{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T17:42:15Z","timestamp":1774374135762,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,2]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.26518","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,3]],"date-time":"2022-07-03T02:09:31Z","timestamp":1656814171000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Osteoporosis Screening and Fracture Risk Assessment Tool: Its Scope and Role in General Clinical Practice"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Sumant","family":"Chavda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bharti","family":"Chavda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rajani","family":"Dube","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/8756-3282(95)00258-4","article-title":"The worldwide problem of osteoporosis: Insights afforded by epidemiology","volume":"17","author":"Riggs BL","year":"1995","unstructured":"Riggs BL, Melton LJ. The worldwide problem of osteoporosis: Insights afforded by epidemiology. Bone. 1995, 17:505-11. 10.1016\/8756-3282(95)00258-4","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-014-2794-2","article-title":"Clinician's guide to prevention and treatment of osteoporosis","volume":"25","author":"Cosman F","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cosman F, de Beur SJ, LeBoff MS, Lewiecki EM, Tanner B, Randall S, Lindsay R. Clinician's guide to prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int. 2014, 25:2359-81. 10.1007\/s00198-014-2794-2","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"ref3","article-title":"Bone health and osteoporosis: a report of the surgeon general","author":"Office of the Surgeon General","year":"2004","unstructured":"Office of the Surgeon General. Bone health and osteoporosis: a report of the surgeon general. Office of the Surgeon General, Rockville, MD; 2004."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-006-0172-4","article-title":"An estimate of the worldwide prevalence and disability associated with osteoporotic fractures","volume":"17","author":"Johnell O","year":"2006","unstructured":"Johnell O, Kanis JA. An estimate of the worldwide prevalence and disability associated with osteoporotic fractures. Osteoporos Int. 2006, 17:1726-33. 10.1007\/s00198-006-0172-4","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.081720","article-title":"Relation between fractures and mortality: results from the Canadian Multicentre Osteoporosis Study","volume":"181","author":"Ioannidis G","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ioannidis G, Papaioannou A, Hopman WM, et al.. Relation between fractures and mortality: results from the Canadian Multicentre Osteoporosis Study. CMAJ. 2009, 181:265-71. 10.1503\/cmaj.081720","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39050.597350.47","article-title":"Osteoporosis and its management","volume":"333","author":"Poole KE","year":"2006","unstructured":"Poole KE, Compston JE. Osteoporosis and its management. BMJ. 2006, 333:1251-6. 10.1136\/bmj.39050.597350.47","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4065\/mcp.2010.0082","article-title":"Impact of prevalent fractures on quality of life: baseline results from the global longitudinal study of osteoporosis in women","volume":"85","author":"Adachi JD","year":"2010","unstructured":"Adachi JD, Adami S, Gehlbach S, et al.. Impact of prevalent fractures on quality of life: baseline results from the global longitudinal study of osteoporosis in women. Mayo Clin Proc. 2010, 85:806-13. 10.4065\/mcp.2010.0082","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/ajph.79.3.279","article-title":"Determinants of recovery 12 months after hip fracture: the importance of psychosocial factors","volume":"79","author":"Mossey JM","year":"1989","unstructured":"Mossey JM, Mutran E, Knott K, Craik R. Determinants of recovery 12 months after hip fracture: the importance of psychosocial factors. Am J Public Health. 1989, 79:279-86. 10.2105\/ajph.79.3.279","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0002-9343(97)90023-1","article-title":"The socioeconomic burden of fractures: today and in the 21st century","volume":"20","author":"Johnell O","year":"19971032","unstructured":"Johnell O. The socioeconomic burden of fractures: today and in the 21st century. Am J Med. 19971032, 20:25. 10.1016\/s0002-9343(97)90023-1","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.061113","article-title":"Incidence and economic burden of osteoporosis-related fractures in the United States, 2005-2025","volume":"22","author":"Burge R","year":"2007","unstructured":"Burge R, Dawson-Hughes B, Solomon DH, Wong JB, King A, Tosteson A. Incidence and economic burden of osteoporosis-related fractures in the United States, 2005-2025. J Bone Miner Res. 2007, 22:465-75. 10.1359\/jbmr.061113","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-004-1680-8","article-title":"Osteoporosis is markedly underdiagnosed: a nationwide study from Denmark","volume":"16","author":"Vestergaard P","year":"2005","unstructured":"Vestergaard P, Rejnmark L, Mosekilde L. Osteoporosis is markedly underdiagnosed: a nationwide study from Denmark. Osteoporos Int. 2005, 16:134-41. 10.1007\/s00198-004-1680-8","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-010-1348-5","article-title":"Prevalence of risk factors for fractures and use of DXA scanning in Danish women. A regional population-based study","volume":"22","author":"Rubin KH","year":"2011","unstructured":"Rubin KH, Abrahamsen B, Hermann AP, Bech M, Gram J, Brixen K. Prevalence of risk factors for fractures and use of DXA scanning in Danish women. A regional population-based study. Osteoporos Int. 2011, 22:1401-9. 10.1007\/s00198-010-1348-5","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2008.11.022","article-title":"Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women and men from the age of 50 years in the UK","volume":"62","author":"Compston J","year":"2009","unstructured":"Compston J, Cooper A, Cooper C, et al.. Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women and men from the age of 50 years in the UK. Maturitas. 2009, 62:105-8. 10.1016\/j.maturitas.2008.11.022","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/jmh.jmh_216_21","article-title":"Screening tools for osteoporosis in India: where do we place them in current clinical care?","volume":"12","author":"Cherian KE","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cherian KE, Kapoor N, Meeta M, Paul TV. Screening tools for osteoporosis in India: where do we place them in current clinical care?. J Midlife Health. 2021, 12:257-62. 10.4103\/jmh.jmh_216_21","journal-title":"J Midlife Health"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/2230-8210.137482","article-title":"Osteoporosis treatment in India: Call for action","volume":"18","author":"Varthakavi PK","year":"2014","unstructured":"Varthakavi PK, Joshi AS, Bhagwat NM, Chadha MD. Osteoporosis treatment in India: Call for action. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2014, 18:441-2. 10.4103\/2230-8210.137482","journal-title":"Indian J Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/jmh.JMH_153_20","article-title":"Commentary on Indian menopause society guidelines","volume":"11","author":"Cherian KE","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cherian KE, Kapoor N, Paul TV. Commentary on Indian menopause society guidelines. J Midlife Health. 2020, 11:115-6. 10.4103\/jmh.JMH_153_20","journal-title":"J Midlife Health"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/jmh.JMH_143_20","article-title":"Clinical practice guidelines on postmenopausal osteoporosis: \u2217an executive summary and recommendations-Update 2019-2020","volume":"11","author":"Meeta M","year":"2020","unstructured":"Meeta M, Harinarayan CV, Marwah R, Sahay R, Kalra S, Babhulkar S. Clinical practice guidelines on postmenopausal osteoporosis: \u2217an executive summary and recommendations-Update 2019-2020. J Midlife Health. 2020, 11:96-112. 10.4103\/jmh.JMH_143_20","journal-title":"J Midlife Health"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01623934","article-title":"Screening for osteopenia and osteoporosis: selection by body composition","volume":"6","author":"Micha\u00eblsson K","year":"1996","unstructured":"Micha\u00eblsson K, Bergstr\u00f6m R, Mallmin H, Holmberg L, Wolk A, Ljunghall S. Screening for osteopenia and osteoporosis: selection by body composition. Osteoporos Int. 1996, 6:120-6. 10.1007\/BF01623934","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.srhc.2010.11.004","article-title":"Developing a Malaysian Osteoporosis Screening Tool (MOST) for early osteoporosis detection in Malaysian women","volume":"2","author":"Shan LP","year":"2011","unstructured":"Shan LP, Bee OF, Suniza SS, Adeeb N. Developing a Malaysian Osteoporosis Screening Tool (MOST) for early osteoporosis detection in Malaysian women. Sex Reprod Healthc. 2011, 2:77-82. 10.1016\/j.srhc.2010.11.004","journal-title":"Sex Reprod Healthc"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-005-0051-4","article-title":"Validation of various osteoporosis risk indices in elderly Chinese females in Singapore","volume":"17","author":"Chan SP","year":"2006","unstructured":"Chan SP, Teo CC, Ng SA, Goh N, Tan C, Deurenberg-Yap M. Validation of various osteoporosis risk indices in elderly Chinese females in Singapore. Osteoporos Int. 2006, 17:1182-8. 10.1007\/s00198-005-0051-4","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5704\/MOJ.1203.011","article-title":"Performance of osteoporosis self-assessment tool for Asian (OSTA) for primary osteoporosis in post-menopausal Malay women","volume":"6","author":"Muslim D","year":"2012","unstructured":"Muslim D, Mohd E, Sallehudin A, Tengku Muzaffar T, Ezane A. Performance of osteoporosis self-assessment tool for Asian (OSTA) for primary osteoporosis in post-menopausal Malay women. Malays Orthop J. 2012, 6:35-9. 10.5704\/MOJ.1203.011","journal-title":"Malays Orthop J"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2013.05.002","article-title":"Comparison of different screening tools (FRAX\u00ae, OST, ORAI, OSIRIS, SCORE and age alone) to identify women with increased risk of fracture. A population-based prospective study","volume":"56","author":"Rubin KH","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rubin KH, Abrahamsen B, Friis-Holmberg T, et al.. Comparison of different screening tools (FRAX\u00ae, OST, ORAI, OSIRIS, SCORE and age alone) to identify women with increased risk of fracture. A population-based prospective study. Bone. 2013, 56:16-22. 10.1016\/j.bone.2013.05.002","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref23","article-title":"Development and validation of a simple questionnaire to facilitate identification of women likely to have low bone density","volume":"4","author":"Lydick E","year":"1998","unstructured":"Lydick E, Cook K, Turpin J, Melton M, Stine R, Byrnes C. Development and validation of a simple questionnaire to facilitate identification of women likely to have low bone density. Am J Manag Care. 1998, 4:37-48.","journal-title":"Am J Manag Care"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4065\/77.7.629","article-title":"Performance of risk indices for identifying low bone density in postmenopausal women","volume":"77","author":"Geusens P","year":"2002","unstructured":"Geusens P, Hochberg MC, van der Voort DJ, et al.. Performance of risk indices for identifying low bone density in postmenopausal women. Mayo Clin Proc. 2002, 77:629-37. 10.4065\/77.7.629","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-004-1775-2","article-title":"Performance of osteoporosis risk assessment tools in postmenopausal women aged 45-64 years","volume":"16","author":"Gourlay ML","year":"2005","unstructured":"Gourlay ML, Miller WC, Richy F, Garrett JM, Hanson LC, Reginster JY. Performance of osteoporosis risk assessment tools in postmenopausal women aged 45-64 years. Osteoporos Int. 2005, 16:921-7. 10.1007\/s00198-004-1775-2","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0011-393X(01)80065-5","article-title":"Performance of osteoporosis risk indices in a Japanese population","volume":"62","author":"Fujiwara S","year":"2001","unstructured":"Fujiwara S, Masunari N, Suzuki G, Ross PD. Performance of osteoporosis risk indices in a Japanese population. Current Therapeut Res. 2001, 62:586-94. 10.1016\/S0011-393X(01)80065-5","journal-title":"Current Therapeut Res"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2000.106594","article-title":"Identification of at-risk women for osteoporosis screening","volume":"183","author":"Weinstein L","year":"2000","unstructured":"Weinstein L, Ullery B. Identification of at-risk women for osteoporosis screening. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2000, 183:547-9. 10.1067\/mob.2000.106594","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref28","article-title":"Development and validation of the Osteoporosis Risk Assessment Instrument to facilitate selection of women for bone densitometry","volume":"162","author":"Cadarette SM","year":"2000","unstructured":"Cadarette SM, Jaglal SB, Kreiger N, McIsaac WJ, Darlington GA, Tu JV. Development and validation of the Osteoporosis Risk Assessment Instrument to facilitate selection of women for bone densitometry. CMAJ. 2000, 162:1289-94.","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s001980170070","article-title":"A simple tool to identify asian women at increased risk of osteoporosis","volume":"12","author":"Koh LK","year":"2001","unstructured":"Koh LK, Sedrine WB, Torralba TP, et al.. A simple tool to identify asian women at increased risk of osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int. 2001, 12:699-705. 10.1007\/s001980170070","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-003-1552-7","article-title":"The validity of decision rules for selecting women with primary osteoporosis for bone mineral density testing","volume":"15","author":"Cadarette SM","year":"2004","unstructured":"Cadarette SM, McIsaac WJ, Hawker GA, et al.. The validity of decision rules for selecting women with primary osteoporosis for bone mineral density testing. Osteoporos Int. 2004, 15:361-6. 10.1007\/s00198-003-1552-7","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1385\/JCD:6:3: 247","article-title":"Korean experience with the OSTA risk index for osteoporosis","volume":"6","author":"Park HM","year":"2003","unstructured":"Park HM, Sedrine W ben, Reginster JY, Ross PD. Korean experience with the OSTA risk index for osteoporosis. J Clin Densitometry. 2003, 6:247-50. 10.1385\/JCD:6:3: 247","journal-title":"J Clin Densitometry"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00774-007-0796-2","article-title":"The relationship of an Asian-specific screening tool for osteoporosis to vertebral deformity and osteoporosis","volume":"26","author":"Saetung S","year":"2008","unstructured":"Saetung S, Ongphiphadhanakul B, Rajatanavin R. The relationship of an Asian-specific screening tool for osteoporosis to vertebral deformity and osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Metab. 2008, 26:47-52. 10.1007\/s00774-007-0796-2","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Metab"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-003-1428-x","article-title":"Comparison of a simple clinical risk index and quantitative bone ultrasound for identifying women at increased risk of osteoporosis","volume":"14","author":"Kung AW","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kung AW, Ho AY, Sedrine WB, Reginster JY, Ross PD. Comparison of a simple clinical risk index and quantitative bone ultrasound for identifying women at increased risk of osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int. 2003, 14:716-21. 10.1007\/s00198-003-1428-x","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/gye.16.3.245.250","article-title":"Development and assessment of the Osteoporosis Index of Risk (OSIRIS) to facilitate selection of women for bone densitometry","volume":"16","author":"Sedrine WB","year":"2002","unstructured":"Sedrine WB, Chevallier T, Zegels B, Kvasz A, Micheletti MC, Gelas B, Reginster JY. Development and assessment of the Osteoporosis Index of Risk (OSIRIS) to facilitate selection of women for bone densitometry. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2002, 16:245-50.","journal-title":"Gynecol Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-004-1014-4","article-title":"Development and validation of the osteoporosis prescreening risk assessment (OPERA) tool to facilitate identification of women likely to have low bone density","volume":"24","author":"Salaffi F","year":"2005","unstructured":"Salaffi F, Silveri F, Stancati A, Grassi W. Development and validation of the osteoporosis prescreening risk assessment (OPERA) tool to facilitate identification of women likely to have low bone density. Clin Rheumatol. 2005, 24:203-11. 10.1007\/s10067-004-1014-4","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1370\/afm.753","article-title":"Development and internal validation of the male osteoporosis risk estimation score","volume":"5","author":"Shepherd AJ","year":"2007","unstructured":"Shepherd AJ, Cass AR, Carlson CA, Ray L. Development and internal validation of the male osteoporosis risk estimation score. Ann Fam Med. 2007, 5:540-6. 10.1370\/afm.753","journal-title":"Ann Fam Med"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.afos.2019.09.001","article-title":"A comparison of 6 osteoporosis risk assessment tools among postmenopausal women in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia","volume":"5","author":"Toh LS","year":"2019","unstructured":"Toh LS, Lai PS, Wu DB, et al.. A comparison of 6 osteoporosis risk assessment tools among postmenopausal women in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Osteoporos Sarcopenia. 2019, 5:87-93. 10.1016\/j.afos.2019.09.001","journal-title":"Osteoporos Sarcopenia"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.1956","article-title":"Risk assessment tools to identify women with increased risk of osteoporotic fracture: complexity or simplicity? A systematic review","volume":"28","author":"Rubin KH","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rubin KH, Friis-Holmberg T, Hermann AP, Abrahamsen B, Brixen K. Risk assessment tools to identify women with increased risk of osteoporotic fracture: complexity or simplicity? A systematic review. J Bone Miner Res. 2013, 28:1701-17. 10.1002\/jbmr.1956","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07399332.2018.1542433","article-title":"Modified SCORE tool for prediction of bone mineral density in Egyptian elderly women. Comparison of seven osteoporosis screening tools","volume":"40","author":"Mohammed Abou-Hashem R","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mohammed Abou-Hashem R, Mostafa Abd-El-Gawad W, Abouseif HA. Modified SCORE tool for prediction of bone mineral density in Egyptian elderly women. Comparison of seven osteoporosis screening tools. Health Care Women Int. 2019, 40:1084-100. 10.1080\/07399332.2018.1542433","journal-title":"Health Care Women Int"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11657-020-00846-w","article-title":"Comparison of screening tools for optimizing fracture prevention in Canada","volume":"15","author":"Leslie WD","year":"2020","unstructured":"Leslie WD, Lix LM, Binkley N. Comparison of screening tools for optimizing fracture prevention in Canada. Arch Osteoporos. 2020, 15:170. 10.1007\/s11657-020-00846-w","journal-title":"Arch Osteoporos"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-007-0543-5","article-title":"FRAX and the assessment of fracture probability in men and women from the UK","volume":"19","author":"Kanis JA","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kanis JA, Johnell O, Oden A, Johansson H, McCloskey E. FRAX and the assessment of fracture probability in men and women from the UK. Osteoporos Int. 2008, 19:385-97. 10.1007\/s00198-007-0543-5","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-004-1780-5","article-title":"Assessment of fracture risk","volume":"16","author":"Kanis JA","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kanis JA, Borgstrom F, De Laet C, et al.. Assessment of fracture risk. Osteoporos Int. 2005, 16:581-9. 10.1007\/s00198-004-1780-5","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s001980170112","article-title":"The burden of osteoporotic fractures: a method for setting intervention thresholds","volume":"12","author":"Kanis JA","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kanis JA, Oden A, Johnell O, Jonsson B, de Laet C, Dawson A. The burden of osteoporotic fractures: a method for setting intervention thresholds. Osteoporos Int. 2001, 12:417-27. 10.1007\/s001980170112","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2015-207907","article-title":"The accuracy of osteoporotic fracture risk prediction tools: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"74","author":"Marques A","year":"2015","unstructured":"Marques A, Ferreira RJ, Santos E, Loza E, Carmona L, da Silva JA. The accuracy of osteoporotic fracture risk prediction tools: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2015, 74:1958-67. 10.1136\/annrheumdis-2015-207907","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0000000000000304","article-title":"FRAX updates 2016","volume":"28","author":"McCloskey EV","year":"2016","unstructured":"McCloskey EV, Harvey NC, Johansson H, Kanis JA. FRAX updates 2016. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2016, 28:433-41. 10.1097\/BOR.0000000000000304","journal-title":"Curr Opin Rheumatol"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2011.05.014","article-title":"Official Positions for FRAX(\u00ae) clinical regarding glucocorticoids: the impact of the use of glucocorticoids on the estimate by FRAX(\u00ae) of the 10 year risk of fracture from Joint Official Positions Development Conference of the International Society for Clinical Densitometry and International Osteoporosis Foundation on FRAX(\u00ae)","volume":"14","author":"Leib ES","year":"2011","unstructured":"Leib ES, Saag KG, Adachi JD, Geusens PP, Binkley N, McCloskey EV, Hans DB. Official Positions for FRAX(\u00ae) clinical regarding glucocorticoids: the impact of the use of glucocorticoids on the estimate by FRAX(\u00ae) of the 10 year risk of fracture from Joint Official Positions Development Conference of the International Society for Clinical Densitometry and International Osteoporosis Foundation on FRAX(\u00ae). J Clin Densitom. 2011, 14:212-9. 10.1016\/j.jocd.2011.05.014","journal-title":"J Clin Densitom"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b4229","article-title":"Predicting risk of osteoporotic fracture in men and women in England and Wales: prospective derivation and validation of QFractureScores","volume":"339","author":"Hippisley-Cox J","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hippisley-Cox J, Coupland C. Predicting risk of osteoporotic fracture in men and women in England and Wales: prospective derivation and validation of QFractureScores. BMJ. 2009, 339:b4229. 10.1136\/bmj.b4229","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.5650090802","article-title":"The diagnosis of osteoporosis","volume":"9","author":"Kanis JA","year":"1994","unstructured":"Kanis JA, Melton LJ 3rd, Christiansen C, Johnston CC, Khaltaev N. The diagnosis of osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res. 1994, 9:1137-41. 10.1002\/jbmr.5650090802","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.183.4.1830949","article-title":"Diagnosis of osteoporotic vertebral fractures: importance of recognition and description by radiologists","volume":"183","author":"Lenchik L","year":"2004","unstructured":"Lenchik L, Rogers LF, Delmas PD, Genant HK. Diagnosis of osteoporotic vertebral fractures: importance of recognition and description by radiologists. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2004, 183:949-58. 10.2214\/ajr.183.4.1830949","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-114-11-919","article-title":"Pre-existing fractures and bone mass predict vertebral fracture incidence in women","volume":"114","author":"Ross PD","year":"1991","unstructured":"Ross PD, Davis JW, Epstein RS, Wasnich RD. Pre-existing fractures and bone mass predict vertebral fracture incidence in women. Ann Intern Med. 1991, 114:919-23. 10.7326\/0003-4819-114-11-919","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-1178","article-title":"Clinical review: clinical applications of vertebral fracture assessment by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry","volume":"91","author":"Lewiecki EM","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lewiecki EM, Laster AJ. Clinical review: clinical applications of vertebral fracture assessment by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006, 91:4215-22. 10.1210\/jc.2006-1178","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-005-1956-7","article-title":"Potential cost-effective use of spine radiographs to detect vertebral deformity and select osteopenic post-menopausal women for amino-bisphosphonate therapy","volume":"16","author":"Schousboe JT","year":"2005","unstructured":"Schousboe JT, Ensrud KE, Nyman JA, Kane RL, Melton LJ 3rd. Potential cost-effective use of spine radiographs to detect vertebral deformity and select osteopenic post-menopausal women for amino-bisphosphonate therapy. Osteoporos Int. 2005, 16:1883-93. 10.1007\/s00198-005-1956-7","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/101586-osteoporosis-screening-and-fracture-risk-assessment-tool-its-scope-and-role-in-general-clinical-practice","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,9]],"date-time":"2024-02-09T19:44:09Z","timestamp":1707507849000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/101586-osteoporosis-screening-and-fracture-risk-assessment-tool-its-scope-and-role-in-general-clinical-practice"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,2]]},"references-count":52,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.26518","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,2]]}}}