{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:59:19Z","timestamp":1787032759821,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,10]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.25839","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,11]],"date-time":"2022-06-11T01:37:31Z","timestamp":1654911451000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Magnesium and Hypertension: Decoding Novel Anti-hypertensives"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Nassar","family":"Patni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahejabeen","family":"Fatima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aselah","family":"Lamis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiza W","family":"Siddiqui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tejaswini","family":"Ashok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmad","family":"Muhammad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-6175.2005.04769.x","article-title":"Expanding the definition and classification of hypertension","volume":"7","author":"Giles TD","year":"2007","unstructured":"Giles TD, Berk BC, Black HR, Cohn JN, Kostis JB, Izzo JL Jr, Weber MA. Expanding the definition and classification of hypertension. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2007, 7:505-12. 10.1111\/j.1524-6175.2005.04769.x","journal-title":"J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich)"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-7176.2009.00179.x","article-title":"Definition and classification of hypertension: an update","volume":"11","author":"Giles TD","year":"2009","unstructured":"Giles TD, Materson BJ, Cohn JN, Kostis JB. Definition and classification of hypertension: an update. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2009, 11:611-4. 10.1111\/j.1751-7176.2009.00179.x","journal-title":"J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich)"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1996.03530440051036","article-title":"Blood pressure as a cardiovascular risk factor: prevention and treatment","volume":"275","author":"Kannel WB","year":"1996","unstructured":"Kannel WB. Blood pressure as a cardiovascular risk factor: prevention and treatment. JAMA. 1996, 275:1571-6. 10.1001\/jama.1996.03530440051036","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1047-2797(98)00034-9","article-title":"Relationship of blood pressure to cardiovascular death: the effects of pulse pressure in the elderly","volume":"9","author":"Lee ML","year":"1999","unstructured":"Lee ML, Rosner BA, Weiss ST. Relationship of blood pressure to cardiovascular death: the effects of pulse pressure in the elderly. Annals of epidemiology. 1999, 9:101-7. 10.1016\/s1047-2797(98)00034-9","journal-title":"Annals of epidemiology"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200001063420101","article-title":"The relation between blood pressure and mortality due to coronary heart disease among men in different parts of the world. Seven Countries Study Research Group","volume":"342","author":"van den Hoogen PC","year":"2000","unstructured":"van den Hoogen PC, Feskens EJ, Nagelkerke NJ, Menotti A, Nissinen A, Kromhout D. The relation between blood pressure and mortality due to coronary heart disease among men in different parts of the world. Seven Countries Study Research Group. N Engl J Med. 2000, 342:1-8. 10.1056\/NEJM200001063420101","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)17741-1","article-title":"Global burden of hypertension: analysis of worldwide data","volume":"365","author":"Kearney PM","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kearney PM, Whelton M, Reynolds K, Muntner P, Whelton PK, He J. Global burden of hypertension: analysis of worldwide data. The lancet. 2005, 365:217-23. 10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)17741-1","journal-title":"The lancet"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(02)11911-8","article-title":"Age-specific relevance of usual blood pressure to vascular mortality: a meta-analysis of individual data for one million adults in 61 prospective studies","volume":"360","author":"Lewington S","year":"2002","unstructured":"Lewington S, Clarke R, Qizilbash N, et al.. Age-specific relevance of usual blood pressure to vascular mortality: a meta-analysis of individual data for one million adults in 61 prospective studies. Lancet. 2002, 360:1903-13. 10.1016\/s0140-6736(02)11911-8","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HCO.0000000000000742","article-title":"Hypertension and race\/ethnicity","volume":"35","author":"Deere BP","year":"2020","unstructured":"Deere BP, Ferdinand KC. Hypertension and race\/ethnicity. Curr Opin Cardiol. 2020, 35:342-50. 10.1097\/HCO.0000000000000742","journal-title":"Curr Opin Cardiol"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.11.006","article-title":"2017 ACC\/AHA\/AAPA\/ABC\/ACPM\/AGS\/APhA\/ASH\/ASPC\/NMA\/PCNA Guideline for the prevention, detection, evaluation, and management of high blood pressure in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines","volume":"71","author":"Whelton PK","year":"2018","unstructured":"Whelton PK, Carey RM, Aronow WS, et al.. 2017 ACC\/AHA\/AAPA\/ABC\/ACPM\/AGS\/APhA\/ASH\/ASPC\/NMA\/PCNA Guideline for the prevention, detection, evaluation, and management of high blood pressure in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018, 71:e127-248. 10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.11.006","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.032582","article-title":"Potential US population impact of the 2017 ACC\/AHA high blood pressure guideline","volume":"137","author":"Muntner P","year":"2018","unstructured":"Muntner P, Carey RM, Gidding S, Jones DW, Taler SJ, Wright JT Jr, Whelton PK. Potential US population impact of the 2017 ACC\/AHA high blood pressure guideline. Circulation. 2018, 137:109-18. 10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.032582","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000659","article-title":"Heart disease and stroke statistics\u20142019 update: a report from the American Heart Association","volume":"139","author":"Benjamin EJ","year":"2019","unstructured":"Benjamin EJ, Muntner P, Alonso A, et al.. Heart disease and stroke statistics\u20142019 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2019, 139:e56-e528. 10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000659","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2007.01.002","article-title":"Systemic hypertension","volume":"32","author":"Elliott WJ","year":"2007","unstructured":"Elliott WJ. Systemic hypertension. Curr Probl Cardiol. 2007, 32:201-59. 10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2007.01.002","journal-title":"Curr Probl Cardiol"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI24806","article-title":"In hypertension, the kidney is not always the heart of the matter","volume":"115","author":"Mendelsohn ME","year":"2005","unstructured":"Mendelsohn ME. In hypertension, the kidney is not always the heart of the matter. J Clin Invest. 2005, 115:840-4. 10.1172\/JCI24806","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10641963.2018.1501055","article-title":"Analysis and identification of symptoms and risk factors in a cohort of chronic hypertensive patients in a tertiary care hospital in Sri Lanka","volume":"41","author":"Ralapanawa U","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ralapanawa U, Nanayakkara N, Jayawickreme KP, Wickramasurendra N, Tennakoon S. Analysis and identification of symptoms and risk factors in a cohort of chronic hypertensive patients in a tertiary care hospital in Sri Lanka. Clin Exp Hypertens. 2019, 41:409-13. 10.1080\/10641963.2018.1501055","journal-title":"Clin Exp Hypertens"},{"key":"ref15","article-title":"The evidence-base for treatment of hypertension","author":"Elliott WJ","year":"2008","unstructured":"Elliott WJ, Black HR. The evidence-base for treatment of hypertension. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics of Hypertension, Handbook of Hypertension. McInnes GT (ed): Elsevier, Edinburg; New York; 2008. 25:413-52."},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0130405","article-title":"Association of magnesium intake with high blood pressure in Korean adults: Korea national health and nutrition examination survey 2007-2009","volume":"10","author":"Choi MK","year":"2015","unstructured":"Choi MK, Bae YJ. Association of magnesium intake with high blood pressure in Korean adults: Korea national health and nutrition examination survey 2007-2009. PLoS One. 2015, 10:e0130405. 10.1371\/journal.pone.0130405","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7095388","article-title":"Magnesium in prevention and therapy","volume":"7","author":"Gr\u00f6ber U","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gr\u00f6ber U, Schmidt J, Kisters K. Magnesium in prevention and therapy. Nutrients. 2015, 7:8199-226. 10.3390\/nu7095388","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ndtplus\/sfr164","article-title":"Regulation of magnesium balance: lessons learned from human genetic disease","volume":"5","author":"de Baaij JH","year":"2012","unstructured":"de Baaij JH, Hoenderop JG, Bindels RJ. Regulation of magnesium balance: lessons learned from human genetic disease. Clin Kidney J. 2012, 5:i15-24. 10.1093\/ndtplus\/sfr164","journal-title":"Clin Kidney J"},{"key":"ref19","article-title":"Magnesium: a mineral essential for health yet generally underestimated or even ignored","volume":"6","author":"Ismail AA","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ismail AA, Ismail NA. Magnesium: a mineral essential for health yet generally underestimated or even ignored.  J Nutr Food Sci. 2016, 6:2.","journal-title":"J Nutr Food Sci"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ph.53.030191.001355","article-title":"Mechanisms of magnesium transport","volume":"53","author":"Flatman PW","year":"1991","unstructured":"Flatman PW. Mechanisms of magnesium transport. Annu Rev Physiol. 1991, 53:259-71. 10.1146\/annurev.ph.53.030191.001355","journal-title":"Annu Rev Physiol"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ph.53.030191.001421","article-title":"Cellular magnesium and Na\/Mg exchange in heart cells","volume":"53","author":"Murphy E","year":"1991","unstructured":"Murphy E, Freudenrich CC, Lieberman M. Cellular magnesium and Na\/Mg exchange in heart cells. Annu Rev Physiol. 1991, 53:273-87. 10.1146\/annurev.ph.53.030191.001421","journal-title":"Annu Rev Physiol"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19061724","article-title":"Role of magnesium deficiency in promoting atherosclerosis, endothelial dysfunction, and arterial stiffening as risk factors for hypertension","volume":"19","author":"Kostov K","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kostov K, Halacheva L. Role of magnesium deficiency in promoting atherosclerosis, endothelial dysfunction, and arterial stiffening as risk factors for hypertension. Int J Mol Sci. 2018, 19:1724. 10.3390\/ijms19061724","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CRD.0000000000000003","article-title":"Role of magnesium in cardiovascular diseases","volume":"22","author":"Kolte D","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kolte D, Vijayaraghavan K, Khera S, Sica DA, Frishman WH. Role of magnesium in cardiovascular diseases. Cardiol Rev. 2014, 22:182-92. 10.1097\/CRD.0000000000000003","journal-title":"Cardiol Rev"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/754250","article-title":"Magnesium and vascular changes in hypertension","volume":"2012","author":"Cunha AR","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cunha AR, Umbelino B, Correia ML, Neves MF. Magnesium and vascular changes in hypertension. Int J Hypertens. 2012, 2012:754250. 10.1155\/2012\/754250","journal-title":"Int J Hypertens"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM192510011931401","article-title":"Uremia in acute glomerular nephritis: the cause and treatment in children","volume":"193","author":"Blackfan KD","year":"1925","unstructured":"Blackfan KD, Hamilton B. Uremia in acute glomerular nephritis: the cause and treatment in children. Boston Med Surg J. 1925, 193:617-21. 10.1056\/NEJM192510011931401","journal-title":"Boston Med Surg J"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/y87-120","article-title":"Mg2+-Ca2+ interaction in contractility of vascular smooth muscle: Mg2+ versus organic calcium channel blockers on myogenic tone and agonist-induced responsiveness of blood vessels","volume":"65","author":"Altura BM","year":"1987","unstructured":"Altura BM, Altura BT, Carella A, Gebrewold A, Murakawa T, Nishio A. Mg2+-Ca2+ interaction in contractility of vascular smooth muscle: Mg2+ versus organic calcium channel blockers on myogenic tone and agonist-induced responsiveness of blood vessels. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 1987, 65:729-45. 10.1139\/y87-120","journal-title":"Can J Physiol Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref27","article-title":"Magnesium ions and contraction of vascular smooth muscles: relationship to some vascular diseases","volume":"40","author":"Altura BM","year":"1981","unstructured":"Altura BM, Altura BT. Magnesium ions and contraction of vascular smooth muscles: relationship to some vascular diseases. Fed Proc. 1981, 40:2672-9.","journal-title":"Fed Proc"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.cir.79.5.1118","article-title":"Effects of magnesium on the tone of isolated human coronary arteries. Comparison with diltiazem and nitroglycerin","volume":"79","author":"Kimura T","year":"1989","unstructured":"Kimura T, Yasue H, Sakaino N, Rokutanda M, Jougasaki M, Araki H. Effects of magnesium on the tone of isolated human coronary arteries. Comparison with diltiazem and nitroglycerin. Circulation. 1989, 79:1118-24. 10.1161\/01.cir.79.5.1118","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/cs0850175","article-title":"Magnesium sulphate reverses the carotid vasoconstriction caused by endothelin-I, angiotensin II and neuropeptide-Y, but not that caused by NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, in conscious rats","volume":"85","author":"Kemp PA","year":"1993","unstructured":"Kemp PA, Gardiner SM, Bennett T, Rubin PC. Magnesium sulphate reverses the carotid vasoconstriction caused by endothelin-I, angiotensin II and neuropeptide-Y, but not that caused by NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, in conscious rats. Clin Sci (Lond). 1993, 85:175-81. 10.1042\/cs0850175","journal-title":"Clin Sci (Lond)"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jsre.1996.0229","article-title":"Magnesium is essential in mechanisms of pulmonary vasomotor control","volume":"63","author":"Fullerton DA","year":"1996","unstructured":"Fullerton DA, Hahn AR, Agrafojo J, Sheridan BC, McIntyre RC Jr. Magnesium is essential in mechanisms of pulmonary vasomotor control. J Surg Res. 1996, 63:93-7. 10.1006\/jsre.1996.0229","journal-title":"J Surg Res"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(91)90401-c","article-title":"In vivo and in vitro effects of magnesium sulphate in the cerebrovascular bed of the goat","volume":"165","author":"Perales AJ","year":"1991","unstructured":"Perales AJ, Torregrosa G, Salom JB, Miranda FJ, Alabadi JA, Monleon J, Alborch E.  In vivo and in vitro effects of magnesium sulphate in the cerebrovascular bed of the goat.  Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1991, 165:1534-8. 10.1016\/0002-9378(91)90401-c","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0895-7061(01)02225-7","article-title":"Magnesium infusion improves endothelium- dependent vasodilation in the human forearm","volume":"15","author":"Haenni A","year":"2002","unstructured":"Haenni A, Johansson K, Lind L, Lithell H. Magnesium infusion improves endothelium- dependent vasodilation in the human forearm. Am J Hypertens. 2002, 15:10-5. 10.1016\/s0895-7061(01)02225-7","journal-title":"Am J Hypertens"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2001.112587","article-title":"Endothelium dependence and gestational regulation of inhibition of vascular tone by magnesium sulfate in rat aorta","volume":"184","author":"Longo M","year":"2001","unstructured":"Longo M, Jain V, Vedernikov YP, Facchinetti F, Saade GR, Garfield RE. Endothelium dependence and gestational regulation of inhibition of vascular tone by magnesium sulfate in rat aorta. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2001, 184:971-8. 10.1067\/mob.2001.112587","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.2000.279.6.H2898","article-title":"Low [Mg(2+)](o) induces contraction and [Ca(2+)](i) rises in cerebral arteries: roles of ca(2+), PKC, and PI3","volume":"279","author":"Yang ZW","year":"2000","unstructured":"Yang ZW, Wang J, Zheng T, Altura BT, Altura BM. Low [Mg(2+)](o) induces contraction and [Ca(2+)](i) rises in cerebral arteries: roles of ca(2+), PKC, and PI3. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2000, 279:H2898-907. 10.1152\/ajpheart.2000.279.6.H2898","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114599001427","article-title":"Time-course of the change in blood pressure level in magnesium-deficient Wistar rats","volume":"82","author":"Laurant P","year":"1999","unstructured":"Laurant P, Dalle M, Berthelot A, Rayssiguier Y. Time-course of the change in blood pressure level in magnesium-deficient Wistar rats. Br J Nutr. 1999, 82:243-51.","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"ref36","article-title":"Magnesium physiology and pathogenic mechanisms that contribute to the development of the metabolic syndrome","volume":"20","author":"Belin RJ","year":"2007","unstructured":"Belin RJ, He K. Magnesium physiology and pathogenic mechanisms that contribute to the development of the metabolic syndrome. Magnes Res. 2007, 20:107-29.","journal-title":"Magnes Res"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2016.02.070","article-title":"Vascular fibrosis in aging and hypertension: molecular mechanisms and clinical implications","volume":"32","author":"Harvey A","year":"2016","unstructured":"Harvey A, Montezano AC, Lopes RA, Rios F, Touyz RM. Vascular fibrosis in aging and hypertension: molecular mechanisms and clinical implications. Can J Cardiol. 2016, 32:659-68. 10.1016\/j.cjca.2016.02.070","journal-title":"Can J Cardiol"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/138161206776843313","article-title":"Is hypertension an inflammatory process?","volume":"12","author":"Boos CJ","year":"2006","unstructured":"Boos CJ, Lip GY. Is hypertension an inflammatory process?. Curr Pharm Des. 2006, 12:1623-35. 10.2174\/138161206776843313","journal-title":"Curr Pharm Des"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.1967.tb01963.x","article-title":"Calcium and magnesium ions: influence on the response of an isolated artery to sympathetic nerve stimulation, noradrenaline and tyramine","volume":"29","author":"Farmer JB","year":"1967","unstructured":"Farmer JB, Campbell IK. Calcium and magnesium ions: influence on the response of an isolated artery to sympathetic nerve stimulation, noradrenaline and tyramine. Br J Pharmacol Chemother. 1967, 29:319-28. 10.1111\/j.1476-5381.1967.tb01963.x","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol Chemother"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1963.sp007150","article-title":"The mechanism of catecholamine release from the adrenal medulla and the role of calcium in stimulus-secretion coupling","volume":"167","author":"Douglas WW","year":"1963","unstructured":"Douglas WW, Rubin RP. The mechanism of catecholamine release from the adrenal medulla and the role of calcium in stimulus-secretion coupling. J Physiol. 1963, 167:288-310. 10.1113\/jphysiol.1963.sp007150","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"ref41","article-title":"Mechanisms of antistress and antidepressant action of magnesium and pyridoxine (Article in Russian)","volume":"109","author":"Torshin IIu","year":"2009","unstructured":"Torshin IIu, Gromova OA, Gusev El. Mechanisms of antistress and antidepressant action of magnesium and pyridoxine (Article in Russian).  Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova. 2009, 109:107-11.","journal-title":"Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/45.2.469","article-title":"Relationship of magnesium intake and other dietary factors to blood pressure: the Honolulu heart study","volume":"45","author":"Joffres MR","year":"1987","unstructured":"Joffres MR, Reed DM, Yano K. Relationship of magnesium intake and other dietary factors to blood pressure: the Honolulu heart study. Am J Clin Nutr. 1987, 45:469-75. 10.1093\/ajcn\/45.2.469","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.cir.98.12.1198","article-title":"Intake of potassium, magnesium, calcium, and fiber and risk of stroke among US men","volume":"98","author":"Ascherio A","year":"1998","unstructured":"Ascherio A, Rimm EB, Hern\u00e1n MA, Giovannucci EL, Kawachi I, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC. Intake of potassium, magnesium, calcium, and fiber and risk of stroke among US men. Circulation. 1998, 98:1198-204. 10.1161\/01.cir.98.12.1198","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.hyp.32.2.260","article-title":"Effects of magnesium supplementation in hypertensive patients: assessment by office, home, and ambulatory blood pressures","volume":"32","author":"Kawano Y","year":"1998","unstructured":"Kawano Y, Matsuoka H, Takishita S, Omae T. Effects of magnesium supplementation in hypertensive patients: assessment by office, home, and ambulatory blood pressures. Hypertension. 1998, 32:260-5. 10.1161\/01.hyp.32.2.260","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/60.1.129","article-title":"Reduction of blood pressure with oral magnesium supplementation in women with mild to moderate hypertension","volume":"60","author":"Witteman JC","year":"1994","unstructured":"Witteman JC, Grobbee DE, Derkx FH, Bouillon R, de Bruijn AM, Hofman A. Reduction of blood pressure with oral magnesium supplementation in women with mild to moderate hypertension. Am J Clin Nutr. 1994, 60:129-35. 10.1093\/ajcn\/60.1.129","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ajh.2009.126","article-title":"Oral magnesium supplementation reduces ambulatory blood pressure in patients with mild hypertension","volume":"22","author":"Hatzistavri LS","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hatzistavri LS, Sarafidis PA, Georgianos PI, et al.. Oral magnesium supplementation reduces ambulatory blood pressure in patients with mild hypertension. Am J Hypertens. 2009, 22:1070-5. 10.1038\/ajh.2009.126","journal-title":"Am J Hypertens"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.301.6751.521","article-title":"Efficacy of potassium and magnesium in essential hypertension: a double-blind, placebo controlled, crossover study","volume":"301","author":"Patki PS","year":"1990","unstructured":"Patki PS, Singh J, Gokhale SV, Bulakh PM, Shrotri DS, Patwardhan B. Efficacy of potassium and magnesium in essential hypertension: a double-blind, placebo controlled, crossover study. BMJ. 1990, 301:521-3. 10.1136\/bmj.301.6751.521","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.hyp.26.6.950","article-title":"Combinations of potassium, calcium, and magnesium supplements in hypertension","volume":"26","author":"Sacks FM","year":"1995","unstructured":"Sacks FM, Brown LE, Appel L, Borhani NO, Evans D, Whelton P. Combinations of potassium, calcium, and magnesium supplements in hypertension. Hypertension. 1995, 26:950-6. 10.1161\/01.hyp.26.6.950","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004641.pub2","article-title":"Potassium supplementation for the management of primary hypertension in adults","author":"Dickinson HO","year":"2006","unstructured":"Dickinson HO, Nicolson DJ, Campbell F, Beyer FR, Mason J. Potassium supplementation for the management of primary hypertension in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006, CD004641. 10.1002\/14651858.CD004641.pub2","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jhh.1000641","article-title":"Dietary magnesium intake and blood pressure: a qualitative overview of the observational studies","volume":"12","author":"Mizushima S","year":"1998","unstructured":"Mizushima S, Cappuccio FP, Nichols R, Elliott P. Dietary magnesium intake and blood pressure: a qualitative overview of the observational studies. J Hum Hypertens. 1998, 12:447-53. 10.1038\/sj.jhh.1000641","journal-title":"J Hum Hypertens"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/79.3.348","article-title":"A high prevalence of hypomagnesemia and hypermagnesemia in hospitalized patients","volume":"79","author":"Wong ET","year":"1983","unstructured":"Wong ET, Rude RK, Singer FR, Shaw ST Jr. A high prevalence of hypomagnesemia and hypermagnesemia in hospitalized patients. Am J Clin Pathol. 1983, 79:348-52. 10.1093\/ajcp\/79.3.348","journal-title":"Am J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"ref52","article-title":"Magnesium homeostasis in critically ill patients","volume":"8","author":"Ryzen E","year":"1989","unstructured":"Ryzen E. Magnesium homeostasis in critically ill patients. Magnesium. 1989, 8:201-12.","journal-title":"Magnesium"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2013.327","article-title":"Hypomagnesemia is a significant predictor of cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular mortality in patients undergoing hemodialysis","volume":"85","author":"Sakaguchi Y","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sakaguchi Y, Fujii N, Shoji T, Hayashi T, Rakugi H, Isaka Y. Hypomagnesemia is a significant predictor of cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular mortality in patients undergoing hemodialysis. Kidney Int. 2014, 85:174-81. 10.1038\/ki.2013.327","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2015.06.014","article-title":"Serum magnesium and mortality in hemodialysis patients in the United States: a cohort study","volume":"66","author":"Lacson E Jr","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lacson E Jr, Wang W, Ma L, Passlick-Deetjen J. Serum magnesium and mortality in hemodialysis patients in the United States: a cohort study. Am J Kidney Dis. 2015, 66:1056-66. 10.1053\/j.ajkd.2015.06.014","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2002.00467.x","article-title":"Electrocardiogram with prolonged QT interval in Gitelman disease","volume":"62","author":"Bettinelli A","year":"2002","unstructured":"Bettinelli A, Tosetto C, Colussi G, Tommasini G, Edefonti A, Bianchetti MG. Electrocardiogram with prolonged QT interval in Gitelman disease. Kidney Int. 2002, 62:580-4. 10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2002.00467.x","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2362.2008.02034.x","article-title":"Myocardial perfusion defects in Bartter and Gitelman syndromes","volume":"38","author":"Scognamiglio R","year":"2008","unstructured":"Scognamiglio R, Cal\u00f2 LA, Negut C, Coccato M, Mormino P, Pessina AC. Myocardial perfusion defects in Bartter and Gitelman syndromes. Eur J Clin Invest. 2008, 38:888-95. 10.1111\/j.1365-2362.2008.02034.x","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Invest"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc051040","article-title":"Gitelman's not-so-benign syndrome","volume":"353","author":"Pachulski RT","year":"2005","unstructured":"Pachulski RT, Lopez F, Sharaf R. Gitelman's not-so-benign syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2005, 353:850-1. 10.1056\/NEJMc051040","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5414\/cnp67193","article-title":"Aborted sudden cardiac death in two patients with Bartter's\/Gitelman's syndromes","volume":"67","author":"Scognamiglio R","year":"2007","unstructured":"Scognamiglio R, Negut C, Cal\u00f2 LA. Aborted sudden cardiac death in two patients with Bartter's\/Gitelman's syndromes. Clin Nephrol. 2007, 67:193-7. 10.5414\/cnp67193","journal-title":"Clin Nephrol"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0002-8703(98)70224-8","article-title":"Is low magnesium concentration a risk factor for coronary heart disease? The atherosclerosis risk in communities (ARIC) study","volume":"136","author":"Liao F","year":"1998","unstructured":"Liao F, Folsom AR, Brancati FL. Is low magnesium concentration a risk factor for coronary heart disease? The atherosclerosis risk in communities (ARIC) study. Am Heart J. 1998, 136:480-90. 10.1016\/s0002-8703(98)70224-8","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(92)81098-7","article-title":"Magnesium de!ciency in vitro enhances free radical-induced intracellular oxidation and cytotoxicity in endothelial cells","volume":"311","author":"Dickens BF","year":"1992","unstructured":"Dickens BF, Weglicki WB, Li YS, Mak IT. Magnesium de!ciency in vitro enhances free radical-induced intracellular oxidation and cytotoxicity in endothelial cells. FEBS Lett. 1992, 311:187-91. 10.1016\/0014-5793(92)81098-7","journal-title":"FEBS Lett"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2018.02.010","article-title":"Magnesium and cardiovascular disease","volume":"25","author":"Tangvoraphonkchai K","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tangvoraphonkchai K, Davenport A. Magnesium and cardiovascular disease. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis. 2018, 25:251-60. 10.1053\/j.ackd.2018.02.010","journal-title":"Adv Chronic Kidney Dis"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-016-0742-z","article-title":"Dietary magnesium intake and the risk of cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and all-cause mortality: a dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies","volume":"14","author":"Fang X","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fang X, Wang K, Han D, et al.. Dietary magnesium intake and the risk of cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and all-cause mortality: a dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. BMC Med. 2016, 14:210. 10.1186\/s12916-016-0742-z","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8703(93)90754-w","article-title":"Effects of intravenous magnesium sulfate on arrhyth- mias in patients with congestive heart failure","volume":"125","author":"Gottlieb SS","year":"1993","unstructured":"Gottlieb SS, Fisher ML, Pressel MD, Patten RD, Weinberg M, Greenberg N. Effects of intravenous magnesium sulfate on arrhyth- mias in patients with congestive heart failure. Am Heart J. 1993, 125:1645-50. 10.1016\/0002-8703(93)90754-w","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-1097(93)90095-i","article-title":"Clinical and prognostic signi!cance of serum magnesium concentration in patients with se- vere chronic congestive heart failure: the PROMISE Study","volume":"21","author":"Eichhorn EJ","year":"1993","unstructured":"Eichhorn EJ, Tandon PK, DiBianco R, et al.. Clinical and prognostic signi!cance of serum magnesium concentration in patients with se- vere chronic congestive heart failure: the PROMISE Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1993, 21:634-40. 10.1016\/0735-1097(93)90095-i","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/96710-magnesium-and-hypertension-decoding-novel-anti-hypertensives","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,9]],"date-time":"2024-02-09T14:37:02Z","timestamp":1707489422000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/96710-magnesium-and-hypertension-decoding-novel-anti-hypertensives"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,10]]},"references-count":64,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.25839","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,10]]}}}