{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T15:56:40Z","timestamp":1787587000983,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,12]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.33695","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,12]],"date-time":"2023-01-12T09:24:48Z","timestamp":1673515488000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Phenobarbital and Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Zaryab","family":"Umar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Haseeb ul Rasool","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shoaib","family":"Muhammad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Yousaf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahmoud","family":"Nassar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Usman","family":"Ilyas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asma U","family":"Hosna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Avish","family":"Parikh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rubal","family":"Bhangal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nazaakat","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Ariyaratnam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theo","family":"Trandafirescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1060028021999821","article-title":"Adjunctive phenobarbital for alcohol withdrawal syndrome: a focused literature review","volume":"55","author":"Murphy JA","year":"2021","unstructured":"Murphy JA, Curran BM, Gibbons WA 3rd, Harnica HM. Adjunctive phenobarbital for alcohol withdrawal syndrome: a focused literature review. Ann Pharmacother. 2021, 55:1515-24. 10.1177\/1060028021999821","journal-title":"Ann Pharmacother"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra020617","article-title":"Management of drug and alcohol withdrawal","volume":"348","author":"Kosten TR","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kosten TR, O'Connor PG. Management of drug and alcohol withdrawal. N Engl J Med. 2003, 348:1786-95. 10.1056\/NEJMra020617","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-6748.132914","article-title":"Clinical management of alcohol withdrawal: a systematic review","volume":"22","author":"Kattimani S","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kattimani S, Bharadwaj B. Clinical management of alcohol withdrawal: a systematic review. Ind Psychiatry J. 2013, 22:100-8. 10.4103\/0972-6748.132914","journal-title":"Ind Psychiatry J"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ADM.0000000000000668","article-title":"The ASAM Clinical Practice Guideline on alcohol withdrawal management","volume":"14","year":"2020","unstructured":"The ASAM Clinical Practice Guideline on alcohol withdrawal management. J Addict Med. 2020, 14.1-72. 10.1097\/ADM.0000000000000668","journal-title":"J Addict Med"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2008.03.007","article-title":"The role of GABA(A) receptors in the development of alcoholism","volume":"90","author":"Enoch MA","year":"2008","unstructured":"Enoch MA. The role of GABA(A) receptors in the development of alcoholism. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2008, 90:95-104. 10.1016\/j.pbb.2008.03.007","journal-title":"Pharmacol Biochem Behav"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psym.2019.02.002","article-title":"Use of phenobarbital in alcohol withdrawal management - a retrospective comparison study of phenobarbital and benzodiazepines for acute alcohol withdrawal management in general medical patients","volume":"60","author":"Nisavic M","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nisavic M, Nejad SH, Isenberg BM, et al.. Use of phenobarbital in alcohol withdrawal management - a retrospective comparison study of phenobarbital and benzodiazepines for acute alcohol withdrawal management in general medical patients. Psychosomatics. 2019, 60:458-67. 10.1016\/j.psym.2019.02.002","journal-title":"Psychosomatics"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01061382","article-title":"Kinetics of phenobarbital in normal subjects and epileptic patients","volume":"23","author":"Wilensky AJ","year":"1982","unstructured":"Wilensky AJ, Friel PN, Levy RH, Comfort CP, Kaluzny SP. Kinetics of phenobarbital in normal subjects and epileptic patients. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1982, 23:87-92. 10.1007\/BF01061382","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-151-4-200908180-00135","article-title":"Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: the PRISMA statement","volume":"151","author":"Moher D","year":"2009","unstructured":"Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: the PRISMA statement. Ann Intern Med. 2009, 151:264-9, W64. 10.7326\/0003-4819-151-4-200908180-00135","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"ref9","unstructured":"Study quality assessment tools. Quality assessment tool for observational cohort and cross-sectional studies. (2021). https:\/\/www.nhlbi.nih.gov\/health-topics\/study-quality-assessment-tools."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1060028020949137","article-title":"Phenobarbital monotherapy for the management of alcohol withdrawal syndrome in surgical-trauma patients","volume":"55","author":"Ammar MA","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ammar MA, Ammar AA, Rosen J, Kassab HS, Becher RD. Phenobarbital monotherapy for the management of alcohol withdrawal syndrome in surgical-trauma patients. Ann Pharmacother. 2021, 55:294-302. 10.1177\/1060028020949137","journal-title":"Ann Pharmacother"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0885066618783947","article-title":"The safety and utility of phenobarbital use for the treatment of severe alcohol withdrawal syndrome in the medical intensive care unit","volume":"35","author":"Oks M","year":"2020","unstructured":"Oks M, Cleven KL, Healy L, et al.. The safety and utility of phenobarbital use for the treatment of severe alcohol withdrawal syndrome in the medical intensive care unit. J Intensive Care Med. 2020, 35:844-50. 10.1177\/0885066618783947","journal-title":"J Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2019.07.004","article-title":"Phenobarbital and symptom-triggered lorazepam versus lorazepam alone for severe alcohol withdrawal in the intensive care unit","volume":"82","author":"Nguyen TA","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nguyen TA, Lam SW. Phenobarbital and symptom-triggered lorazepam versus lorazepam alone for severe alcohol withdrawal in the intensive care unit. Alcohol. 2020, 82:23-7. 10.1016\/j.alcohol.2019.07.004","journal-title":"Alcohol"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0018578720931464","article-title":"Evaluation of a phenobarbital-based protocol for severe alcohol withdrawal in critically ill patients","volume":"56","author":"Goodberlet M","year":"2021","unstructured":"Goodberlet M, Dube K, Kovacevic M, Szumita P, DeGrado J. Evaluation of a phenobarbital-based protocol for severe alcohol withdrawal in critically ill patients. Hosp Pharm. 2021, 56:550-9. 10.1177\/0018578720931464","journal-title":"Hosp Pharm"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4037\/ajcc2018745","article-title":"Treatment of alcohol withdrawal syndrome: phenobarbital vs CIWA-Ar protocol","volume":"27","author":"Tidwell WP","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tidwell WP, Thomas TL, Pouliot JD, Canonico AE, Webber AJ. Treatment of alcohol withdrawal syndrome: phenobarbital vs CIWA-Ar protocol. Am J Crit Care. 2018, 27:454-60. 10.4037\/ajcc2018745","journal-title":"Am J Crit Care"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13181-022-00900-8","article-title":"Front-loaded versus low-intermittent phenobarbital dosing for benzodiazepine-resistant severe alcohol withdrawal syndrome","volume":"18","author":"Shah P","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shah P, Stegner-Smith KL, Rachid M, Hanif T, Dodd KW. Front-loaded versus low-intermittent phenobarbital dosing for benzodiazepine-resistant severe alcohol withdrawal syndrome. J Med Toxicol. 2022, 18:198-204. 10.1007\/s13181-022-00900-8","journal-title":"J Med Toxicol"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0000000000000352","article-title":"Alcohol withdrawal syndrome in critically ill patients: protocolized versus nonprotocolized management","volume":"77","author":"Duby JJ","year":"2014","unstructured":"Duby JJ, Berry AJ, Ghayyem P, Wilson MD, Cocanour CS. Alcohol withdrawal syndrome in critically ill patients: protocolized versus nonprotocolized management. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2014, 77:938-43. 10.1097\/TA.0000000000000352","journal-title":"J Trauma Acute Care Surg"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000256841.28351.80","article-title":"A strategy of escalating doses of benzodiazepines and phenobarbital administration reduces the need for mechanical ventilation in delirium tremens","volume":"35","author":"Gold JA","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gold JA, Rimal B, Nolan A, Nelson LS. A strategy of escalating doses of benzodiazepines and phenobarbital administration reduces the need for mechanical ventilation in delirium tremens. Crit Care Med. 2007, 35:724-30. 10.1097\/01.CCM.0000256841.28351.80","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref18","article-title":"Treatment of alcohol withdrawal syndrome with benzodiazepines or phenobarbital in the medical intensive care unit, a retrospective comparison","volume":"197","author":"Saukkonen JJ","year":"2018","unstructured":"Saukkonen JJ, Mekuria T, Ronan M, Connell G. Treatment of alcohol withdrawal syndrome with benzodiazepines or phenobarbital in the medical intensive care unit, a retrospective comparison. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2018, 197:A6049.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/WNF.0000000000000172","article-title":"Therapeutic index estimation of antiepileptic drugs: a systematic literature review approach","volume":"39","author":"Greenberg RG","year":"2016","unstructured":"Greenberg RG, Melloni C, Wu H, et al.. Therapeutic index estimation of antiepileptic drugs: a systematic literature review approach. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2016, 39:232-40. 10.1097\/WNF.0000000000000172","journal-title":"Clin Neuropharmacol"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0018578717720310","article-title":"Patient outcomes associated with phenobarbital use with or without benzodiazepines for alcohol withdrawal syndrome: a systematic review","volume":"52","author":"Hammond DA","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hammond DA, Rowe JM, Wong A, Wiley TL, Lee KC, Kane-Gill SL. Patient outcomes associated with phenobarbital use with or without benzodiazepines for alcohol withdrawal syndrome: a systematic review. Hosp Pharm. 2017, 52:607-16. 10.1177\/0018578717720310","journal-title":"Hosp Pharm"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2015.11.022","article-title":"Barbiturates for the treatment of alcohol withdrawal syndrome: a systematic review of clinical trials","volume":"32","author":"Mo Y","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mo Y, Thomas MC, Karras GE Jr. Barbiturates for the treatment of alcohol withdrawal syndrome: a systematic review of clinical trials. J Crit Care. 2016, 32:101-7. 10.1016\/j.jcrc.2015.11.022","journal-title":"J Crit Care"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/131033-phenobarbital-and-alcohol-withdrawal-syndrome-a-systematic-review-and-meta-analysis","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,9]],"date-time":"2024-02-09T14:59:53Z","timestamp":1707490793000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/131033-phenobarbital-and-alcohol-withdrawal-syndrome-a-systematic-review-and-meta-analysis"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,12]]},"references-count":21,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.33695","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,12]]}}}