{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T11:21:36Z","timestamp":1792668096500,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,23]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.38007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,23]],"date-time":"2023-04-23T10:13:30Z","timestamp":1682244810000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Opioid Agents and Cardiac Arrhythmia: A Literature Review"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Azamatov","family":"Golibkhon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bazarbaev","family":"Akbar Gafur Ugli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muzaffar","family":"Makhamadjonov Farkhod Ugli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2029980","article-title":"Cryoablation or drug therapy for initial treatment of atrial fibrillation","volume":"384","author":"Andrade JG","year":"2021","unstructured":"Andrade JG, Wells GA, Deyell MW, et al.. Cryoablation or drug therapy for initial treatment of atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2021, 384:305-15. 10.1056\/NEJMoa2029980","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-015-3539-4","article-title":"Opioid prescribing at hospital discharge contributes to chronic opioid use","volume":"31","author":"Calcaterra SL","year":"2016","unstructured":"Calcaterra SL, Yamashita TE, Min SJ, Keniston A, Frank JW, Binswanger IA. Opioid prescribing at hospital discharge contributes to chronic opioid use. J Gen Intern Med. 2016, 31:478-85. 10.1007\/s11606-015-3539-4","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2019.01.047","article-title":"Burden of arrhythmia in hospitalizations with opioid overdose","volume":"286","author":"Doshi R","year":"2019","unstructured":"Doshi R, Shah J, Desai R, Gullapalli N. Burden of arrhythmia in hospitalizations with opioid overdose. Int J Cardiol. 2019, 286:73-5. 10.1016\/j.ijcard.2019.01.047","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2017.11.238","article-title":"Cardiac arrhythmia detection using deep learning","volume":"120","author":"Isin A","year":"2017","unstructured":"Isin A, Ozdalili S. Cardiac arrhythmia detection using deep learning. Procedia Comput Sci. 2017, 120:268-75. 10.1016\/j.procs.2017.11.238","journal-title":"Procedia Comput Sci"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1574884716666210129100455","article-title":"Opioid dependency and myocardial infarction: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Rohani F","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rohani F, Rezayat AA, Zarifian A, Nour MG, Vakilian F, Sahebkar A, Dadgarmoghaddam M. Opioid dependency and myocardial infarction: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Curr Rev Clin Exp Pharmacol. 2021, 16:330-40. 10.2174\/1574884716666210129100455","journal-title":"Curr Rev Clin Exp Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2015.04.010","article-title":"Opioid analgesics","volume":"90","author":"Jamison RN","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jamison RN, Mao J. Opioid analgesics. Mayo Clin Proc. 2015, 90:957-68. 10.1016\/j.mayocp.2015.04.010","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001007","article-title":"Opioid use and its relationship to cardiovascular disease and brain health: a presidential advisory from the American Heart Association","volume":"144","author":"Chow SL","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chow SL, Sasson C, Benjamin IJ, et al.. Opioid use and its relationship to cardiovascular disease and brain health: a presidential advisory from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2021, 144:e218-32. 10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001007","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000002500","article-title":"Opioids for the treatment of chronic pain: mistakes made, lessons learned, and future directions","volume":"125","author":"Ballantyne JC","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ballantyne JC. Opioids for the treatment of chronic pain: mistakes made, lessons learned, and future directions. Anesth Analg. 2017, 125:1769-78. 10.1213\/ANE.0000000000002500","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17425255.2019.1634053","article-title":"Opioids and the risk of infection: a critical appraisal of the pharmacologic and clinical evidence","volume":"15","author":"Khosrow-Khavar F","year":"2019","unstructured":"Khosrow-Khavar F, Kurteva S, Cui Y, Filion KB, Douros A. Opioids and the risk of infection: a critical appraisal of the pharmacologic and clinical evidence. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2019, 15:565-75. 10.1080\/17425255.2019.1634053","journal-title":"Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2020-317618","article-title":"Impact of opioid use disorders on outcomes and readmission following cardiac operations","volume":"107","author":"Madrigal J","year":"2021","unstructured":"Madrigal J, Sanaiha Y, Hadaya J, Dhawan P, Benharash P. Impact of opioid use disorders on outcomes and readmission following cardiac operations. Heart. 2021, 107:909-15. 10.1136\/heartjnl-2020-317618","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2020.1445","article-title":"Development of persistent opioid use after cardiac surgery","volume":"5","author":"Brown CR","year":"2020","unstructured":"Brown CR, Chen Z, Khurshan F, Groeneveld PW, Desai ND. Development of persistent opioid use after cardiac surgery. JAMA Cardiol. 2020, 5:889-96. 10.1001\/jamacardio.2020.1445","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612820666140204112011","article-title":"Cardioprotection with opioids: trusted old friends, clinical science","volume":"20","author":"Ishii H","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ishii H. Cardioprotection with opioids: trusted old friends, clinical science. Curr Pharm Des. 2014, 20:5794-8. 10.2174\/1381612820666140204112011","journal-title":"Curr Pharm Des"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00325481.2019.1574403","article-title":"Reframing chronic pain as a disease, not a symptom: rationale and implications for pain management","volume":"131","author":"Clauw DJ","year":"2019","unstructured":"Clauw DJ, Essex MN, Pitman V, Jones KD. Reframing chronic pain as a disease, not a symptom: rationale and implications for pain management. Postgrad Med. 2019, 131:185-98. 10.1080\/00325481.2019.1574403","journal-title":"Postgrad Med"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2015.05.010","article-title":"Symptoms of depression are associated with opioid use regardless of pain severity and physical functioning among treatment-seeking patients with chronic pain","volume":"16","author":"Goesling J","year":"2015","unstructured":"Goesling J, Henry MJ, Moser SE, Rastogi M, Hassett AL, Clauw DJ, Brummett CM. Symptoms of depression are associated with opioid use regardless of pain severity and physical functioning among treatment-seeking patients with chronic pain. J Pain. 2015, 16:844-51. 10.1016\/j.jpain.2015.05.010","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000958","article-title":"Opioid-associated out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: distinctive clinical features and implications for health care and public responses. A scientific statement from the American Heart Association","volume":"143","author":"Dezfulian C","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dezfulian C, Orkin AM, Maron BA, et al.. Opioid-associated out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: distinctive clinical features and implications for health care and public responses. A scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2021, 143:e836-70. 10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000958","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref16","article-title":"Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia: The Fifth Edition of Lumb and Jones","author":"KuKanich B","year":"2015","unstructured":"KuKanich B, Wiese AJ. Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia: The Fifth Edition of Lumb and Jones. KuKanich B, Wiese AJ (ed): Wiley-Blackwell, USA; 2015."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.117.310083","article-title":"Calcium signaling and cardiac arrhythmias","volume":"120","author":"Landstrom AP","year":"2017","unstructured":"Landstrom AP, Dobrev D, Wehrens XH. Calcium signaling and cardiac arrhythmias. Circ Res. 2017, 120:1969-93. 10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.117.310083","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.3950","article-title":"Sleep disordered breathing and chronic respiratory failure in patients with chronic pain on long term opioid therapy","volume":"10","author":"Rose AR","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rose AR, Catcheside PG, McEvoy RD, et al.. Sleep disordered breathing and chronic respiratory failure in patients with chronic pain on long term opioid therapy. J Clin Sleep Med. 2014, 10:847-52. 10.5664\/jcsm.3950","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.115.002765","article-title":"Stereotactic ablative radiotherapy for the treatment of refractory cardiac ventricular arrhythmia","volume":"8","author":"Loo BW Jr","year":"2015","unstructured":"Loo BW Jr, Soltys SG, Wang L, et al.. Stereotactic ablative radiotherapy for the treatment of refractory cardiac ventricular arrhythmia. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2015, 8:748-50. 10.1161\/CIRCEP.115.002765","journal-title":"Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpt.13114","article-title":"Opioid withdrawal symptoms, a consequence of chronic opioid use and opioid use disorder: current understanding and approaches to management","volume":"45","author":"Pergolizzi JV","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pergolizzi JV, Raffa RB, Rosenblatt MH. Opioid withdrawal symptoms, a consequence of chronic opioid use and opioid use disorder: current understanding and approaches to management. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2020, 45:892-903. 10.1111\/jcpt.13114","journal-title":"J Clin Pharm Ther"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2017.10.010","article-title":"National trends and outcomes of cardiac arrest in opioid overdose","volume":"121","author":"Sakhuja A","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sakhuja A, Sztajnkrycer M, Vallabhajosyula S, Cheungpasitporn W, Patch R 3rd, Jentzer J. National trends and outcomes of cardiac arrest in opioid overdose. Resuscitation. 2017, 121:84-9. 10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2017.10.010","journal-title":"Resuscitation"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.52965\/001c.38672","article-title":"Historical pathways for opioid addiction, withdrawal with traditional and alternative treatment options with ketamine, cannabinoids, and noribogaine: a narrative review","volume":"10","author":"Edinoff AN","year":"2022","unstructured":"Edinoff AN, Wu NW, Nix CA, et al.. Historical pathways for opioid addiction, withdrawal with traditional and alternative treatment options with ketamine, cannabinoids, and noribogaine: a narrative review. Health Psychol Res. 2022, 10:38672. 10.52965\/001c.38672","journal-title":"Health Psychol Res"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-020-0188-7","article-title":"Inherited cardiac arrhythmias","volume":"6","author":"Schwartz PJ","year":"2020","unstructured":"Schwartz PJ, Ackerman MJ, Antzelevitch C, Bezzina CR, Borggrefe M, Cuneo BF, Wilde AA. Inherited cardiac arrhythmias. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2020, 6:58. 10.1038\/s41572-020-0188-7","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joa.2015.11.003","article-title":"Mechanisms of cardiac arrhythmias","volume":"32","author":"Tse G","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tse G. Mechanisms of cardiac arrhythmias. J Arrhythm. 2016, 32:75-81. 10.1016\/j.joa.2015.11.003","journal-title":"J Arrhythm"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-018-0670-z","article-title":"The opioid crisis: a comprehensive overview","volume":"22","author":"Vadivelu N","year":"2018","unstructured":"Vadivelu N, Kai AM, Kodumudi V, Sramcik J, Kaye AD. The opioid crisis: a comprehensive overview. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2018, 22:16. 10.1007\/s11916-018-0670-z","journal-title":"Curr Pain Headache Rep"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.NURSE.0000554247.12754.28","article-title":"Long-term effects of opioids on the cardiovascular system: examine the evidence","volume":"49","author":"Corbett K","year":"2019","unstructured":"Corbett K, Dugan A, Vitale C, Gravel T. Long-term effects of opioids on the cardiovascular system: examine the evidence. Nursing. 2019, 49:47-9. 10.1097\/01.NURSE.0000554247.12754.28","journal-title":"Nursing"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-014-0131-y","article-title":"Description of cardiovascular event rates in patients initiating chronic opioid therapy for noncancer pain in observational cohort studies in the US, UK, and Germany","volume":"31","author":"LoCasale R","year":"2014","unstructured":"LoCasale R, Kern DM, Chevalier P, Zhou S, Chavoshi S, Sostek M. Description of cardiovascular event rates in patients initiating chronic opioid therapy for noncancer pain in observational cohort studies in the US, UK, and Germany. Adv Ther. 2014, 31:708-23. 10.1007\/s12325-014-0131-y","journal-title":"Adv Ther"},{"key":"ref28","article-title":"Pharmacovigilance: a review of opioid-induced respiratory depression in chronic pain patients","volume":"16","author":"Dahan A","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dahan A, Overdyk F, Smith T, Aarts L, Niesters M. Pharmacovigilance: a review of opioid-induced respiratory depression in chronic pain patients. Pain Phys. 2013, 16:85-94.","journal-title":"Pain Phys"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2016.03.079","article-title":"Cardiovascular disorders associated with naloxone monotherapy and in fixed-dose combination with opioids: data from international safety surveillance","volume":"212","author":"Sandhu A","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sandhu A, Kao D, Mehler PS, Haigney MC, Krantz MJ. Cardiovascular disorders associated with naloxone monotherapy and in fixed-dose combination with opioids: data from international safety surveillance. Int J Cardiol. 2016, 212:360-3. 10.1016\/j.ijcard.2016.03.079","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-009-1218-z","article-title":"Relationship of opioid use and dosage levels to fractures in older chronic pain patients","volume":"25","author":"Saunders KW","year":"2010","unstructured":"Saunders KW, Dunn KM, Merrill JO, et al.. Relationship of opioid use and dosage levels to fractures in older chronic pain patients. J Gen Intern Med. 2010, 25:310-5. 10.1007\/s11606-009-1218-z","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/FJC.0000000000000954","article-title":"The risk of mortality associated with opioid use in patients with acute heart failure: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"77","author":"Gao D","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gao D, David C, Rosa MM, Costa J, Pinto FJ, Caldeira D. The risk of mortality associated with opioid use in patients with acute heart failure: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2021, 77:123-9. 10.1097\/FJC.0000000000000954","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.118.010664","article-title":"Opioid prescriptions at hospital discharge are associated with more postdischarge healthcare utilization","volume":"8","author":"Liberman JS","year":"2019","unstructured":"Liberman JS, Samuels LR, Goggins K, Kripalani S, Roumie CL. Opioid prescriptions at hospital discharge are associated with more postdischarge healthcare utilization. J Am Heart Assoc. 2019, 8:e010664. 10.1161\/JAHA.118.010664","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.14101","article-title":"Prescribed opioid use is associated with adverse cardiovascular outcomes in community-dwelling older persons","volume":"9","author":"Liew SM","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liew SM, Chowdhury EK, Ernst ME, et al.. Prescribed opioid use is associated with adverse cardiovascular outcomes in community-dwelling older persons. ESC Heart Fail. 2022, 9:3973-84. 10.1002\/ehf2.14101","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2018.304859","article-title":"The opioid epidemic's prevention problem","volume":"109","author":"Fraser M","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fraser M, Plescia M. The opioid epidemic's prevention problem. Am J Public Health. 2019, 109:215-7. 10.2105\/AJPH.2018.304859","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1573403x1201160126122405","article-title":"The impact of opioids on cardiac electrophysiology","volume":"12","author":"Wedam EF","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wedam EF, Haigney MC. The impact of opioids on cardiac electrophysiology. Curr Cardiol Rev. 2016, 12:27-36. 10.2174\/1573403x1201160126122405","journal-title":"Curr Cardiol Rev"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.12035","article-title":"Opioid use for noncancer pain and risk of myocardial infarction amongst adults","volume":"273","author":"Li L","year":"2013","unstructured":"Li L, Setoguchi S, Cabral H, Jick S. Opioid use for noncancer pain and risk of myocardial infarction amongst adults. J Intern Med. 2013, 273:511-26. 10.1111\/joim.12035","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/fdx063","article-title":"Morbidity and mortality in opioid dependent patients after entering an opioid pharmacotherapy compared with a cohort of non-dependent controls","volume":"40","author":"Kelty E","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kelty E, Hulse G. Morbidity and mortality in opioid dependent patients after entering an opioid pharmacotherapy compared with a cohort of non-dependent controls. J Public Health (Oxf). 2018, 40:409-14. 10.1093\/pubmed\/fdx063","journal-title":"J Public Health (Oxf)"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/M14-2559","article-title":"The effectiveness and risks of long-term opioid therapy for chronic pain: a systematic review for a national institutes of health pathways to prevention workshop","volume":"162","author":"Chou R","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chou R, Turner JA, Devine EB, et al.. The effectiveness and risks of long-term opioid therapy for chronic pain: a systematic review for a national institutes of health pathways to prevention workshop. Ann Intern Med. 2015, 162:276-86. 10.7326\/M14-2559","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/M17-3107","article-title":"Medication for opioid use disorder after nonfatal opioid overdose and association with mortality: a cohort study","volume":"169","author":"Larochelle MR","year":"2018","unstructured":"Larochelle MR, Bernson D, Land T, et al.. Medication for opioid use disorder after nonfatal opioid overdose and association with mortality: a cohort study. Ann Intern Med. 2018, 169:137-45. 10.7326\/M17-3107","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"ref40","article-title":"Acute risk factors in fatal opioid overdoses as a result of hypoxia and cardiotoxicity: a systematic review and critical appraisal","volume":"18","author":"Baldacchino AM","year":"2016","unstructured":"Baldacchino AM, Tolomeo S, Khan F, Humphris GM, Carra G. Acute risk factors in fatal opioid overdoses as a result of hypoxia and cardiotoxicity: a systematic review and critical appraisal. Heroin Addict Relat Clin Probl. 2016, 18:33-42.","journal-title":"Heroin Addict Relat Clin Probl"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-med-011817-044739","article-title":"Use and misuse of opioids in chronic pain","volume":"69","author":"Volkow N","year":"2018","unstructured":"Volkow N, Benveniste H, McLellan AT. Use and misuse of opioids in chronic pain. Annu Rev Med. 2018, 69:451-65. 10.1146\/annurev-med-011817-044739","journal-title":"Annu Rev Med"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000000839","article-title":"Opioids for chronic noncancer pain: a position paper of the American Academy of Neurology","volume":"83","author":"Franklin GM","year":"2014","unstructured":"Franklin GM. Opioids for chronic noncancer pain: a position paper of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2014, 83:1277-84. 10.1212\/WNL.0000000000000839","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-011-1734-5","article-title":"Adherence to clinical guidelines for opioid therapy for chronic pain in patients with substance use disorder","volume":"26","author":"Morasco BJ","year":"2011","unstructured":"Morasco BJ, Duckart JP, Dobscha SK. Adherence to clinical guidelines for opioid therapy for chronic pain in patients with substance use disorder. J Gen Intern Med. 2011, 26:965-71. 10.1007\/s11606-011-1734-5","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X14666161101092822","article-title":"Opioids resistance in chronic pain management","volume":"15","author":"Morrone LA","year":"2017","unstructured":"Morrone LA, Scuteri D, Rombol\u00e0 L, Mizoguchi H, Bagetta G. Opioids resistance in chronic pain management. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2017, 15:444-56. 10.2174\/1570159X14666161101092822","journal-title":"Curr Neuropharmacol"},{"key":"ref45","article-title":"Pharmacology of opioids in the treatment of chronic pain syndromes","volume":"14","author":"Vallejo R","year":"2011","unstructured":"Vallejo R, Barkin RL, Wang VC. Pharmacology of opioids in the treatment of chronic pain syndromes. Pain Phys. 2011, 14:343-60.","journal-title":"Pain Phys"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpain.2010.04.006","article-title":"Classification and identification of opioid addiction in chronic pain patients","volume":"14","author":"H\u00f8jsted J","year":"2010","unstructured":"H\u00f8jsted J, Nielsen PR, Guldstrand SK, Frich L, Sj\u00f8gren P. Classification and identification of opioid addiction in chronic pain patients. Eur J Pain. 2010, 14:1014-20. 10.1016\/j.ejpain.2010.04.006","journal-title":"Eur J Pain"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2049463712438493","article-title":"Basic opioid pharmacology: an update","volume":"6","author":"Pathan H","year":"2012","unstructured":"Pathan H, Williams J. Basic opioid pharmacology: an update. Br J Pain. 2012, 6:11-6. 10.1177\/2049463712438493","journal-title":"Br J Pain"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.09.016","article-title":"Corrected QT interval during treatment with methadone and buprenorphine--relation to doses and serum concentrations","volume":"129","author":"Stallvik M","year":"2013","unstructured":"Stallvik M, Nordstrand B, Kristensen \u00d8, Bathen J, Skogvoll E, Spigset O. Corrected QT interval during treatment with methadone and buprenorphine--relation to doses and serum concentrations. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2013, 129:88-93. 10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.09.016","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aer115","article-title":"Opioid receptor subtypes: fact or artifact?","volume":"107","author":"Dietis N","year":"2011","unstructured":"Dietis N, Rowbotham DJ, Lambert DG. Opioid receptor subtypes: fact or artifact?. Br J Anaesth. 2011, 107:8-18. 10.1093\/bja\/aer115","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3122\/jabfm.2011.06.100232","article-title":"Opioids for back pain patients: primary care prescribing patterns and use of services","volume":"24","author":"Deyo RA","year":"2011","unstructured":"Deyo RA, Smith DH, Johnson ES, et al.. Opioids for back pain patients: primary care prescribing patterns and use of services. J Am Board Fam Med. 2011, 24:717-27. 10.3122\/jabfm.2011.06.100232","journal-title":"J Am Board Fam Med"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/143571-opioid-agents-and-cardiac-arrhythmia-a-literature-review","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,9]],"date-time":"2024-02-09T20:00:09Z","timestamp":1707508809000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/143571-opioid-agents-and-cardiac-arrhythmia-a-literature-review"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,23]]},"references-count":50,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.38007","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,23]]}}}