{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T21:09:26Z","timestamp":1791320966705,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,22]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.28255","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,22]],"date-time":"2022-08-22T11:25:37Z","timestamp":1661167537000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["The Relationship Between COVID-19 Disease Severity and Zonulin Levels"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Muhammed","family":"Okuyucu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Demet","family":"Yalcin Kehribar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mustafa","family":"\u00c7apraz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aylin","family":"\u00c7apraz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mustafa","family":"Arslan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Z\u00fclfinaz Bet\u00fcl","family":"\u00c7elik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B\u00fc\u015fra","family":"Usta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asuman","family":"Birinci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Metin","family":"Ozgen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30183-5","article-title":"Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China","volume":"395","author":"Huang C","year":"2020","unstructured":"Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, et al.. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020, 395:497-506. 10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30183-5","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2196-x","article-title":"Virological assessment of hospitalized patients with COVID-2019","volume":"581","author":"W\u00f6lfel R","year":"2020","unstructured":"W\u00f6lfel R, Corman VM, Guggemos W, et al.. Virological assessment of hospitalized patients with COVID-2019. Nature. 2020, 581:465-9. 10.1038\/s41586-020-2196-x","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5281\/zenodo.6869301","article-title":"New biomarkers in the diagnosis of COVID- 19: amino acids","volume":"2","author":"Akme\u015fe \u015e","year":"2022","unstructured":"Akme\u015fe \u015e, Koyuncu \u0130, Seyhanl\u0131 ES. New biomarkers in the diagnosis of COVID- 19: amino acids. Int J Curr Med Biol Sci. 2022, 2:127-35. 10.5281\/zenodo.6869301","journal-title":"Int J Curr Med Biol Sci"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cmi.12966","article-title":"The role of the lung microbiota and the gut-lung axis in respiratory infectious diseases","volume":"20","author":"Dumas A","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dumas A, Bernard L, Poquet Y, Lugo-Villarino G, Neyrolles O. The role of the lung microbiota and the gut-lung axis in respiratory infectious diseases. Cell Microbiol. 2018, 20:e12966. 10.1111\/cmi.12966","journal-title":"Cell Microbiol"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmicrobiol.2016.113","article-title":"Enrichment of the lung microbiome with gut bacteria in sepsis and the acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"1","author":"Dickson RP","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dickson RP, Singer BH, Newstead MW, Falkowski NR, Erb-Downward JR, Standiford TJ, Huffnagle GB. Enrichment of the lung microbiome with gut bacteria in sepsis and the acute respiratory distress syndrome. Nat Microbiol. 2016, 1:16113. 10.1038\/nmicrobiol.2016.113","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abc1669","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 productively infects human gut enterocytes","volume":"369","author":"Lamers MM","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lamers MM, Beumer J, van der Vaart J, et al.. SARS-CoV-2 productively infects human gut enterocytes. Science. 2020, 369:50-4. 10.1126\/science.abc1669","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.113.24.4435","article-title":"Human zonulin, a potential modulator of intestinal tight junctions","volume":"113 Pt 24","author":"Wang W","year":"2000","unstructured":"Wang W, Uzzau S, Goldblum SE, Fasano A. Human zonulin, a potential modulator of intestinal tight junctions. J Cell Sci. 2000, 113 Pt 24:4435-40. 10.1242\/jcs.113.24.4435","journal-title":"J Cell Sci"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0906773106","article-title":"Identification of human zonulin, a physiological modulator of tight junctions, as prehaptoglobin-2","volume":"106","author":"Tripathi A","year":"2009","unstructured":"Tripathi A, Lammers KM, Goldblum S, et al.. Identification of human zonulin, a physiological modulator of tight junctions, as prehaptoglobin-2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009, 106:16799-804. 10.1073\/pnas.0906773106","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)02169-3","article-title":"Zonulin, a newly discovered modulator of intestinal permeability, and its expression in coeliac disease","volume":"355","author":"Fasano A","year":"2000","unstructured":"Fasano A, Not T, Wang W, Uzzau S, Berti I, Tommasini A, Goldblum SE. Zonulin, a newly discovered modulator of intestinal permeability, and its expression in coeliac disease. Lancet. 2000, 355:1518-9. 10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)02169-3","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21688370.2016.1251384","article-title":"Zonulin, a regulator of epithelial and endothelial barrier functions, and its involvement in chronic inflammatory diseases","volume":"4","author":"Sturgeon C","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sturgeon C, Fasano A. Zonulin, a regulator of epithelial and endothelial barrier functions, and its involvement in chronic inflammatory diseases. Tissue Barriers. 2016, 4:e1251384. 10.1080\/21688370.2016.1251384","journal-title":"Tissue Barriers"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00003.2008","article-title":"Zonulin and its regulation of intestinal barrier function: the biological door to inflammation, autoimmunity, and cancer","volume":"91","author":"Fasano A","year":"2011","unstructured":"Fasano A. Zonulin and its regulation of intestinal barrier function: the biological door to inflammation, autoimmunity, and cancer. Physiol Rev. 2011, 91:151-75. 10.1152\/physrev.00003.2008","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2012.08.012","article-title":"Intestinal permeability and its regulation by zonulin: diagnostic and therapeutic implications","volume":"10","author":"Fasano A","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fasano A. Intestinal permeability and its regulation by zonulin: diagnostic and therapeutic implications. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2012, 10:1096-100. 10.1016\/j.cgh.2012.08.012","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00365520500235334","article-title":"Gliadin, zonulin and gut permeability: effects on celiac and non-celiac intestinal mucosa and intestinal cell lines","volume":"41","author":"Drago S","year":"2006","unstructured":"Drago S, El Asmar R, Di Pierro M, et al.. Gliadin, zonulin and gut permeability: effects on celiac and non-celiac intestinal mucosa and intestinal cell lines. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2006, 41:408-19. 10.1080\/00365520500235334","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(00)85402-5","article-title":"Host-dependent activation of the zonulin system is involved in the impairment of the gut barrier function following bacterial colonization","volume":"123","author":"El Asmar R","year":"2002","unstructured":"El Asmar R, Panigrahi P, Bamford P, et al.. Host-dependent activation of the zonulin system is involved in the impairment of the gut barrier function following bacterial colonization. Gastroenterology. 2002, 123:1607-15. 10.1016\/S0016-5085(00)85402-5","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2016-210000","article-title":"Dysbiosis and zonulin upregulation alter gut epithelial and vascular barriers in patients with ankylosing spondylitis","volume":"76","author":"Ciccia F","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ciccia F, Guggino G, Rizzo A, et al.. Dysbiosis and zonulin upregulation alter gut epithelial and vascular barriers in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2017, 76:1123-32. 10.1136\/annrheumdis-2016-210000","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1542-3565(04)00778-5","article-title":"Permeability, zonulin production, and enteropathy in dermatitis herpetiformis","volume":"3","author":"Smecuol E","year":"2005","unstructured":"Smecuol E, Sugai E, Niveloni S, et al.. Permeability, zonulin production, and enteropathy in dermatitis herpetiformis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2005, 3:335-41. 10.1016\/S1542-3565(04)00778-5","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-789X.2010.00845.x","article-title":"Leaky gut and diabetes mellitus: what is the link?","volume":"12","author":"de Kort S","year":"2011","unstructured":"de Kort S, Keszthelyi D, Masclee AA. Leaky gut and diabetes mellitus: what is the link?. Obes Rev. 2011, 12:449-58. 10.1111\/j.1467-789X.2010.00845.x","journal-title":"Obes Rev"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jpc.16033","article-title":"Zonulin and claudin-5 levels in multisystem inflammatory syndrome and SARS-CoV-2 infection in children","author":"K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7 AO","year":"2022","unstructured":"K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7 AO, Ak\u0131n F, Yazar A, Metin Akcan \u00d6, Topcu C, Ayd\u0131n O. Zonulin and claudin-5 levels in multisystem inflammatory syndrome and SARS-CoV-2 infection in children. J Paediatr Child Health. 2022, 10.1111\/jpc.16033","journal-title":"J Paediatr Child Health"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.686240","article-title":"Plasma Markers of Disrupted Gut Permeability in Severe COVID-19 Patients","volume":"12","author":"Giron LB","year":"2021","unstructured":"Giron LB, Dweep H, Yin X, et al.. Plasma Markers of Disrupted Gut Permeability in Severe COVID-19 Patients. Front Immunol. 2021, 12:686240. 10.3389\/fimmu.2021.686240","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000076889.23082.F1","article-title":"Genetically determined heterogeneity in hemoglobin scavenging and susceptibility to diabetic cardiovascular disease","volume":"92","author":"Asleh R","year":"2003","unstructured":"Asleh R, Marsh S, Shilkrut M, et al.. Genetically determined heterogeneity in hemoglobin scavenging and susceptibility to diabetic cardiovascular disease. Circ Res. 2003, 92:1193-200. 10.1161\/01.RES.0000076889.23082.F1","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/309131a0","article-title":"Duplication within the haptoglobin Hp2 gene","volume":"309","author":"Maeda N","year":"1984","unstructured":"Maeda N, Yang F, Barnett DR, Bowman BH, Smithies O. Duplication within the haptoglobin Hp2 gene. Nature. 1984, 309:131-5. 10.1038\/309131a0","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199809000-00010","article-title":"Haptoglobin polymorphism, iron metabolism and mortality in HIV infection","volume":"12","author":"Delanghe JR","year":"1998","unstructured":"Delanghe JR, Langlois MR, Boelaert JR, et al.. Haptoglobin polymorphism, iron metabolism and mortality in HIV infection. AIDS. 1998, 12:1027-32. 10.1097\/00002030-199809000-00010","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref23","article-title":"Haptoglobin polymorphism and mortality in patients with tuberculosis","volume":"4","author":"Kasvosve I","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kasvosve I, Gomo ZA, Mvundura E, et al.. Haptoglobin polymorphism and mortality in patients with tuberculosis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2000, 4:771-5.","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0029-1202834","article-title":"Genetic polymorphism and idiopathic generalized epilepsy. Evidence of interaction between haptoglobin and ACP1 systems","volume":"39","author":"Gloria-Bottini F","year":"2008","unstructured":"Gloria-Bottini F, Lucarelli P, Saccucci P, Cozzoli E, Cerminara C, Curatolo P, Bottini E. Genetic polymorphism and idiopathic generalized epilepsy. Evidence of interaction between haptoglobin and ACP1 systems. Neuropediatrics. 2008, 39:357-8. 10.1055\/s-0029-1202834","journal-title":"Neuropediatrics"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s001250051666","article-title":"Haptoglobin phenotype and diabetic nephropathy","volume":"44","author":"Nakhoul FM","year":"2001","unstructured":"Nakhoul FM, Zoabi R, Kanter Y, et al.. Haptoglobin phenotype and diabetic nephropathy. Diabetologia. 2001, 44:602-4. 10.1007\/s001250051666","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI149633","article-title":"Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children is driven by zonulin-dependent loss of gut mucosal barrier","volume":"131","author":"Yonker LM","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yonker LM, Gilboa T, Ogata AF, et al.. Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children is driven by zonulin-dependent loss of gut mucosal barrier. J Clin Invest. 2021, 131:10.1172\/JCI149633","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00196.2012","article-title":"Zonulin as prehaptoglobin2 regulates lung permeability and activates the complement system","volume":"304","author":"Rittirsch D","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rittirsch D, Flierl MA, Nadeau BA, et al.. Zonulin as prehaptoglobin2 regulates lung permeability and activates the complement system. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2013, 304:L863-72. 10.1152\/ajplung.00196.2012","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/109854-the-relationship-between-covid-19-disease-severity-and-zonulin-levels","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,9]],"date-time":"2024-02-09T19:39:32Z","timestamp":1707507572000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/109854-the-relationship-between-covid-19-disease-severity-and-zonulin-levels"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,22]]},"references-count":27,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.28255","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,22]]}}}