{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T16:09:58Z","timestamp":1791389398392,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,19]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.35187","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,19]],"date-time":"2023-02-19T18:32:40Z","timestamp":1676831560000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Moebius Syndrome: What We Know So Far"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Syed Muhammad Hussain","family":"Zaidi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Izna Najam","family":"Syed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Umair","family":"Tahir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tayyaba","family":"Noor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Saad","family":"Choudhry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.NMC.0000334892.45979.d5","article-title":"The faces of Moebius syndrome: recognition and anticipatory guidance","volume":"33","author":"Broussard AB","year":"2008","unstructured":"Broussard AB, Borazjani JG. The faces of Moebius syndrome: recognition and anticipatory guidance. MCN Am J Matern Child Nurs. 2008, 33:272-8; quiz 279-80. 10.1097\/01.NMC.0000334892.45979.d5","journal-title":"MCN Am J Matern Child Nurs"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13052-016-0256-5","article-title":"Moebius syndrome: clinical features, diagnosis, management and early intervention","volume":"42","author":"Picciolini O","year":"2016","unstructured":"Picciolini O, Porro M, Cattaneo E, Castelletti S, Masera G, Mosca F, Bedeschi MF. Moebius syndrome: clinical features, diagnosis, management and early intervention. Ital J Pediatr. 2016, 42:56. 10.1186\/s13052-016-0256-5","journal-title":"Ital J Pediatr"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/jmg.27.2.122","article-title":"Moebius syndrome","volume":"27","author":"Kumar D","year":"1990","unstructured":"Kumar D. Moebius syndrome. J Med Genet. 1990, 27:122-6.","journal-title":"J Med Genet"},{"key":"ref4","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging findings in sporadic M\u00f6bius syndrome","volume":"126","author":"Wu SQ","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wu SQ, Man FY, Jiao YH, Xian JF, Wang YD, Wang ZC. Magnetic resonance imaging findings in sporadic M\u00f6bius syndrome. Chin Med J (Engl). 2013, 126:2304-7.","journal-title":"Chin Med J (Engl)"},{"key":"ref5","article-title":"Group III M\u00f6bius syndrome: CT and MR findings","volume":"11","author":"Kuhn MJ","year":"1990","unstructured":"Kuhn MJ, Clark HB, Morales A, Shekar PC. Group III M\u00f6bius syndrome: CT and MR findings. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1990, 11:903-4.","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0971-3026.195790","article-title":"Mobious syndrome: MR findings","volume":"26","author":"Srinivas MR","year":"2016","unstructured":"Srinivas MR, Vaishali DM, Vedaraju KS, Nagaraj BR. Mobious syndrome: MR findings. Indian J Radiol Imaging. 2016, 26:502-5. 10.4103\/0971-3026.195790","journal-title":"Indian J Radiol Imaging"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-009-0003-1","article-title":"Autism spectrum disorders in children and adolescents with Moebius sequence","volume":"18","author":"Briegel W","year":"2009","unstructured":"Briegel W, Schimek M, Kamp-Becker I, Hofmann C, Schwab KO. Autism spectrum disorders in children and adolescents with Moebius sequence. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2009, 18:515-9. 10.1007\/s00787-009-0003-1","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref8","article-title":"The spectrum of M\u00f6bius syndrome: an electrophysiological study","volume":"1","author":"Verzijl HT","year":"2005","unstructured":"Verzijl HT, Padberg GW, Zwarts MJ. The spectrum of M\u00f6bius syndrome: an electrophysiological study. Brain. 2005, 1:1728-36.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref9","article-title":"Moebius syndrome: a rare case report","volume":"23","author":"Raju MS","year":"2011","unstructured":"Raju MS, Suma GN, Prakash R, Goel S. Moebius syndrome: a rare case report. Journal of Indian Academy of Oral Medicine and Radiology. 2011, 23:267-70.","journal-title":"Journal of Indian Academy of Oral Medicine and Radiology"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2015-310043","article-title":"Managing the child with a diagnosis of Moebius syndrome: more than meets the eye","volume":"101","author":"McKay VH","year":"2016","unstructured":"McKay VH, Touil LL, Jenkins D, Fattah AY. Managing the child with a diagnosis of Moebius syndrome: more than meets the eye. Arch Dis Child. 2016, 101:843-6. 10.1136\/archdischild-2015-310043","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2012.11.009","article-title":"Birth defects after exposure to misoprostol in the first trimester of pregnancy: prospective follow-up study","volume":"36","author":"Vauzelle C","year":"2013","unstructured":"Vauzelle C, Beghin D, Cournot MP, Elefant E. Birth defects after exposure to misoprostol in the first trimester of pregnancy: prospective follow-up study. Reprod Toxicol. 2013, 36:98-103. 10.1016\/j.reprotox.2012.11.009","journal-title":"Reprod Toxicol"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms8199","article-title":"De novo mutations in PLXND1 and REV3L cause M\u00f6bius syndrome","volume":"6","author":"Tomas-Roca L","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tomas-Roca L, Tsaalbi-Shtylik A, Jansen JG, et al.. De novo mutations in PLXND1 and REV3L cause M\u00f6bius syndrome. Nat Commun. 2015, 6:7199. 10.1038\/ncomms8199","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.1320470230","article-title":"M\u00f6bius sequence: further in vivo support for the subclavian artery supply disruption sequence","volume":"47","author":"St Charles S","year":"1993","unstructured":"St Charles S, DiMario FJ Jr, Grunnet ML. M\u00f6bius sequence: further in vivo support for the subclavian artery supply disruption sequence. Am J Med Genet. 1993, 47:289-93. 10.1002\/ajmg.1320470230","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2004.11.011","article-title":"Poland-M\u00f6bius syndrome and cocaine abuse: a relook at vascular etiology","volume":"32","author":"Puvabanditsin S","year":"2005","unstructured":"Puvabanditsin S, Garrow E, Augustin G, Titapiwatanakul R, Kuniyoshi KM. Poland-M\u00f6bius syndrome and cocaine abuse: a relook at vascular etiology. Pediatr Neurol. 2005, 32:285-7. 10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2004.11.011","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2003.12.005","article-title":"Watershed infarcts in the fetal and neonatal brainstem. An aetiology of central hypoventilation, dysphagia, M\u00f6ibius syndrome and micrognathia","volume":"8","author":"Sarnat HB","year":"2004","unstructured":"Sarnat HB. Watershed infarcts in the fetal and neonatal brainstem. An aetiology of central hypoventilation, dysphagia, M\u00f6ibius syndrome and micrognathia. Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 2004, 8:71-87. 10.1016\/j.ejpn.2003.12.005","journal-title":"Eur J Paediatr Neurol"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13023-016-0559-z","article-title":"Moebius sequence -a multidisciplinary clinical approach","volume":"12","author":"Pedersen LK","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pedersen LK, Maimburg RD, Hertz JM, Gj\u00f8rup H, Pedersen TK, M\u00f8ller-Madsen B, \u00d8stergaard JR. Moebius sequence -a multidisciplinary clinical approach. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2017, 12:4. 10.1186\/s13023-016-0559-z","journal-title":"Orphanet J Rare Dis"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1636","article-title":"Homozygous HOXA1 mutations disrupt human brainstem, inner ear, cardiovascular and cognitive development","volume":"37","author":"Tischfield MA","year":"2005","unstructured":"Tischfield MA, Bosley TM, Salih MA, et al.. Homozygous HOXA1 mutations disrupt human brainstem, inner ear, cardiovascular and cognitive development. Nat Genet. 2005, 37:1035-7. 10.1038\/ng1636","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2012.05.018","article-title":"HOXB1 founder mutation in humans recapitulates the phenotype of Hoxb1-\/- mice","volume":"91","author":"Webb BD","year":"2012","unstructured":"Webb BD, Shaaban S, Gaspar H, et al.. HOXB1 founder mutation in humans recapitulates the phenotype of Hoxb1-\/- mice. Am J Hum Genet. 2012, 91:171-9. 10.1016\/j.ajhg.2012.05.018","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2009.12.011","article-title":"Human TUBB3 mutations perturb microtubule dynamics, kinesin interactions, and axon guidance","volume":"140","author":"Tischfield MA","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tischfield MA, Baris HN, Wu C, et al.. Human TUBB3 mutations perturb microtubule dynamics, kinesin interactions, and axon guidance. Cell. 2010, 140:74-87. 10.1016\/j.cell.2009.12.011","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(sici)1096-8628(19991029)86:5<492::aid-ajmg17>3.0.co;2-e","article-title":"M\u00f6bius sequence, hypogenitalism, cerebral, and skeletal malformations in two brothers","volume":"86","author":"Criado GR","year":"199929","unstructured":"Criado GR, Ayt\u00e9s AP. M\u00f6bius sequence, hypogenitalism, cerebral, and skeletal malformations in two brothers. Am J Med Genet. 199929, 86:492-6. 10.1002\/(sici)1096-8628(19991029)86:5&lt;492::aid-ajmg17&gt;3.0.co;2-e","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15171\/joddd.2017.012","article-title":"Rare features associated with Mobius syndrome: report of two cases","volume":"11","author":"Ghosh R","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ghosh R, Shetty V, Hegde S, Babu GS, Ajila V, Kishore P N, Nair M. Rare features associated with Mobius syndrome: report of two cases. J Dent Res Dent Clin Dent Prospects. 2017, 11:60-5. 10.15171\/joddd.2017.012","journal-title":"J Dent Res Dent Clin Dent Prospects"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000076484.91275.cd","article-title":"M\u00f6bius syndrome redefined: a syndrome of rhombencephalic maldevelopment","volume":"61","author":"Verzijl HT","year":"2003","unstructured":"Verzijl HT, van der Zwaag B, Cruysberg JR, Padberg GW. M\u00f6bius syndrome redefined: a syndrome of rhombencephalic maldevelopment. Neurology. 2003, 61:327-33. 10.1212\/01.wnl.0000076484.91275.cd","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-0004.2006.00649.x","article-title":"Neuropsychiatric findings of M\u00f6bius sequence - a review","volume":"70","author":"Briegel W","year":"2006","unstructured":"Briegel W. Neuropsychiatric findings of M\u00f6bius sequence - a review. Clin Genet. 2006, 70:91-7. 10.1111\/j.1399-0004.2006.00649.x","journal-title":"Clin Genet"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinane.2005.05.005","article-title":"Anesthetic implications of M\u00f6bius syndrome","volume":"18","author":"Gondipalli P","year":"2006","unstructured":"Gondipalli P, Tobias JD. Anesthetic implications of M\u00f6bius syndrome. J Clin Anesth. 2006, 18:55-9. 10.1016\/j.jclinane.2005.05.005","journal-title":"J Clin Anesth"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-199809040-00004","article-title":"M\u00f6bius syndrome: classification and grading system","volume":"102","author":"Abramson DL","year":"1998","unstructured":"Abramson DL, Cohen MM Jr, Mulliken JB. M\u00f6bius syndrome: classification and grading system. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1998, 102:961-7. 10.1097\/00006534-199809040-00004","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1754-4505.2003.tb01671.x","article-title":"Management of a patient with M\u00f6bius syndrome: a case report","volume":"23","author":"Ha CY","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ha CY, Messieha ZS. Management of a patient with M\u00f6bius syndrome: a case report. Spec Care Dentist. 2003, 23:111-6. 10.1111\/j.1754-4505.2003.tb01671.x","journal-title":"Spec Care Dentist"},{"key":"ref27","article-title":"\"Moebius syndrome\": a case report","volume":"22","author":"Shashikiran ND","year":"2004","unstructured":"Shashikiran ND, Subba Reddy VV, Patil R. \"Moebius syndrome\": a case report. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent. 2004, 22:96-9.","journal-title":"J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/9736723","article-title":"Orthopedic manifestations of Mobius syndrome: case series and survey study","volume":"2016","author":"McClure P","year":"2016","unstructured":"McClure P, Booy D, Katarincic J, Eberson C. Orthopedic manifestations of Mobius syndrome: case series and survey study. Int J Pediatr. 2016, 2016:9736723. 10.1155\/2016\/9736723","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr"},{"key":"ref29","article-title":"Moebius syndrome: challenges of airway management","volume":"55 Suppl 1","author":"Budi\u0107 I","year":"2016","unstructured":"Budi\u0107 I, \u0160urdilovi\u0107 D, Slavkovi\u0107 A, Marjanovi\u0107 V, Stevi\u0107 M, Simi\u0107 D. Moebius syndrome: challenges of airway management. Acta Clin Croat. 2016, 55 Suppl 1:94-7.","journal-title":"Acta Clin Croat"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BPO.0000000000001009","article-title":"Mobius syndrome: a 35-year single institution experience","volume":"37","author":"K McClure P","year":"2017","unstructured":"K McClure P, Kilinc E, Oishi S, I Riccio A, A Karol L. Mobius syndrome: a 35-year single institution experience. J Pediatr Orthop. 2017, 37:e446-9. 10.1097\/BPO.0000000000001009","journal-title":"J Pediatr Orthop"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1989.tb11076.x","article-title":"Autistic behaviour in Moebius syndrome","volume":"78","author":"Gillberg C","year":"1989","unstructured":"Gillberg C, Steffenburg S. Autistic behaviour in Moebius syndrome. Acta Paediatr Scand. 1989, 78:314-6. 10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1989.tb11076.x","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr Scand"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2007.02250.x","article-title":"Trigeminal trophic syndrome","volume":"21","author":"Rashid RM","year":"2007","unstructured":"Rashid RM, Khachemoune A. Trigeminal trophic syndrome. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2007, 21:725-31. 10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2007.02250.x","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000348948709600122","article-title":"Variants of M\u00f6bius' syndrome and central neurologic impairment: Lindeman procedure in children","volume":"96","author":"Cohen SR","year":"1987","unstructured":"Cohen SR, Thompson JW. Variants of M\u00f6bius' syndrome and central neurologic impairment: Lindeman procedure in children. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 1987, 96:93-100. 10.1177\/000348948709600122","journal-title":"Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.316.5826.826","article-title":"The mystery of the missing smile","volume":"316","author":"Miller G","year":"2007","unstructured":"Miller G. The mystery of the missing smile. Science. 2007, 316:826-7. 10.1126\/science.316.5826.826","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref35","article-title":"Volpe\u2019s Neurology of the Newborn","author":"Volpe J","year":"2017","unstructured":"Volpe J, Inder T, Darras B, de Vries L, du Plessis A, Neil J, Perlman J. Volpe\u2019s Neurology of the Newborn. Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands; 2017."},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0218492316629853","article-title":"Isolated left pectoralis major muscle hypoplasia in Poland syndrome","volume":"25","author":"Perrotta S","year":"2017","unstructured":"Perrotta S, Zubrytska Y. Isolated left pectoralis major muscle hypoplasia in Poland syndrome. Asian Cardiovasc Thorac Ann. 2017, 25:237-8. 10.1177\/0218492316629853","journal-title":"Asian Cardiovasc Thorac Ann"},{"key":"ref37","article-title":"Congenital fibrosis of the extraocular muscles overview","author":"Whitman MC","year":"1993","unstructured":"Whitman MC, Jurgens JA, Hunter DG, Engle EC. Congenital fibrosis of the extraocular muscles overview. GeneReviews\u00ae [Internet]. University of Washington, Seattle; 1993."},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/jpn.JPN_72_19","article-title":"Moebius syndrome: a rare entity or a missed diagnosis?","volume":"15","author":"Chowdhury S","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chowdhury S, Sarkar S, Guha D, Dasgupta MK. Moebius syndrome: a rare entity or a missed diagnosis?. J Pediatr Neurosci. 2020, 15:128-31. 10.4103\/jpn.JPN_72_19","journal-title":"J Pediatr Neurosci"},{"key":"ref39","unstructured":"An overview of Moebius syndrome. diagnosis, supportive treatment, and valuable community resources. https:\/\/www.neurologyreviews-digital.com\/neurologyreviews\/nr_nord_march_2019\/MobilePagedArticle.action?articleId=1470...."},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2004-823122","article-title":"M\u00f6bius syndrome","volume":"18","author":"Singham J","year":"2004","unstructured":"Singham J, Manktelow R, Zuker RM. M\u00f6bius syndrome. Semin Plast Surg. 2004, 18:39-46. 10.1055\/s-2004-823122","journal-title":"Semin Plast Surg"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/IOP.0b013e3182674069","article-title":"PROSE treatment for lagophthalmos and exposure keratopathy","volume":"29","author":"Gire A","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gire A, Kwok A, Marx DP. PROSE treatment for lagophthalmos and exposure keratopathy. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg. 2013, 29:e38-40. 10.1097\/IOP.0b013e3182674069","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12968\/joan.2020.9.6.233","article-title":"Living with Moebius syndrome","volume":"9","author":"Jenkinson E","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jenkinson E, Bogart K, Hamlet C, Davies L. Living with Moebius syndrome. J Aesthet Nurs. 2020, 9:233-7. 10.12968\/joan.2020.9.6.233","journal-title":"J Aesthet Nurs"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12968\/bjha.2019.13.3.126","article-title":"Rare health conditions 21: Moebius syndrome, juvenile polyposis syndrome, Klippel-Tr\u00e9naunay syndrome and Milroy disease","volume":"13","author":"Barber C","year":"20192","unstructured":"Barber C. Rare health conditions 21: Moebius syndrome, juvenile polyposis syndrome, Klippel-Tr\u00e9naunay syndrome and Milroy disease. British Journal of Healthcare Assistants. 20192, 13:126-30. 10.12968\/bjha.2019.13.3.126","journal-title":"British Journal of Healthcare Assistants"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.WOX.0000411745.29602.67","article-title":"607 X- linked agammaglobulinemia and Moebius syndrome, first case reported","volume":"5","author":"Ortega-Cisneros M","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ortega-Cisneros M, Cortes-Grimaldo RM, Madrigal I, et al.. 607 X- linked agammaglobulinemia and Moebius syndrome, first case reported. World Allergy Organ J. 2012, 5:S209. 10.1097\/01.WOX.0000411745.29602.67","journal-title":"World Allergy Organ J"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/138834-moebius-syndrome-what-we-know-so-far","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,9]],"date-time":"2024-02-09T19:51:50Z","timestamp":1707508310000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/138834-moebius-syndrome-what-we-know-so-far"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,19]]},"references-count":44,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.35187","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,19]]}}}