{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T11:29:48Z","timestamp":1791890988669,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,18]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.36334","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,18]],"date-time":"2023-03-18T17:00:40Z","timestamp":1679158840000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The Mediating Role of Positive Attitudes on the Relationship Between Esports Gaming Hours and Psychological Well-Being During the COVID-19 Pandemic"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Dan","family":"Shan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"ZhiHao","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"FenFen","family":"Ge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanyi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"YuanDian","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"XiaoYi","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"JunChu","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/22740","article-title":"Social capital-accrual, escape-from-self, and time-displacement effects of Internet use during the COVID-19 stay-at-home period: prospective, quantitative survey study","volume":"22","author":"Cheng C","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cheng C, Lau YC, Luk JW. Social capital-accrual, escape-from-self, and time-displacement effects of Internet use during the COVID-19 stay-at-home period: prospective, quantitative survey study. J Med Internet Res. 2020, 22:e22740. 10.2196\/22740","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"ref2","unstructured":"How COVID-19 is taking gaming and esports to the next level. Weforum. (2020). Accessed. November 20, 2021: https:\/\/www.weforum.org\/agenda\/2020\/05\/covid-19-taking-gaming-and-esports-next-level\/."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.01731","article-title":"The association between video gaming and psychological functioning","volume":"10","author":"von der Heiden JM","year":"2019","unstructured":"von der Heiden JM, Braun B, M\u00fcller KW, Egloff B. The association between video gaming and psychological functioning. Front Psychol. 2019, 10:1731. 10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.01731","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2017.08.005","article-title":"Prevalence and correlates of comorbid depression in a nonclinical online sample with DSM-5 internet gaming disorder","volume":"226","author":"Wang HR","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wang HR, Cho H, Kim DJ. Prevalence and correlates of comorbid depression in a nonclinical online sample with DSM-5 internet gaming disorder. J Affect Disord. 2018, 226:1-5. 10.1016\/j.jad.2017.08.005","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2019.00247","article-title":"The association between mobile game addiction and depression, social anxiety, and loneliness","volume":"7","author":"Wang JL","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang JL, Sheng JR, Wang HZ. The association between mobile game addiction and depression, social anxiety, and loneliness. Front Public Health. 2019, 7:247. 10.3389\/fpubh.2019.00247","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16173181","article-title":"Associations among resilience, stress, depression, and internet gaming disorder in young adults","volume":"16","author":"Yen JY","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yen JY, Lin HC, Chou WP, Liu TL, Ko CH. Associations among resilience, stress, depression, and internet gaming disorder in young adults. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019, 16:3181. 10.3390\/ijerph16173181","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/11068","article-title":"An app that incorporates gamification, mini-games, and social connection to improve men's mental health and well-being (MindMax): participatory design process","volume":"5","author":"Cheng VW","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cheng VW, Davenport TA, Johnson D, Vella K, Mitchell J, Hickie IB. An app that incorporates gamification, mini-games, and social connection to improve men's mental health and well-being (MindMax): participatory design process. JMIR Ment Health. 2018, 5:e11068. 10.2196\/11068","journal-title":"JMIR Ment Health"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/ijph.IJPH_465_20","article-title":"Impact of lockdown following COVID-19 on the gaming behavior of college students","volume":"64","author":"Balhara YP","year":"2020","unstructured":"Balhara YP, Kattula D, Singh S, Chukkali S, Bhargava R. Impact of lockdown following COVID-19 on the gaming behavior of college students. Indian J Public Health. 2020, 64:S172-6. 10.4103\/ijph.IJPH_465_20","journal-title":"Indian J Public Health"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-052020-110732","article-title":"Social connection as a public health issue: the evidence and a systemic framework for prioritizing the \"social\" in social determinants of health","volume":"43","author":"Holt-Lunstad J","year":"2022","unstructured":"Holt-Lunstad J. Social connection as a public health issue: the evidence and a systemic framework for prioritizing the \"social\" in social determinants of health. Annu Rev Public Health. 2022, 43:193-213. 10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-052020-110732","journal-title":"Annu Rev Public Health"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2017.05.010","article-title":"Social connectedness, mental health and the adolescent brain","volume":"80","author":"Lamblin M","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lamblin M, Murawski C, Whittle S, Fornito A. Social connectedness, mental health and the adolescent brain. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2017, 80:57-68. 10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2017.05.010","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0004867417723990","article-title":"Social connectedness improves public mental health: Investigating bidirectional relationships in the New Zealand attitudes and values survey","volume":"52","author":"Saeri AK","year":"2018","unstructured":"Saeri AK, Cruwys T, Barlow FK, Stronge S, Sibley CG. Social connectedness improves public mental health: Investigating bidirectional relationships in the New Zealand attitudes and values survey. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2018, 52:365-74. 10.1177\/0004867417723990","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182312292","article-title":"A rapid realist review of effective mental health interventions for individuals with chronic physical gealth conditions during the COVID-19 pandemic using a systems-level mental health promotion framework","volume":"18","author":"Stabler L","year":"2021","unstructured":"Stabler L, MacPhee M, Collins B, et al.. A rapid realist review of effective mental health interventions for individuals with chronic physical gealth conditions during the COVID-19 pandemic using a systems-level mental health promotion framework. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021, 18:12292. 10.3390\/ijerph182312292","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychsport.2020.101738","article-title":"Psychological and physiological stress in non-competitive and competitive esports settings: a systematic review","volume":"51","author":"Leis O","year":"2020","unstructured":"Leis O, Lautenbach F. Psychological and physiological stress in non-competitive and competitive esports settings: a systematic review. Psychol Sport Exerc. 2020, 51:101738. 10.1016\/j.psychsport.2020.101738","journal-title":"Psychol Sport Exerc"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2013.00179","article-title":"A challenge to human evolution-cognitive dissonance","volume":"4","author":"Perlovsky L","year":"2013","unstructured":"Perlovsky L. A challenge to human evolution-cognitive dissonance. Front Psychol. 2013, 4:179. 10.3389\/fpsyg.2013.00179","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"ref15","article-title":"The influence of behavior on attitudes","author":"Ajzen I","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ajzen I, Fishbein M. The influence of behavior on attitudes. The Handbook of Attitudes.  D. Albarrac\u00edn, B. T. Johnson, M. P. Zanna (ed): Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers, Hillsdale, NJ; 2005. 173-221."},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2021.106974","article-title":"The impact of eSports and online video gaming on lifestyle behaviors in youth: a systematic review","volume":"126","author":"Chan G","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chan G, Huo Y, Kelly S, Leung J, Tisdale C, Gullo M. The impact of eSports and online video gaming on lifestyle behaviors in youth: a systematic review. Comput Hum Behav. 2022, 126:106974. 10.1016\/j.chb.2021.106974","journal-title":"Comput Hum Behav"},{"key":"ref17","unstructured":"China esports. stats and facts about the largest esports market. (2022). Accessed: 15\/03\/2023: https:\/\/playtoday.co\/blog\/stats\/china-esports\/."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7525-4-76","article-title":"Psychometric evaluation and predictive validity of Ryff's psychological well-being items in a UK birth cohort sample of women","volume":"4","author":"Abbott RA","year":"2006","unstructured":"Abbott RA, Ploubidis GB, Huppert FA, Kuh D, Wadsworth ME, Croudace TJ. Psychometric evaluation and predictive validity of Ryff's psychological well-being items in a UK birth cohort sample of women. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2006, 4:76. 10.1186\/1477-7525-4-76","journal-title":"Health Qual Life Outcomes"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1027\/1015-5759\/a000403","article-title":"Developing a brief version of Ryff\u2019s scale to assess the psychological well-being of adolescents in Hong Kong","volume":"35","author":"Chan DW","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chan DW, Chan LK, Sun X. Developing a brief version of Ryff\u2019s scale to assess the psychological well-being of adolescents in Hong Kong. Eur J Psychol Assess. 2017, 35:10.1027\/1015-5759\/a000403","journal-title":"Eur J Psychol Assess"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.57.6.1069","article-title":"Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being","volume":"57","author":"Ryff CD","year":"1989","unstructured":"Ryff CD. Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1989, 57:1069-81. 10.1037\/0022-3514.57.6.1069","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0022-3514.69.4.719","article-title":"The structure of psychological well-being revisited","volume":"69","author":"Ryff CD","year":"1995","unstructured":"Ryff CD, Keyes CL. The structure of psychological well-being revisited. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1995, 69:719-27. 10.1037\/\/0022-3514.69.4.719","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11126-019-09656-x","article-title":"A further test of the impact of online gaming on psychological wellbeing and the role of play motivations and problematic use","volume":"90","author":"Goh C","year":"2019","unstructured":"Goh C, Jones C, Copello A. A further test of the impact of online gaming on psychological wellbeing and the role of play motivations and problematic use. Psychiatr Q. 2019, 90:747-60. 10.1007\/s11126-019-09656-x","journal-title":"Psychiatr Q"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-12-92","article-title":"The association between online gaming, social phobia, and depression: an internet survey","volume":"12","author":"Wei HT","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wei HT, Chen MH, Huang PC, Bai YM. The association between online gaming, social phobia, and depression: an internet survey. BMC Psychiatry. 2012, 12:92. 10.1186\/1471-244X-12-92","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.2020.00016","article-title":"Problematic online gaming and the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"9","author":"King DL","year":"2020","unstructured":"King DL, Delfabbro PH, Billieux J, Potenza MN. Problematic online gaming and the COVID-19 pandemic. J Behav Addict. 2020, 9:184-6. 10.1556\/2006.2020.00016","journal-title":"J Behav Addict"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_189_17","article-title":"Internet addiction and psychological well-being among college students: a cross-sectional study from Central India","volume":"7","author":"Sharma A","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sharma A, Sharma R. Internet addiction and psychological well-being among college students: a cross-sectional study from Central India. J Family Med Prim Care. 2018, 7:147-51. 10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_189_17","journal-title":"J Family Med Prim Care"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/15554120211017036","article-title":"Playing video games during the COVID-19 pandemic and effects on players\u2019 well-being","volume":"17","author":"Barr M","year":"2022","unstructured":"Barr M, Copeland-Stewart A. Playing video games during the COVID-19 pandemic and effects on players\u2019 well-being. Games Cult. 2022, 17:122-39. 10.1177\/15554120211017036","journal-title":"Games Cult"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.202049","article-title":"Video game play is positively correlated with well-being","volume":"8","author":"Johannes N","year":"2021","unstructured":"Johannes N, Vuorre M, Przybylski AK. Video game play is positively correlated with well-being. R Soc Open Sci. 2021, 8:202049. 10.1098\/rsos.202049","journal-title":"R Soc Open Sci"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jshs.2018.11.005","article-title":"Is regular physical activity a key to mental health? Commentary on \"Association between physical exercise and mental health in 1.2 million individuals in the USA between 2011 and 2015: a cross-sectional study\", by Chekroud et al., published in Lancet Psychiatry","volume":"8","author":"Elbe AM","year":"2019","unstructured":"Elbe AM, Lyhne SN, Madsen EE, Krustrup P. Is regular physical activity a key to mental health? Commentary on \"Association between physical exercise and mental health in 1.2 million individuals in the USA between 2011 and 2015: a cross-sectional study\", by Chekroud et al., published in Lancet Psychiatry. J Sport Health Sci. 2019, 8:6-7. 10.1016\/j.jshs.2018.11.005","journal-title":"J Sport Health Sci"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jshs.2020.05.003","article-title":"Physical activity recommendations during the coronavirus disease-2019 virus outbreak","volume":"9","author":"Jurak G","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jurak G, Morrison SA, Lesko\u0161ek B, et al.. Physical activity recommendations during the coronavirus disease-2019 virus outbreak. J Sport Health Sci. 2020, 9:325-7. 10.1016\/j.jshs.2020.05.003","journal-title":"J Sport Health Sci"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.32.2.111","article-title":"Physical exercise and psychological well being: a critical review","volume":"32","author":"Scully D","year":"1998","unstructured":"Scully D, Kremer J, Meade MM, Graham R, Dudgeon K. Physical exercise and psychological well being: a critical review. Br J Sports Med. 1998, 32:111-20. 10.1136\/bjsm.32.2.111","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/cpb.2007.9988","article-title":"Social interactions in massively multiplayer online role-playing gamers","volume":"10","author":"Cole H","year":"2007","unstructured":"Cole H, Griffiths MD. Social interactions in massively multiplayer online role-playing gamers. Cyberpsychol Behav. 2007, 10:575-83. 10.1089\/cpb.2007.9988","journal-title":"Cyberpsychol Behav"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2014.11.074","article-title":"Psychosocial causes and consequences of online video game play","volume":"45","author":"Kowert R","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kowert R, Vogelgesang J, Festl R, Quandt T. Psychosocial causes and consequences of online video game play. Comput Hum Behav. 2007, 45:51-8. 10.1016\/j.chb.2014.11.074","journal-title":"Comput Hum Behav"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2011.12.003","article-title":"The social side of gaming: how playing online computer games creates online and offline social support","volume":"28","author":"Trepte S","year":"2012","unstructured":"Trepte S, Reinecke L, Juechems K. The social side of gaming: how playing online computer games creates online and offline social support. Comput Hum Behav. 2012, 28:832-39. 10.1016\/j.chb.2011.12.003","journal-title":"Comput Hum Behav"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-neuro-102320-102847","article-title":"Oxytocin, neural plasticity, and social behavior","volume":"44","author":"Froemke RC","year":"2021","unstructured":"Froemke RC, Young LJ. Oxytocin, neural plasticity, and social behavior. Annu Rev Neurosci. 2021, 44:359-81. 10.1146\/annurev-neuro-102320-102847","journal-title":"Annu Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.12.040","article-title":"Dorsal raphe dopamine neurons represent the experience of social isolation","volume":"164","author":"Matthews GA","year":"2016","unstructured":"Matthews GA, Nieh EH, Vander Weele CM, et al.. Dorsal raphe dopamine neurons represent the experience of social isolation. Cell. 2016, 164:617-31. 10.1016\/j.cell.2015.12.040","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-5949.2010.00154.x","article-title":"Dopamine and oxytocin interactions underlying behaviors: potential contributions to behavioral disorders","volume":"16","author":"Baskerville TA","year":"2010","unstructured":"Baskerville TA, Douglas AJ. Dopamine and oxytocin interactions underlying behaviors: potential contributions to behavioral disorders. CNS Neurosci Ther. 2010, 16:e92-123. 10.1111\/j.1755-5949.2010.00154.x","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci Ther"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3173574.3174152","article-title":"Playing with streakiness in online games: how players perceive and react to winning and losing streaks in League of Legends","author":"Kou Y","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kou Y, Li Y, Gui X, Suzuki-Gill E. Playing with streakiness in online games: how players perceive and react to winning and losing streaks in League of Legends. Conf Hum Factors Comput Syst Proc. 2018, 1-14. 10.1145\/3173574.3174152","journal-title":"Conf Hum Factors Comput Syst Proc"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.1020114","article-title":"Subjective attitudes moderate the social connectedness in esports gaming during COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study","volume":"10","author":"Shan D","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shan D, Xu J, Liu T, et al.. Subjective attitudes moderate the social connectedness in esports gaming during COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study. Front Public Health. 2022, 10:1020114. 10.3389\/fpubh.2022.1020114","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psycr.2022.100048","article-title":"COVID-19-induced new-onset psychosis: a case report","volume":"1","author":"Gao X","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gao X, Grysman N, Marcu M. COVID-19-induced new-onset psychosis: a case report. Psychiatry Res Case Rep. 2022, 1:100048. 10.1016\/j.psycr.2022.100048","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res Case Rep"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.977361","article-title":"Increased anxiety from fear of Omicron in China as compared to North America and Western Europe: a cross-sectional Kendall's tau-b analysis using the generalized anxiety disorder 7-item questionnaire","volume":"13","author":"Shan D","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shan D, Liu C, Li S, Zheng Y. Increased anxiety from fear of Omicron in China as compared to North America and Western Europe: a cross-sectional Kendall's tau-b analysis using the generalized anxiety disorder 7-item questionnaire. Front Psychiatry. 2022, 13:977361. 10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.977361","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.595418","article-title":"Mapping the presence of anxiety symptoms in adults with major depressive disorder","volume":"12","author":"Ge F","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ge F, Jiang J, Wang Y, Wan M, Zhang W. Mapping the presence of anxiety symptoms in adults with major depressive disorder. Front Psychiatry. 2021, 12:595418. 10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.595418","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.591656","article-title":"Psychological state among the general Chinese population before and during the COVID-19 epidemic: a network analysis","volume":"12","author":"Ge F","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ge F, Zheng A, Wan M, Luo G, Zhang J. Psychological state among the general Chinese population before and during the COVID-19 epidemic: a network analysis. Front Psychiatry. 2021, 12:591656. 10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.591656","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/144023-the-mediating-role-of-positive-attitudes-on-the-relationship-between-esports-gaming-hours-and-psychological-well-being-during-the-covid-19-pandemic","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,9]],"date-time":"2024-02-09T19:57:02Z","timestamp":1707508622000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/144023-the-mediating-role-of-positive-attitudes-on-the-relationship-between-esports-gaming-hours-and-psychological-well-being-during-the-covid-19-pandemic"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,18]]},"references-count":42,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.36334","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,18]]}}}