner JD, Randall P, Scott TM, et al.. MRI-based measurement of hippocampal volume in patients with combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 1995, 152:973-81. 10.1176\/ajp.152.7.973","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2006.03.004","article-title":"A meta-analysis of structural brain abnormalities in PTSD","volume":"30","author":"Karl A","year":"2006","unstructured":"Karl A, Schaefer M, Malta LS, D\u00f6rfel D, Rohleder N, Werner A. A meta-analysis of structural brain abnormalities in PTSD. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2006, 30:1004-31. 10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2006.03.004","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"ref14","article-title":"The psychobiology of posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"58 Suppl 9","author":"van der Kolk BA","year":"1997","unstructured":"van der Kolk BA. The psychobiology of posttraumatic stress disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 1997, 58 Suppl 9:16-24.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.161.1.36","article-title":"The nature of traumatic memories: a 4-T FMRI functional connectivity analysis","volume":"161","author":"Lanius RA","year":"2004","unstructured":"Lanius RA, Williamson PC, Densmore M, Boksman K, Neufeld RW, Gati JS, Menon RS. The nature of traumatic memories: a 4-T FMRI functional connectivity analysis. Am J Psychiatry. 2004, 161:36-44. 10.1176\/appi.ajp.161.1.36","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-018-0980-1","article-title":"Robust findings from 25\u00a0years of PTSD genetics research","volume":"20","author":"Duncan LE","year":"2018","unstructured":"Duncan LE, Cooper BN, Shen H. Robust findings from 25\u00a0years of PTSD genetics research. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2018, 20:115. 10.1007\/s11920-018-0980-1","journal-title":"Curr Psychiatry Rep"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-019-0447-7","article-title":"Genome-wide association study of post-traumatic stress disorder reexperiencing symptoms in &gt;165,000 US veterans","volume":"22","author":"Gelernter J","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gelernter J, Sun N, Polimanti R, et al.. Genome-wide association study of post-traumatic stress disorder reexperiencing symptoms in &amp;gt;165,000 US veterans. Nat Neurosci. 2019, 22:1394-401. 10.1038\/s41593-019-0447-7","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.156.6.902","article-title":"Previous exposure to trauma and PTSD effects of subsequent trauma: results from the Detroit Area Survey of Trauma","volume":"156","author":"Breslau N","year":"1999","unstructured":"Breslau N, Chilcoat HD, Kessler RC, Davis GC. Previous exposure to trauma and PTSD effects of subsequent trauma: results from the Detroit Area Survey of Trauma. Am J Psychiatry. 1999, 156:902-7. 10.1176\/ajp.156.6.902","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1995.03950240066012","article-title":"Posttraumatic stress disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey","volume":"52","author":"Kessler RC","year":"1995","unstructured":"Kessler RC, Sonnega A, Bromet E, Hughes M, Nelson CB. Posttraumatic stress disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1995, 52:1048-60. 10.1001\/archpsyc.1995.03950240066012","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref20","article-title":"Trauma: prevalence, impairment, service use, and cost","volume":"58 Suppl 9","author":"Solomon SD","year":"1997","unstructured":"Solomon SD, Davidson JR. Trauma: prevalence, impairment, service use, and cost. J Clin Psychiatry. 1997, 58 Suppl 9:5-11.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2008.557","article-title":"Posttraumatic stress disorder and suicide attempts in a community sample of urban american young adults","volume":"66","author":"Wilcox HC","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wilcox HC, Storr CL, Breslau N. Posttraumatic stress disorder and suicide attempts in a community sample of urban american young adults. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2009, 66:305-11. 10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2008.557","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2006.09.018","article-title":"Risk factors for suicidality in Europe: results from the ESEMED study","volume":"101","author":"Bernal M","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bernal M, Haro JM, Bernert S, et al.. Risk factors for suicidality in Europe: results from the ESEMED study. J Affect Disord. 2007, 101:27-34. 10.1016\/j.jad.2006.09.018","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.27935","article-title":"Association of posttraumatic stress and depressive symptoms with mortality in women","volume":"3","author":"Roberts AL","year":"2020","unstructured":"Roberts AL, Kubzansky LD, Chibnik LB, Rimm EB, Koenen KC. Association of posttraumatic stress and depressive symptoms with mortality in women. JAMA Netw Open. 2020, 3:e2027935. 10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.27935","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyaa018","article-title":"Reviewing the potential of psychedelics for the treatment of PTSD","volume":"23","author":"Krediet E","year":"2020","unstructured":"Krediet E, Bostoen T, Breeksema J, van Schagen A, Passie T, Vermetten E. Reviewing the potential of psychedelics for the treatment of PTSD. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2020, 23:385-400. 10.1093\/ijnp\/pyaa018","journal-title":"Int J Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1179069518800508","article-title":"Psychoplastogens: a promising class of plasticity-promoting neurotherapeutics","volume":"12","author":"Olson DE","year":"2018","unstructured":"Olson DE. Psychoplastogens: a promising class of plasticity-promoting neurotherapeutics. J Exp Neurosci. 2018, 12:1179069518800508. 10.1177\/1179069518800508","journal-title":"J Exp Neurosci"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pharmtox-010818-021701","article-title":"The neurobiology and pharmacotherapy of posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"59","author":"Abdallah CG","year":"2019","unstructured":"Abdallah CG, Averill LA, Akiki TJ, et al.. The neurobiology and pharmacotherapy of posttraumatic stress disorder. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2019, 59:171-89. 10.1146\/annurev-pharmtox-010818-021701","journal-title":"Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003388.pub3","article-title":"Psychological treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)","author":"Bisson J","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bisson J, Andrew M. Psychological treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007, CD003388. 10.1002\/14651858.CD003388.pub3","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003262","article-title":"Psychological and pharmacological interventions for posttraumatic stress disorder and comorbid mental health problems following complex traumatic events: Systematic review and component network meta-analysis","volume":"17","author":"Coventry PA","year":"2020","unstructured":"Coventry PA, Meader N, Melton H, et al.. Psychological and pharmacological interventions for posttraumatic stress disorder and comorbid mental health problems following complex traumatic events: Systematic review and component network meta-analysis. PLoS Med. 2020, 17:e1003262. 10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003262","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2016.2729","article-title":"Effect of group vs individual cognitive processing therapy in active-duty military seeking treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"74","author":"Resick PA","year":"2017","unstructured":"Resick PA, Wachen JS, Dondanville KA, et al.. Effect of group vs individual cognitive processing therapy in active-duty military seeking treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry. 2017, 74:28-36. 10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2016.2729","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2008.12.004","article-title":"Pharmacologic alternatives to antidepressants in posttraumatic stress disorder: a systematic review","volume":"33","author":"Berger W","year":"2009","unstructured":"Berger W, Mendlowicz MV, Marques-Portella C, Kinrys G, Fontenelle LF, Marmar CR, Figueira I. Pharmacologic alternatives to antidepressants in posttraumatic stress disorder: a systematic review. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2009, 33:169-80. 10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2008.12.004","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.63.10.1158","article-title":"Treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder with venlafaxine extended release: a 6-month randomized controlled trial","volume":"63","author":"Davidson J","year":"2006","unstructured":"Davidson J, Baldwin D, Stein DJ, et al.. Treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder with venlafaxine extended release: a 6-month randomized controlled trial. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2006, 63:1158-65. 10.1001\/archpsyc.63.10.1158","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.15816","article-title":"Benzodiazepine misuse: an epidemic within a pandemic","volume":"13","author":"Sarangi A","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sarangi A, McMahon T, Gude J. Benzodiazepine misuse: an epidemic within a pandemic. Cureus. 2021, 13:e15816. 10.7759\/cureus.15816","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2018.3412","article-title":"Efficacy of prolonged exposure therapy, sertraline hydrochloride, and their combination among combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"76","author":"Rauch SA","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rauch SA, Kim HM, Powell C, et al.. Efficacy of prolonged exposure therapy, sertraline hydrochloride, and their combination among combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry. 2019, 76:117-26. 10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2018.3412","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2018.17090995","article-title":"Doubly randomized preference trial of prolonged exposure versus sertraline for treatment of PTSD","volume":"176","author":"Zoellner LA","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zoellner LA, Roy-Byrne PP, Mavissakalian M, Feeny NC. Doubly randomized preference trial of prolonged exposure versus sertraline for treatment of PTSD. Am J Psychiatry. 2019, 176:287-96. 10.1176\/appi.ajp.2018.17090995","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2005.05.012","article-title":"Quantifiable change in functional brain response to empathic and forgivability judgments with resolution of posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"140","author":"Farrow TF","year":"2005","unstructured":"Farrow TF, Hunter MD, Wilkinson ID, et al.. Quantifiable change in functional brain response to empathic and forgivability judgments with resolution of posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychiatry Res. 2005, 140:45-53. 10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2005.05.012","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200108080-00029","article-title":"Investigating the functional anatomy of empathy and forgiveness","volume":"12","author":"Farrow TF","year":"2001","unstructured":"Farrow TF, Zheng Y, Wilkinson ID, et al.. Investigating the functional anatomy of empathy and forgiveness. Neuroreport. 2001, 12:2433-8. 10.1097\/00001756-200108080-00029","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2015.1094156","article-title":"The psychopharmacology of \u00b13,4 methylenedioxymethamphetamine and its role in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"47","author":"Amoroso T","year":"2015","unstructured":"Amoroso T. The psychopharmacology of \u00b13,4 methylenedioxymethamphetamine and its role in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder. J Psychoactive Drugs. 2015, 47:337-44. 10.1080\/02791072.2015.1094156","journal-title":"J Psychoactive Drugs"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2018.03.003","article-title":"MDMA-assisted psychotherapy for PTSD: Are memory reconsolidation and fear extinction underlying mechanisms?","volume":"84","author":"Feduccia AA","year":"2018","unstructured":"Feduccia AA, Mithoefer MC. MDMA-assisted psychotherapy for PTSD: Are memory reconsolidation and fear extinction underlying mechanisms?. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2018, 84:221-8. 10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2018.03.003","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-017-4621-x","article-title":"MDMA does not alter responses to the Trier Social Stress Test in humans","volume":"234","author":"Bershad AK","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bershad AK, Miller MA, de Wit H. MDMA does not alter responses to the Trier Social Stress Test in humans. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2017, 234:2159-66. 10.1007\/s00213-017-4621-x","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2018.11.930","article-title":"S.08.06 MDMA-Assisted psychotherapy for PTSD: A promising novel experimental treatment moving into phase 3 trials with FDA Breakthrough therapy designation","volume":"29","author":"Mithoefer M","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mithoefer M, Mithoefer A, Feduccia A, et al.. S.08.06 MDMA-Assisted psychotherapy for PTSD: A promising novel experimental treatment moving into phase 3 trials with FDA Breakthrough therapy designation. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2019, 29:S11-S12. 10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2018.11.930","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-020-05548-2","article-title":"Long-term follow-up outcomes of MDMA-assisted psychotherapy for treatment of PTSD: a longitudinal pooled analysis of six phase 2 trials","volume":"237","author":"Jerome L","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jerome L, Feduccia AA, Wang JB, et al.. Long-term follow-up outcomes of MDMA-assisted psychotherapy for treatment of PTSD: a longitudinal pooled analysis of six phase 2 trials. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2020, 237:2485-97. 10.1007\/s00213-020-05548-2","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"key":"ref42","article-title":"The effects of MDMA on brain reactivity to personalized trauma scripts in patients with PTSD: A pilot study","volume":"77","author":"Mithoefer OJ","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mithoefer OJ. The effects of MDMA on brain reactivity to personalized trauma scripts in patients with PTSD: A pilot study. Biol Psychiatry. 2015, 77:230.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(18)30135-4","article-title":"3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-assisted psychotherapy for post-traumatic stress disorder in military veterans, firefighters, and police officers: a randomised, double-blind, dose-response, phase 2 clinical trial","volume":"5","author":"Mithoefer MC","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mithoefer MC, Mithoefer AT, Feduccia AA, et al.. 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-assisted psychotherapy for post-traumatic stress disorder in military veterans, firefighters, and police officers: a randomised, double-blind, dose-response, phase 2 clinical trial. Lancet Psychiatry. 2018, 5:486-97. 10.1016\/S2215-0366(18)30135-4","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.22479","article-title":"Posttraumatic growth after MDMA\u2010assisted psychotherapy for posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"33","author":"Gorman I","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gorman I, Belser AB, Jerome L, et al.. Posttraumatic growth after MDMA\u2010assisted psychotherapy for posttraumatic stress disorder. J Trauma Stress. 2020, 33:161-70. 10.1002\/jts.22479","journal-title":"J Trauma Stress"},{"key":"ref45","unstructured":"Sleep Foundation. How post-traumatic stress disorder affects sleep. (2021). Accessed. May 22, 2022: https:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/mental-health\/ptsd-and-sleep."},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.22696","article-title":"Sleep quality improvements after MDMA-assisted psychotherapy for the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"34","author":"Ponte L","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ponte L, Jerome L, Hamilton S, Mithoefer MC, Yazar-Klosinski BB, Vermetten E, Feduccia AA. Sleep quality improvements after MDMA-assisted psychotherapy for the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder. J Trauma Stress. 2021, 34:851-63. 10.1002\/jts.22696","journal-title":"J Trauma Stress"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2020.20050596","article-title":"A randomized controlled trial of repeated ketamine administration for chronic posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"178","author":"Feder A","year":"2021","unstructured":"Feder A, Costi S, Rutter SB, et al.. A randomized controlled trial of repeated ketamine administration for chronic posttraumatic stress disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2021, 178:193-202. 10.1176\/appi.ajp.2020.20050596","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0706385","article-title":"Ketamine impairs excitability in superficial dorsal horn neurones by blocking sodium and voltage-gated potassium currents","volume":"146","author":"Schnoebel R","year":"2005","unstructured":"Schnoebel R, Wolff M, Peters SC, et al.. Ketamine impairs excitability in superficial dorsal horn neurones by blocking sodium and voltage-gated potassium currents. Br J Pharmacol. 2005, 146:826-33. 10.1038\/sj.bjp.0706385","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-017-0829-z","article-title":"Synaptic loss and the pathophysiology of PTSD: implications for ketamine as a prototype novel therapeutic","volume":"19","author":"Krystal JH","year":"2017","unstructured":"Krystal JH, Abdallah CG, Averill LA, et al.. Synaptic loss and the pathophysiology of PTSD: implications for ketamine as a prototype novel therapeutic. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2017, 19:74. 10.1007\/s11920-017-0829-z","journal-title":"Curr Psychiatry Rep"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.12718","article-title":"Ketamine as a promising prototype for a new generation of rapid-acting antidepressants","volume":"1344","author":"Abdallah CG","year":"2015","unstructured":"Abdallah CG, Averill LA, Krystal JH. Ketamine as a promising prototype for a new generation of rapid-acting antidepressants. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2015, 1344:66-77. 10.1111\/nyas.12718","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2014.62","article-title":"Efficacy of intravenous ketamine for treatment of chronic posttraumatic stress disorder: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"71","author":"Feder A","year":"2014","unstructured":"Feder A, Parides MK, Murrough JW, et al.. Efficacy of intravenous ketamine for treatment of chronic posttraumatic stress disorder: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry. 2014, 71:681-8. 10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2014.62","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2017.02.728","article-title":"Neurocognitive effects of repeated ketamine infusions in co-occurring posttraumatic stress disorder and treatment-resistant depression","volume":"81","author":"Cristina Albott","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cristina Albott, Kelvin Lim, Miriam Forbes, et al.. Neurocognitive effects of repeated ketamine infusions in co-occurring posttraumatic stress disorder and treatment-resistant depression. Biol Psychiatry. 2017, 81:S405. 10.1016\/j.biopsych.2017.02.728","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.17m11634","article-title":"Efficacy, safety, and durability of repeated ketamine infusions for comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder and treatment-resistant depression","volume":"79","author":"Albott CS","year":"2018","unstructured":"Albott CS, Lim KO, Forbes MK, et al.. Efficacy, safety, and durability of repeated ketamine infusions for comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder and treatment-resistant depression. J Clin Psychiatry. 2018, 79:10.4088\/JCP.17m11634","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09540261.2021.1919062","article-title":"Psilocybin and MDMA for the treatment of trauma-related psychopathology","volume":"33","author":"Bird CI","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bird CI, Modlin NL, Rucker JJ. Psilocybin and MDMA for the treatment of trauma-related psychopathology. Int Rev Psychiatry. 2021, 33:229-49. 10.1080\/09540261.2021.1919062","journal-title":"Int Rev Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31887\/dcns.2019.21.2\/dnutt","article-title":"Psychedelic drugs-a new era in\u2028psychiatry?","volume":"21","author":"Nutt D","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nutt D. Psychedelic drugs-a new era in\u2028psychiatry?\u2029. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2019, 21:139-47. 10.31887\/dcns.2019.21.2\/dnutt","journal-title":"Dialogues Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2013.12.006","article-title":"Psilocybin--summary of knowledge and new perspectives","volume":"24","author":"Tyl\u0161 F","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tyl\u0161 F, P\u00e1len\u00ed\u010dek T, Hor\u00e1\u010dek J. Psilocybin--summary of knowledge and new perspectives. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2014, 24:342-56. 10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2013.12.006","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2015.08.009","article-title":"The mixed serotonin receptor agonist psilocybin reduces threat-induced modulation of amygdala connectivity","volume":"11","author":"Kraehenmann R","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kraehenmann R, Schmidt A, Friston K, Preller KH, Seifritz E, Vollenweider FX. The mixed serotonin receptor agonist psilocybin reduces threat-induced modulation of amygdala connectivity. Neuroimage Clin. 2016, 11:53-60. 10.1016\/j.nicl.2015.08.009","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2020.100538","article-title":"Psilocybin-assisted group therapy for demoralized older long-term AIDS survivor men: An open-label safety and feasibility pilot study","volume":"27","author":"Anderson BT","year":"2020","unstructured":"Anderson BT, Danforth A, Daroff PR, et al.. Psilocybin-assisted group therapy for demoralized older long-term AIDS survivor men: An open-label safety and feasibility pilot study. EClinicalMedicine. 2020, 27:100538. 10.1016\/j.eclinm.2020.100538","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archgen-psychiatry.2010.116","article-title":"Pilot study of psilocybin treatment for anxiety in patients with advanced-stage cancer","volume":"68","author":"Grob CS","year":"2011","unstructured":"Grob CS, Danforth AL, Chopra GS, et al.. Pilot study of psilocybin treatment for anxiety in patients with advanced-stage cancer. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2011, 68:71-78. 10.1001\/archgen-psychiatry.2010.116","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881116675513","article-title":"Psilocybin produces substantial and sustained decreases in depression and anxiety in patients with life-threatening cancer: A randomized double-blind trial","volume":"30","author":"Griffiths RR","year":"2016","unstructured":"Griffiths RR, Johnson MW, Carducci MA, et al.. Psilocybin produces substantial and sustained decreases in depression and anxiety in patients with life-threatening cancer: A randomized double-blind trial. J Psychopharmacol. 2016, 30:1181-97. 10.1177\/0269881116675513","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881116675512","article-title":"Rapid and sustained symptom reduction following psilocybin treatment for anxiety and depression in patients with life-threatening cancer: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"30","author":"Ross S","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ross S, Bossis A, Guss J, et al.. Rapid and sustained symptom reduction following psilocybin treatment for anxiety and depression in patients with life-threatening cancer: a randomized controlled trial. J Psychopharmacol. 2016, 30:1165-80. 10.1177\/0269881116675512","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-13282-7","article-title":"Psilocybin for treatment-resistant depression: fMRI-measured brain mechanisms","volume":"7","author":"Carhart-Harris RL","year":"2017","unstructured":"Carhart-Harris RL, Roseman L, Bolstridge M, et al.. Psilocybin for treatment-resistant depression: fMRI-measured brain mechanisms. Sci Rep. 2017, 7:13187. 10.1038\/s41598-017-13282-7","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-013-3579-0\u00a0","article-title":"Effects of psilocybin on hippocampal neurogenesis and extinction of trace fear conditioning","author":"Catlow B. J.","unstructured":"Catlow B. J., Song S., Paredes D. A., et al.. Effects of psilocybin on hippocampal neurogenesis and extinction of trace fear conditioning. Experimental Brain Research, 228, 481-491. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00221-013-3579-0. 10.1007\/s00221-013-3579-0\u00a0","journal-title":"Experimental Brain Research, 228, 481-491. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00221-013-3579-0"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j","article-title":"Psilocybin biases facial recognition, goal-directed behavior, and mood state toward positive relative to negative emotions through different serotonergic subreceptors","volume":"72","author":"Kometer M.","unstructured":"Kometer M., Schmidt A., Bachmann R., et al.. Psilocybin biases facial recognition, goal-directed behavior, and mood state toward positive relative to negative emotions through different serotonergic subreceptors. Biological Psychiatry. 72:898-906. 10.1016\/j","journal-title":"Biological Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1119598109","article-title":"Neural correlates of the psychedelic state as determined by fMRI studies with psilocybin","volume":"109","author":"Carhart-Harris RL","year":"2012","unstructured":"Carhart-Harris RL, Erritzoe D, Williams T, et al.. Neural correlates of the psychedelic state as determined by fMRI studies with psilocybin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012, 109:2138-43. 10.1073\/pnas.1119598109","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/93050-psychoactive-drugs-in-the-management-of-post-traumatic-stress-disorder-a-promising-new-horizon","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,9]],"date-time":"2024-02-09T19:43:46Z","timestamp":1707507826000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/93050-psychoactive-drugs-in-the-management-of-post-traumatic-stress-disorder-a-promising-new-horizon"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,23]]},"references-count":65,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.25235","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,23]]}}}