{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T22:37:05Z","timestamp":1775860625267,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,27]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.36742","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,27]],"date-time":"2023-03-27T13:31:52Z","timestamp":1679923912000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Comparing the Safety and Effectiveness of Ketamine Versus Benzodiazepine\/Opioid Combination for Procedural Sedation in Emergency Medicine: A Comprehensive Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Hany  A","family":"Zaki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tarek","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Osman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wael Abdelrehem","family":"Elnabawy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amr","family":"Gebril","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahmed H","family":"Hamdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eslam Hussein","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.36.3.462","article-title":"Prospective audit of upper gastrointestinal endoscopy in two regions of England: safety, staffing, and sedation methods","volume":"36","author":"Quine MA","year":"1995","unstructured":"Quine MA, Bell GD, McCloy RF, Charlton JE, Devlin HB, Hopkins A. Prospective audit of upper gastrointestinal endoscopy in two regions of England: safety, staffing, and sedation methods. Gut. 1995, 36:462-7. 10.1136\/gut.36.3.462","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/emermed-2016-205767","article-title":"Procedural sedation in the emergency department by Dutch emergency physicians: a prospective multicentre observational study of 1711 adults","volume":"34","author":"Smits GJ","year":"2017","unstructured":"Smits GJ, Kuypers MI, Mignot LA, et al.. Procedural sedation in the emergency department by Dutch emergency physicians: a prospective multicentre observational study of 1711 adults. Emerg Med J. 2017, 34:237-42. 10.1136\/emermed-2016-205767","journal-title":"Emerg Med J"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1197\/j.aem.2006.05.023","article-title":"Procedural sedation in the community emergency department: initial results of the ProSCED registry","volume":"14","author":"Sacchetti A","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sacchetti A, Senula G, Strickland J, et al.. Procedural sedation in the community emergency department: initial results of the ProSCED registry. Acad Emerg Med. 2007, 14:41-6. 10.1197\/j.aem.2006.05.023","journal-title":"Acad Emerg Med"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200007000-00002","article-title":"Ketamine sedation for the reduction of children's fractures in the emergency department","volume":"82-A","author":"McCarty EC","year":"2000","unstructured":"McCarty EC, Mencio GA, Walker LA, Green NE. Ketamine sedation for the reduction of children's fractures in the emergency department. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2000, 82-A:912-8. 10.2106\/00004623-200007000-00002","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2010.11.030","article-title":"Clinical practice guideline for emergency department ketamine dissociative sedation: 2011 update","volume":"57","author":"Green SM","year":"2011","unstructured":"Green SM, Roback MG, Kennedy RM, Krauss B. Clinical practice guideline for emergency department ketamine dissociative sedation: 2011 update. Ann Emerg Med. 2011, 57:449-61. 10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2010.11.030","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5435\/JAAOS-D-14-00236","article-title":"Procedural sedation in the emergency department","volume":"23","author":"Eberson CP","year":"2015","unstructured":"Eberson CP, Hsu RY, Borenstein TR. Procedural sedation in the emergency department. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2015, 23:233-42. 10.5435\/JAAOS-D-14-00236","journal-title":"J Am Acad Orthop Surg"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2008.12.011","article-title":"Predictors of airway and respiratory adverse events with ketamine sedation in the emergency department: an individual-patient data meta-analysis of 8,282 children","volume":"54","author":"Green SM","year":"2009","unstructured":"Green SM, Roback MG, Krauss B, et al.. Predictors of airway and respiratory adverse events with ketamine sedation in the emergency department: an individual-patient data meta-analysis of 8,282 children. Ann Emerg Med. 2009, 54:158-68.e1-4. 10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2008.12.011","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.102.4.956","article-title":"Comparison of fentanyl\/midazolam with ketamine\/midazolam for pediatric orthopedic emergencies","volume":"102","author":"Kennedy RM","year":"1998","unstructured":"Kennedy RM, Porter FL, Miller JP, Jaffe DM. Comparison of fentanyl\/midazolam with ketamine\/midazolam for pediatric orthopedic emergencies. Pediatrics. 1998, 102:956-63. 10.1542\/peds.102.4.956","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2012.06.012","article-title":"Comparison of ketamine-low-dose midozolam with midazolam-fentanyl for orthopedic emergencies: a double-blind randomized trial","volume":"31","author":"Cevik E","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cevik E, Bilgic S, Kilic E, Cinar O, Hasman H, Acar AY, Eroglu M. Comparison of ketamine-low-dose midozolam with midazolam-fentanyl for orthopedic emergencies: a double-blind randomized trial. Am J Emerg Med. 2013, 31:108-13. 10.1016\/j.ajem.2012.06.012","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/88.2.241","article-title":"Depth of sedation in children undergoing computed tomography: validity and reliability of the University of Michigan Sedation Scale (UMSS)","volume":"88","author":"Malviya S","year":"2002","unstructured":"Malviya S, Voepel-Lewis T, Tait AR, Merkel S, Tremper K, Naughton N. Depth of sedation in children undergoing computed tomography: validity and reliability of the University of Michigan Sedation Scale (UMSS). Br J Anaesth. 2002, 88:241-5. 10.1093\/bja\/88.2.241","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aeu378","article-title":"Monitoring and delivery of sedation","volume":"113 Suppl 2","author":"Sheahan CG","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sheahan CG, Mathews DM. Monitoring and delivery of sedation. Br J Anaesth. 2014, 113 Suppl 2:ii37-47. 10.1093\/bja\/aeu378","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"ref12","article-title":"Intravenous ketamine is as effective as midazolam\/fentanyl for procedural sedation and analgesia in the emergency department","volume":"66","author":"Jamal SM","year":"2011","unstructured":"Jamal SM, Fathil SM, Nidzwani MM, Ismail AK, Yatim FM. Intravenous ketamine is as effective as midazolam\/fentanyl for procedural sedation and analgesia in the emergency department. Med J Malaysia. 2011, 66:231-3.","journal-title":"Med J Malaysia"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1197\/j.aem.2004.12.009","article-title":"Adverse events associated with procedural sedation and analgesia in a pediatric emergency department: a comparison of common parenteral drugs","volume":"12","author":"Roback MG","year":"2005","unstructured":"Roback MG, Wathen JE, Bajaj L, Bothner JP. Adverse events associated with procedural sedation and analgesia in a pediatric emergency department: a comparison of common parenteral drugs. Acad Emerg Med. 2005, 12:508-13. 10.1197\/j.aem.2004.12.009","journal-title":"Acad Emerg Med"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2009.04.015","article-title":"Procedural sedation and analgesia outcomes in children after discharge from the emergency department: ketamine versus fentanyl\/midazolam","volume":"54","author":"McQueen A","year":"2009","unstructured":"McQueen A, Wright RO, Kido MM, Kaye E, Krauss B. Procedural sedation and analgesia outcomes in children after discharge from the emergency department: ketamine versus fentanyl\/midazolam. Ann Emerg Med. 2009, 54:191-97.e1-4. 10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2009.04.015","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s1481803500004346","article-title":"Safety of pediatric procedural sedation in a Canadian emergency department","volume":"2","author":"Ip U","year":"2000","unstructured":"Ip U, Saincher A. Safety of pediatric procedural sedation in a Canadian emergency department. CJEM. 2000, 2:15-20. 10.1017\/s1481803500004346","journal-title":"CJEM"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/623710","article-title":"A pilot study of ketamine versus midazolam\/fentanyl sedation in children undergoing GI endoscopy","volume":"2011","author":"Lightdale JR","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lightdale JR, Mitchell PD, Fredette ME, Mahoney LB, Zgleszewski SE, Scharff L, Fox VL. A pilot study of ketamine versus midazolam\/fentanyl sedation in children undergoing GI endoscopy. Int J Pediatr. 2011, 2011:623710. 10.1155\/2011\/623710","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr"},{"key":"ref17","unstructured":"Study of efficacy of ketamine analgesia for surgical management of incomplete miscarriages. (2013). https.\/\/open.uct.ac.za\/handle\/11427\/3047."},{"key":"ref18","unstructured":"Comparison of sedation, pain, and care provider satisfaction between the use of intranasal ketamine versus intranasal midazolam and fentanyl during laceration repair. (2018). https.\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT03528512."},{"key":"ref19","article-title":"Temperament as a predictor of behavior for conscious sedation in dentistry","volume":"15","author":"Lochary ME","year":"1993","unstructured":"Lochary ME, Wilson S, Griffen AL, Coury DL. Temperament as a predictor of behavior for conscious sedation in dentistry. Pediatr Dent. 1993, 15:348-52.","journal-title":"Pediatr Dent"},{"key":"ref20","article-title":"The effects of nitrous oxide on behavior and physiological parameters during conscious sedation with a moderate dose of chloral hydrate and hydroxyzine","volume":"18","author":"McCann W","year":"1996","unstructured":"McCann W, Wilson S, Larsen P, Stehle B. The effects of nitrous oxide on behavior and physiological parameters during conscious sedation with a moderate dose of chloral hydrate and hydroxyzine. Pediatr Dent. 1996, 18:35-41.","journal-title":"Pediatr Dent"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_2140_20","article-title":"The adverse effects of ketamine on procedural sedation and analgesia (PSA) in the emergency department","volume":"10","author":"Dilip TS","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dilip TS, Chandy GM, Hazra D, Selvan J, Ganesan P. The adverse effects of ketamine on procedural sedation and analgesia (PSA) in the emergency department. J Family Med Prim Care. 2021, 10:2279-83. 10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_2140_20","journal-title":"J Family Med Prim Care"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-2700.136862","article-title":"Procedural sedation for pediatric patients in the emergency department at King Khalid University Hospital, Riyadh, K.S.A","volume":"7","author":"Salleeh HM","year":"2014","unstructured":"Salleeh HM, Ahmadi TA, Mujawar Q. Procedural sedation for pediatric patients in the emergency department at King Khalid University Hospital, Riyadh, K.S.A. J Emerg Trauma Shock. 2014, 7:186-9. 10.4103\/0974-2700.136862","journal-title":"J Emerg Trauma Shock"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.27318","article-title":"An analytical comparison between ketamine alone and a combination of ketamine and propofol (ketofol) for procedural sedation and analgesia from an emergency perspective: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Zaki HA","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zaki HA, Shallik N, Shaban E, et al.. An analytical comparison between ketamine alone and a combination of ketamine and propofol (ketofol) for procedural sedation and analgesia from an emergency perspective: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cureus. 2022, 14:e27318. 10.7759\/cureus.27318","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.pec.0000210174.63633.92","article-title":"Recurrent episodes of intractable laryngospasm during dissociative sedation with intramuscular ketamine","volume":"22","author":"Cohen VG","year":"2006","unstructured":"Cohen VG, Krauss B. Recurrent episodes of intractable laryngospasm during dissociative sedation with intramuscular ketamine. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2006, 22:247-9. 10.1097\/01.pec.0000210174.63633.92","journal-title":"Pediatr Emerg Care"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5049.68395","article-title":"Recurrent episodes of intractable laryngospasm followed by laryngeal and pulmonary oedema during dissociative anaesthesia with intravenous ketamine","volume":"54","author":"Baduni N","year":"2010","unstructured":"Baduni N, Sanwal MK, Jain A, Kachru N. Recurrent episodes of intractable laryngospasm followed by laryngeal and pulmonary oedema during dissociative anaesthesia with intravenous ketamine. Indian J Anaesth. 2010, 54:364-5. 10.4103\/0019-5049.68395","journal-title":"Indian J Anaesth"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-35064\/v1","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of fentanyl combined with midazolam in bronchoscopy under bispectral index-guided conscious sedation [Preview]","author":"Qian H","year":"2020","unstructured":"Qian H, Sujuan Z, Jun Z, et al.. Safety and efficacy of fentanyl combined with midazolam in bronchoscopy under bispectral index-guided conscious sedation [Preview]. Research Square. 2020, 10.21203\/rs.3.rs-35064\/v1","journal-title":"Research Square"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2010.08.032","article-title":"A blinded, randomized controlled trial to evaluate ketamine\/propofol versus ketamine alone for procedural sedation in children","volume":"57","author":"Shah A","year":"2011","unstructured":"Shah A, Mosdossy G, McLeod S, Lehnhardt K, Peddle M, Rieder M. A blinded, randomized controlled trial to evaluate ketamine\/propofol versus ketamine alone for procedural sedation in children. Ann Emerg Med. 2011, 57:425-33.e2. 10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2010.08.032","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1553-2712.1999.tb00089.x","article-title":"What is the optimal dose of intramuscular ketamine for pediatric sedation?","volume":"6","author":"Green SM","year":"1999","unstructured":"Green SM, Hummel CB, Wittlake WA, Rothrock SG, Hopkins GA, Garrett W. What is the optimal dose of intramuscular ketamine for pediatric sedation?. Acad Emerg Med. 1999, 6:21-6. 10.1111\/j.1553-2712.1999.tb00089.x","journal-title":"Acad Emerg Med"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0196-0644(05)82569-7","article-title":"Ketamine sedation for pediatric procedures: part 2, review and implications","volume":"19","author":"Green SM","year":"1990","unstructured":"Green SM, Johnson NE. Ketamine sedation for pediatric procedures: part 2, review and implications. Ann Emerg Med. 1990, 19:1033-46. 10.1016\/s0196-0644(05)82569-7","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2009.04.004","article-title":"Predictors of emesis and recovery agitation with emergency department ketamine sedation: an individual-patient data meta-analysis of 8,282 children","volume":"54","author":"Green SM","year":"2009","unstructured":"Green SM, Roback MG, Krauss B, et al.. Predictors of emesis and recovery agitation with emergency department ketamine sedation: an individual-patient data meta-analysis of 8,282 children. Ann Emerg Med. 2009, 54:171-80.e1-4. 10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2009.04.004","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2010.09.010","article-title":"Ketamine with and without midazolam for emergency department sedation in adults: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"57","author":"Sener S","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sener S, Eken C, Schultz CH, Serinken M, Ozsarac M. Ketamine with and without midazolam for emergency department sedation in adults: a randomized controlled trial. Ann Emerg Med. 2011, 57:109-114.e2. 10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2010.09.010","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PEC.0b013e318191db68","article-title":"Ketamine-associated vomiting. Is it dose-related?","volume":"25","author":"Thorp AW","year":"2009","unstructured":"Thorp AW, Brown L, Green SM. Ketamine-associated vomiting. Is it dose-related?. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2009, 25:15-8. 10.1097\/PEC.0b013e318191db68","journal-title":"Pediatr Emerg Care"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006565-200108000-00004","article-title":"Ketamine sedation for pediatric critical care procedures","volume":"17","author":"Green SM","year":"2001","unstructured":"Green SM, Denmark TK, Cline J, Roghair C, Abd Allah S, Rothrock SG. Ketamine sedation for pediatric critical care procedures. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2001, 17:244-8. 10.1097\/00006565-200108000-00004","journal-title":"Pediatr Emerg Care"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1553-2712.2000.tb01076.x","article-title":"Ketamine in adults: what emergency physicians need to know about patient selection and emergence reactions","volume":"7","author":"Green SM","year":"2000","unstructured":"Green SM, Li J. Ketamine in adults: what emergency physicians need to know about patient selection and emergence reactions. Acad Emerg Med. 2000, 7:278-81. 10.1111\/j.1553-2712.2000.tb01076.x","journal-title":"Acad Emerg Med"},{"key":"ref35","article-title":"Ketamine safety profile in the developing world: survey of practitioners","volume":"3","author":"Green SM","year":"1996","unstructured":"Green SM, Clem KJ, Rothrock SG. Ketamine safety profile in the developing world: survey of practitioners. Acad Emerg Med. 1996, 3:598-604.","journal-title":"Acad Emerg Med"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3329\/bjp.v12i2.30381","article-title":"Fentanyl-midazolam vs. midazolam-ketamine regarding patient sedation analgesia for emergency orthopedic procedures","volume":"12","author":"Abdolrazaghnejad A","year":"2017","unstructured":"Abdolrazaghnejad A, Banaie M. Fentanyl-midazolam vs. midazolam-ketamine regarding patient sedation analgesia for emergency orthopedic procedures. Bangladesh J Pharmacol. 2017, 12:10.3329\/bjp.v12i2.30381","journal-title":"Bangladesh J Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08880018.2022.2055685","article-title":"The efficacy and safety of midazolam with fentanyl versus midazolam with ketamine for bedside invasive procedural sedation in pediatric oncology patients: a randomized, double-blinded, crossover trial","volume":"39","author":"Monsereenusorn C","year":"2022","unstructured":"Monsereenusorn C, Malaithong W, Lertvivatpong N, Photia A, Rujkijyanont P, Traivaree C. The efficacy and safety of midazolam with fentanyl versus midazolam with ketamine for bedside invasive procedural sedation in pediatric oncology patients: a randomized, double-blinded, crossover trial. Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2022, 39:681-96. 10.1080\/08880018.2022.2055685","journal-title":"Pediatr Hematol Oncol"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.26162","article-title":"A comparative analysis between ketamine versus combination of midazolam and haloperidol for rapid safe control of agitated patients in emergency department: a systematic review","volume":"14","author":"Zaki HA","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zaki HA, Shaban E, Bashir K, Iftikhar H, Zahran A, Salem EE, Elmoheen A. A comparative analysis between ketamine versus combination of midazolam and haloperidol for rapid safe control of agitated patients in emergency department: a systematic review. Cureus. 2022, 14:e26162. 10.7759\/cureus.26162","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e12413","article-title":"An integrative comparative study between ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia versus parenteral opioids alone for analgesia in emergency department patients with hip fractures: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"Zaki HA","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zaki HA, Iftikhar H, Shallik N, Elmoheen A, Bashir K, Shaban EE, Azad AM. An integrative comparative study between ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia versus parenteral opioids alone for analgesia in emergency department patients with hip fractures: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Heliyon. 2022, 8:e12413. 10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e12413","journal-title":"Heliyon"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/146690-comparing-the-safety-and-effectiveness-of-ketamine-versus-benzodiazepineopioid-combination-for-procedural-sedation-in-emergency-medicine-a-comprehensive-review-and-meta-analysis","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,9]],"date-time":"2024-02-09T19:59:34Z","timestamp":1707508774000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/146690-comparing-the-safety-and-effectiveness-of-ketamine-versus-benzodiazepineopioid-combination-for-procedural-sedation-in-emergency-medicine-a-comprehensive-review-and-meta-analysis"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,27]]},"references-count":39,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.36742","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,27]]}}}