{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T19:42:16Z","timestamp":1787168536907,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,14]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.36148","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,14]],"date-time":"2023-03-14T15:05:40Z","timestamp":1678806340000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The Use of Cannabinoids in the Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD): A Review of the Literature"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Basil  N","family":"Nduma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelly  A","family":"Mofor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason","family":"Tatang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chukwuyem","family":"Ekhator","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Solomon","family":"Ambe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ekokobe","family":"Fonkem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10151-020-02326-1","article-title":"Inflammatory bowel disease position statement of the Italian Society of Colorectal Surgery (SICCR): ulcerative colitis","volume":"24","author":"Pellino G","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pellino G, Keller DS, Sampietro GM, et al.. Inflammatory bowel disease position statement of the Italian Society of Colorectal Surgery (SICCR): ulcerative colitis. Tech Coloproctol. 2020, 24:1059-76. 10.1007\/s10151-020-02326-1","journal-title":"Tech Coloproctol"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00365521.2020.1782314","article-title":"Cancer risk and chemoprevention in Chinese inflammatory bowel disease patients: a population-based cohort study","volume":"55","author":"Mak JY","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mak JY, So J, Tang W, et al.. Cancer risk and chemoprevention in Chinese inflammatory bowel disease patients: a population-based cohort study. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2020, 55:903-10. 10.1080\/00365521.2020.1782314","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2019.01401","article-title":"Evaluation of pathway activation for a single sample toward inflammatory bowel disease classification","volume":"10","author":"Li X","year":"2019","unstructured":"Li X, Li M, Zheng R, Chen X, Xiang J, Wu FX, Wang J. Evaluation of pathway activation for a single sample toward inflammatory bowel disease classification. Front Genet. 2019, 10:1401. 10.3389\/fgene.2019.01401","journal-title":"Front Genet"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izz272","article-title":"Cannabis use in persons with inflammatory bowel disease and vulnerability to substance misuse","volume":"26","author":"Hansen TM","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hansen TM, Sabourin BC, Oketola B, Bernstein CN, Singh H, Targownik LE. Cannabis use in persons with inflammatory bowel disease and vulnerability to substance misuse. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2020, 26:1401-6. 10.1093\/ibd\/izz272","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2019-320240","article-title":"New role for azathioprine in case of switching anti-TNFs in IBD","volume":"69","author":"Papamichael K","year":"2020","unstructured":"Papamichael K, Cheifetz AS, Irving PM. New role for azathioprine in case of switching anti-TNFs in IBD. Gut. 2020, 69:1447-8. 10.1136\/gutjnl-2019-320240","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izz233","article-title":"Cannabis for the treatment of Crohn\u2019s disease and ulcerative colitis: evidence from Cochrane Reviews","volume":"26","author":"Kafil TS","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kafil TS, Nguyen TM, MacDonald JK, Chande N. Cannabis for the treatment of Crohn\u2019s disease and ulcerative colitis: evidence from Cochrane Reviews. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2020, 26:502-9. 10.1093\/ibd\/izz233","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.0c00075","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory potential of terpenes present in Cannabis sativa L","volume":"11","author":"Downer EJ","year":"2020","unstructured":"Downer EJ. Anti-inflammatory potential of terpenes present in Cannabis sativa L. ACS Chem Neurosci. 2020, 11:659-62. 10.1021\/acschemneuro.0c00075","journal-title":"ACS Chem Neurosci"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2020.107894","article-title":"Cannabis use among youth in the United States, 2004-2016: faster rate of increase among youth with depression","volume":"209","author":"Weinberger AH","year":"2020","unstructured":"Weinberger AH, Zhu J, Lee J, Anastasiou E, Copeland J, Goodwin RD. Cannabis use among youth in the United States, 2004-2016: faster rate of increase among youth with depression. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2020, 209:107894. 10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2020.107894","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/genes11020149","article-title":"Cigarette and cannabis smoking effects on GPR15+ Helper T cell levels in peripheral blood: relationships with epigenetic biomarkers","volume":"11","author":"Andersen AM","year":"2020","unstructured":"Andersen AM, Lei MK, Beach SR, Philibert RA, Sinha S, Colgan JD. Cigarette and cannabis smoking effects on GPR15+ Helper T cell levels in peripheral blood: relationships with epigenetic biomarkers. Genes (Basel). 2020, 11:10.3390\/genes11020149","journal-title":"Genes (Basel)"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14309\/ctg.0000000000000120","article-title":"Cannabinoids and opioids in the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases","volume":"11","author":"Kienzl M","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kienzl M, Storr M, Schicho R. Cannabinoids and opioids in the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases. Clin Transl Gastroenterol. 2020, 11:e00120. 10.14309\/ctg.0000000000000120","journal-title":"Clin Transl Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2020.101504","article-title":"Activation of cannabinoid receptor 2 prevents colitis-associated colon cancer through myeloid cell de-activation upstream of IL-22 production","volume":"23","author":"Becker W","year":"2020","unstructured":"Becker W, Alrafas HR, Wilson K, et al.. Activation of cannabinoid receptor 2 prevents colitis-associated colon cancer through myeloid cell de-activation upstream of IL-22 production. iScience. 2020, 23:101504. 10.1016\/j.isci.2020.101504","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2021.113466","article-title":"Preparation, stability, antioxidative property and in vitro release of cannabidiol (CBD) in zein-whey protein composite nanoparticles","volume":"162","author":"Wang C","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang C, Cui B, Sun Y, Wang C, Guo M. Preparation, stability, antioxidative property and in vitro release of cannabidiol (CBD) in zein-whey protein composite nanoparticles. LWT. 2022, 162:113466. 10.1016\/j.lwt.2021.113466","journal-title":"LWT"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2013.01.017","article-title":"Beneficial effect of the non-psychotropic plant cannabinoid cannabigerol on experimental inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"85","author":"Borrelli F","year":"2013","unstructured":"Borrelli F, Fasolino I, Romano B, et al.. Beneficial effect of the non-psychotropic plant cannabinoid cannabigerol on experimental inflammatory bowel disease. Biochem Pharmacol. 2013, 85:1306-16. 10.1016\/j.bcp.2013.01.017","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izy002","article-title":"A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, pilot study of cannabidiol-rich botanical extract in the symptomatic treatment of ulcerative colitis","volume":"24","author":"Irving PM","year":"2018","unstructured":"Irving PM, Iqbal T, Nwokolo C, et al.. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, pilot study of cannabidiol-rich botanical extract in the symptomatic treatment of ulcerative colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2018, 24:714-24. 10.1093\/ibd\/izy002","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.04.034","article-title":"Cannabis induces a clinical response in patients with Crohn's disease: a prospective placebo-controlled study","volume":"11","author":"Naftali T","year":"2013","unstructured":"Naftali T, Bar-Lev Schleider L, Dotan I, Lansky EP, Sklerovsky Benjaminov F, Konikoff FM. Cannabis induces a clinical response in patients with Crohn's disease: a prospective placebo-controlled study. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013, 11:1276-1280.e1. 10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.04.034","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0246871","article-title":"Cannabis is associated with clinical but not endoscopic remission in ulcerative colitis: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"16","author":"Naftali T","year":"2021","unstructured":"Naftali T, Bar-Lev Schleider L, Scklerovsky Benjaminov F, Konikoff FM, Matalon ST, Ringel Y. Cannabis is associated with clinical but not endoscopic remission in ulcerative colitis: a randomized controlled trial. PLoS One. 2021, 16:e0246871. 10.1371\/journal.pone.0246871","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-017-4540-z","article-title":"Low-dose cannabidiol is safe but not effective in the treatment for Crohn's disease, a randomized controlled trial","volume":"62","author":"Naftali T","year":"2017","unstructured":"Naftali T, Mechulam R, Marii A, et al.. Low-dose cannabidiol is safe but not effective in the treatment for Crohn's disease, a randomized controlled trial. Dig Dis Sci. 2017, 62:1615-20. 10.1007\/s10620-017-4540-z","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/can.2017.0027","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory activity in colon models is derived from \u03949-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid that interacts with additional compounds in cannabis extracts","volume":"2","author":"Nallathambi R","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nallathambi R, Mazuz M, Ion A, et al.. Anti-inflammatory activity in colon models is derived from \u03949-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid that interacts with additional compounds in cannabis extracts. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res. 2017, 2:167-82. 10.1089\/can.2017.0027","journal-title":"Cannabis Cannabinoid Res"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.596461","article-title":"Cannabidiol isolated from Cannabis sativa L. protects intestinal barrier from in vitro inflammation and oxidative stress","volume":"12","author":"Cocetta V","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cocetta V, Governa P, Borgonetti V, et al.. Cannabidiol isolated from Cannabis sativa L. protects intestinal barrier from in vitro inflammation and oxidative stress. Front Pharmacol. 2021, 12:596461. 10.3389\/fphar.2021.596461","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izz017","article-title":"Palmitoylethanolamide and cannabidiol prevent inflammation-induced hyperpermeability of the human gut in vitro and in vivo-a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind controlled trial","volume":"25","author":"Couch DG","year":"2019","unstructured":"Couch DG, Cook H, Ortori C, Barrett D, Lund JN, O'Sullivan SE. Palmitoylethanolamide and cannabidiol prevent inflammation-induced hyperpermeability of the human gut in vitro and in vivo-a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind controlled trial. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2019, 25:1006-18. 10.1093\/ibd\/izz017","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.6831","article-title":"Efficacy of combined therapy with fish oil and phytocannabinoids in murine intestinal inflammation","volume":"35","author":"Pagano E","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pagano E, Iannotti FA, Piscitelli F, et al.. Efficacy of combined therapy with fish oil and phytocannabinoids in murine intestinal inflammation. Phytother Res. 2021, 35:517-29. 10.1002\/ptr.6831","journal-title":"Phytother Res"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.585096","article-title":"Fish oil, cannabidiol and the gut microbiota: an investigation in a murine model of colitis","volume":"11","author":"Silvestri C","year":"2020","unstructured":"Silvestri C, Pagano E, Lacroix S, et al.. Fish oil, cannabidiol and the gut microbiota: an investigation in a murine model of colitis. Front Pharmacol. 2020, 11:585096. 10.3389\/fphar.2020.585096","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2011.11.005","article-title":"Cannabinoid receptor-2 (CB2) agonist ameliorates colitis in IL-10(-\/-) mice by attenuating the activation of T cells and promoting their apoptosis","volume":"258","author":"Singh UP","year":"2012","unstructured":"Singh UP, Singh NP, Singh B, Price RL, Nagarkatti M, Nagarkatti PS. Cannabinoid receptor-2 (CB2) agonist ameliorates colitis in IL-10(-\/-) mice by attenuating the activation of T cells and promoting their apoptosis. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2012, 258:256-67. 10.1016\/j.taap.2011.11.005","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2019.104464","article-title":"The non-euphoric phytocannabinoid cannabidivarin counteracts intestinal inflammation in mice and cytokine expression in biopsies from UC pediatric patients","volume":"149","author":"Pagano E","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pagano E, Romano B, Iannotti FA, et al.. The non-euphoric phytocannabinoid cannabidivarin counteracts intestinal inflammation in mice and cytokine expression in biopsies from UC pediatric patients. Pharmacol Res. 2019, 149:104464. 10.1016\/j.phrs.2019.104464","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2018.03.041","article-title":"Marijuana use by adolescents and young adults with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"199","author":"Hoffenberg EJ","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hoffenberg EJ, McWilliams SK, Mikulich-Gilbertson SK, et al.. Marijuana use by adolescents and young adults with inflammatory bowel disease. J Pediatr. 2018, 199:99-105. 10.1016\/j.jpeds.2018.03.041","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2021.105698","article-title":"Mucoadhesive nanostructured lipid carriers as a cannabidiol nasal delivery system for the treatment of neuropathic pain","volume":"159","author":"Matarazzo AP","year":"2021","unstructured":"Matarazzo AP, Elisei LS, Carvalho FC, Bonf\u00edlio R, Ruela AM, Galdino G, Pereira GR. Mucoadhesive nanostructured lipid carriers as a cannabidiol nasal delivery system for the treatment of neuropathic pain. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2021, 159:105698. 10.1016\/j.ejps.2021.105698","journal-title":"Eur J Pharm Sci"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2013.10.006","article-title":"Interleukin 17A evoked mucosal damage is attenuated by cannabidiol and anandamide in a human colonic explant model","volume":"65","author":"Harvey BS","year":"2014","unstructured":"Harvey BS, Sia TC, Wattchow DA, Smid SD. Interleukin 17A evoked mucosal damage is attenuated by cannabidiol and anandamide in a human colonic explant model. Cytokine. 2014, 65:231-5. 10.1016\/j.cyto.2013.10.006","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.685289","article-title":"Endocannabinoid levels in ulcerative colitis patients correlate with clinical parameters and are affected by cannabis consumption","volume":"12","author":"Tartakover Matalon S","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tartakover Matalon S, Azar S, Meiri D, et al.. Endocannabinoid levels in ulcerative colitis patients correlate with clinical parameters and are affected by cannabis consumption. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2021, 12:685289. 10.3389\/fendo.2021.685289","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.18841","article-title":"Cannabis and its potential protective role against inflammatory bowel disease: a scoping review","volume":"13","author":"Nso N","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nso N, Nyabera A, Nassar M, et al.. Cannabis and its potential protective role against inflammatory bowel disease: a scoping review. Cureus. 2021, 13:e18841. 10.7759\/cureus.18841","journal-title":"Cureus"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/141323-the-use-of-cannabinoids-in-the-treatment-of-inflammatory-bowel-disease-ibd-a-review-of-the-literature","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,9]],"date-time":"2024-02-09T14:54:38Z","timestamp":1707490478000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/141323-the-use-of-cannabinoids-in-the-treatment-of-inflammatory-bowel-disease-ibd-a-review-of-the-literature"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,14]]},"references-count":29,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.36148","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,14]]}}}