{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T23:52:38Z","timestamp":1762300358428},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,23]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.38014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,23]],"date-time":"2023-04-23T12:29:11Z","timestamp":1682252951000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Emerging Therapies for the Management of Pain and Vaso-Occlusive Crises in Patients With Sickle Cell Disease: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Michael","family":"Lowe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zarna","family":"Bambhroliya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hesha","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vishva J","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sunil Akshara","family":"Vudugula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Naga Pratyusha","family":"Cheruvu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shafaat","family":"Raza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Oluwasemilore I","family":"Okunlola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","unstructured":"Sickle Cell Disease Global Prevalance. (2022). Accessed. June 13, 2022: https:\/\/www.hcplive.com\/view\/sickle-cell-disease-global-prevalence."},{"key":"ref2","unstructured":"Vaso-Occlusive Crisis (Sickle Cell Disease News). (2022). Accessed. June 13, 2022: https:\/\/sicklecellanemianews.com\/vaso-occlusive-crisis\/#:~:text=What%20is%20a%20vaso%2Docclusive,tries%20to%20rectify...."},{"key":"ref3","unstructured":"File.Arteriolar obstruction associated with pulmonary veno-occlusive disease (PVOD) - Case 269 (8655564066).jpg. (2014). Accessed: June 13, 2022: https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Arteriolar_obstruction_associated_with_pulmonary_veno-occlusive_disease_%28PV...."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.26028","article-title":"Randomized control trial of oral arginine therapy for children with sickle cell anemia hospitalized for pain in Nigeria","volume":"96","author":"Onalo R","year":"2021","unstructured":"Onalo R, Cooper P, Cilliers A, et al.. Randomized control trial of oral arginine therapy for children with sickle cell anemia hospitalized for pain in Nigeria. Am J Hematol. 2021, 96:89-97. 10.1002\/ajh.26028","journal-title":"Am J Hematol"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1715971","article-title":"A phase 3 trial of L-glutamine in sickle cell disease","volume":"379","author":"Niihara Y","year":"2018","unstructured":"Niihara Y, Miller ST, Kanter J, et al.. A phase 3 trial of L-glutamine in sickle cell disease. N Engl J Med. 2018, 379:226-35. 10.1056\/NEJMoa1715971","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.14809","article-title":"Effect of N-acetylcysteine on pain in daily life in patients with sickle cell disease: a randomised clinical trial","volume":"182","author":"Sins JW","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sins JW, Fijnvandraat K, Rijneveld AW, et al.. Effect of N-acetylcysteine on pain in daily life in patients with sickle cell disease: a randomised clinical trial. Br J Haematol. 2018, 182:444-8. 10.1111\/bjh.14809","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedhc.2020.04.007","article-title":"Vitamin D supplementation improves health-related quality of life and physical performance in children with sickle cell disease and in healthy children","volume":"34","author":"Dougherty KA","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dougherty KA, Schall JI, Bertolaso C, Smith-Whitley K, Stallings VA. Vitamin D supplementation improves health-related quality of life and physical performance in children with sickle cell disease and in healthy children. J Pediatr Health Care. 2020, 34:424-34. 10.1016\/j.pedhc.2020.04.007","journal-title":"J Pediatr Health Care"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.17119","article-title":"Comparison of two vitamin D supplementation strategies in children with sickle cell disease: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"192","author":"Gr\u00e9goire-Pelchat P","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gr\u00e9goire-Pelchat P, Pastore Y, Robitaille N, et al.. Comparison of two vitamin D supplementation strategies in children with sickle cell disease: a randomized controlled trial. Br J Haematol. 2021, 192:385-94. 10.1111\/bjh.17119","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.10874","article-title":"Effect of inhaled cannabis for pain in adults with sickle cell disease: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"3","author":"Abrams DI","year":"2020","unstructured":"Abrams DI, Couey P, Dixit N, et al.. Effect of inhaled cannabis for pain in adults with sickle cell disease: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Netw Open. 2020, 3:e2010874. 10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.10874","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmn.2017.07.003","article-title":"Management of sickle cell pain using pregabalin: a pilot study","volume":"18","author":"Schlaeger JM","year":"2017","unstructured":"Schlaeger JM, Molokie RE, Yao Y, Suarez ML, Golembiewski J, Wilkie DJ, Votta-Velis G. Management of sickle cell pain using pregabalin: a pilot study. Pain Manag Nurs. 2017, 18:391-400. 10.1016\/j.pmn.2017.07.003","journal-title":"Pain Manag Nurs"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2019001165","article-title":"Phase 2 trial of montelukast for prevention of pain in sickle cell disease","volume":"4","author":"Field JJ","year":"2020","unstructured":"Field JJ, Kassim A, Brandow A, et al.. Phase 2 trial of montelukast for prevention of pain in sickle cell disease. Blood Adv. 2020, 4:1159-65. 10.1182\/bloodadvances.2019001165","journal-title":"Blood Adv"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3026(21)00059-4","article-title":"Voxelotor in adolescents and adults with sickle cell disease (HOPE): long-term follow-up results of an international, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial","volume":"00","author":"Howard J","year":"2021","unstructured":"Howard J, Ataga K, Brown R. Voxelotor in adolescents and adults with sickle cell disease (HOPE): long-term follow-up results of an international, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Haematol. 2021, 00:1-11. 10.1016\/S2352-3026(21)00059-4","journal-title":"Lancet Haematol"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.25308","article-title":"Effect of crizanlizumab on pain crises in subgroups of patients with sickle cell disease: A SUSTAIN study analysis","volume":"94","author":"Kutlar A","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kutlar A, Kanter J, Liles DK, et al.. Effect of crizanlizumab on pain crises in subgroups of patients with sickle cell disease: A SUSTAIN study analysis. Am J Hematol. 2019, 94:55-61. 10.1002\/ajh.25308","journal-title":"Am J Hematol"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/sjpain-2017-0140","article-title":"Low dose ketamine versus morphine for acute severe vaso occlusive pain in children: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"18","author":"Lubega FA","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lubega FA, DeSilva MS, Munube D, et al.. Low dose ketamine versus morphine for acute severe vaso occlusive pain in children: a randomized controlled trial. Scand J Pain. 2018, 18:19-27. 10.1515\/sjpain-2017-0140","journal-title":"Scand J Pain"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acem.14382","article-title":"Ketamine administration for acute painful sickle cell crisis: a\u00a0randomized controlled trial","volume":"29","author":"Alshahrani MS","year":"2022","unstructured":"Alshahrani MS, AlSulaibikh AH, ElTahan MR, et al.. Ketamine administration for acute painful sickle cell crisis: a\u00a0randomized controlled trial. Acad Emerg Med. 2022, 29:150-8. 10.1111\/acem.14382","journal-title":"Acad Emerg Med"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PEC.0000000000001976","article-title":"Clinical impact of warmed intravenous saline in sickle cell patients with vasoocclusive episodes","volume":"36","author":"Quarrie RP","year":"2020","unstructured":"Quarrie RP, Stoner MJ, Choueiki JM, Bonsu BK, Cohen DM. Clinical impact of warmed intravenous saline in sickle cell patients with vasoocclusive episodes. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2020, 36:229-35. 10.1097\/PEC.0000000000001976","journal-title":"Pediatr Emerg Care"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.15646","article-title":"Ticagrelor does not impact patient-reported pain in young adults with sickle cell disease: a multicentre, randomised phase IIb study","volume":"184","author":"Kanter J","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kanter J, Abboud MR, Kaya B, et al.. Ticagrelor does not impact patient-reported pain in young adults with sickle cell disease: a multicentre, randomised phase IIb study. Br J Haematol. 2019, 184:269-78. 10.1111\/bjh.15646","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s13312-021-2160-3","article-title":"Intravenous acetaminophen vs intravenous diclofenac sodium in management of skeletal vaso-occlusive crisis among children with homozygous sickle cell disease: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"58","author":"Panda PC","year":"2021","unstructured":"Panda PC, Mishra NR, Patra CS, Nayak BK, Panda SK. Intravenous acetaminophen vs intravenous diclofenac sodium in management of skeletal vaso-occlusive crisis among children with homozygous sickle cell disease: a randomized controlled trial. Indian Pediatr. 2021, 58:229-32.","journal-title":"Indian Pediatr"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acem.14149","article-title":"Does intravenous acetaminophen reduce opioid requirement in pediatric emergency department patients with acute sickle cell crises?","volume":"28","author":"Dhebaria T","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dhebaria T, Sivitz A, Tejani C. Does intravenous acetaminophen reduce opioid requirement in pediatric emergency department patients with acute sickle cell crises?. Acad Emerg Med. 2021, 28:639-46. 10.1111\/acem.14149","journal-title":"Acad Emerg Med"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD012187","article-title":"Pharmacological interventions for painful sickle cell vaso\u2010occlusive crises in adults","volume":"2016","author":"Cooper TE","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cooper TE, Hambleton IR, Ballas SK, Wiffen PJ. Pharmacological interventions for painful sickle cell vaso\u2010occlusive crises in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016, 2016:CD012187. 10.1002\/14651858.CD012187","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/phar.2409","article-title":"Systematic review of crizanlizumab: a new parenteral option to reduce vaso-occlusive pain crises in patients with sickle cell disease","volume":"40","author":"Han J","year":"2020","unstructured":"Han J, Saraf SL, Gordeuk VR. Systematic review of crizanlizumab: a new parenteral option to reduce vaso-occlusive pain crises in patients with sickle cell disease. Pharmacotherapy. 2020, 40:535-43. 10.1002\/phar.2409","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/sjmms.sjmms_218_20","article-title":"Ketamine for sickle cell vaso-occlusive crises: a systematic review","volume":"9","author":"Alshahrani MS","year":"2021","unstructured":"Alshahrani MS, Alghamdi MA. Ketamine for sickle cell vaso-occlusive crises: a systematic review. Saudi J Med Med Sci. 2021, 9:3-9. 10.4103\/sjmms.sjmms_218_20","journal-title":"Saudi J Med Med Sci"},{"key":"ref23","article-title":"Evidence-Based Management of Sickle Cell Disease:  Expert Panel Report 2014","author":"Buchanan G","year":"2014","unstructured":"Buchanan G, Yawn B, Afenyi-Annan, et al.. Evidence-Based Management of Sickle Cell Disease:  Expert Panel Report 2014. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; 2014."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l4898","article-title":"RoB 2: a revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials","volume":"366","author":"Sterne JA","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sterne JA, Savovi\u0107 J, Page MJ, et al.. RoB 2: a revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. BMJ. 2019, 366:l4898. 10.1136\/bmj.l4898","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.3414","article-title":"Effect of poloxamer 188 vs placebo on painful vaso-occlusive episodes in children and adults with sickle cell disease: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"325","author":"Casella JF","year":"2021","unstructured":"Casella JF, Barton BA, Kanter J, et al.. Effect of poloxamer 188 vs placebo on painful vaso-occlusive episodes in children and adults with sickle cell disease: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2021, 325:1513-23. 10.1001\/jama.2021.3414","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.24742","article-title":"Inhaled steroids reduce pain and sVCAM levels in individuals with sickle cell disease: a triple-blind, randomized trial","volume":"92","author":"Glassberg J","year":"2017","unstructured":"Glassberg J, Minnitti C, Cromwell C, et al.. Inhaled steroids reduce pain and sVCAM levels in individuals with sickle cell disease: a triple-blind, randomized trial. Am J Hematol. 2017, 92:622-31. 10.1002\/ajh.24742","journal-title":"Am J Hematol"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2018021444","article-title":"Double-blind, randomized, multicenter phase 2 study of SC411 in children with sickle cell disease (SCOT trial)","volume":"2","author":"Daak AA","year":"2018","unstructured":"Daak AA, Dampier CD, Fuh B, et al.. Double-blind, randomized, multicenter phase 2 study of SC411 in children with sickle cell disease (SCOT trial). Blood Adv. 2018, 2:1969-79. 10.1182\/bloodadvances.2018021444","journal-title":"Blood Adv"},{"key":"ref28","article-title":"Poloxamer 188 inhibition of ischemia\/reperfusion injury: evidence for a novel anti-adhesive mechanism","volume":"40","author":"Hunter R","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hunter R, Luo A, Zhang R, Kozar R, Moore F. Poloxamer 188 inhibition of ischemia\/reperfusion injury: evidence for a novel anti-adhesive mechanism. Ann Clin Lab Sci. 2010, 40:115-25.","journal-title":"Ann Clin Lab Sci"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V90.5.2041","article-title":"RheothRx (poloxamer 188) injection for the acute painful episode of sickle cell disease: a pilot study","volume":"90","author":"Adams-Graves P","year":"1997","unstructured":"Adams-Graves P, Kedar A, Koshy M, et al.. RheothRx (poloxamer 188) injection for the acute painful episode of sickle cell disease: a pilot study. Blood. 1997, 90:2041-6.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.286.17.2099","article-title":"Purified poloxamer 188 for treatment of acute vaso-occlusive crisis of sickle cell disease: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"286","author":"Orringer EP","year":"2001","unstructured":"Orringer EP, Casella JF, Ataga KI, et al.. Purified poloxamer 188 for treatment of acute vaso-occlusive crisis of sickle cell disease: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2001, 286:2099-106. 10.1001\/jama.286.17.2099","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.1D223","article-title":"Purified poloxamer 188 for sickle cell vaso-occlusive crisis","volume":"38","author":"Gibbs WJ","year":"2004","unstructured":"Gibbs WJ, Hagemann TM. Purified poloxamer 188 for sickle cell vaso-occlusive crisis. Ann Pharmacother. 2004, 38:320-4. 10.1345\/aph.1D223","journal-title":"Ann Pharmacother"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1081\/hem-120035919","article-title":"Safety of purified poloxamer 188 in sickle cell disease: phase I study of a non-ionic surfactant in the management of acute chest syndrome","volume":"28","author":"Ballas SK","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ballas SK, Files B, Luchtman-Jones L, et al.. Safety of purified poloxamer 188 in sickle cell disease: phase I study of a non-ionic surfactant in the management of acute chest syndrome. Hemoglobin. 2004, 28:85-102. 10.1081\/hem-120035919","journal-title":"Hemoglobin"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MPH.0000000000001306","article-title":"Vitamin D intake and status of children with sickle cell disease in Montreal, Canada","volume":"40","author":"Gr\u00e9goire-Pelchat P","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gr\u00e9goire-Pelchat P, Alos N, Ribault V, Pastore Y, Robitaille N, Mailhot G. Vitamin D intake and status of children with sickle cell disease in Montreal, Canada. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2018, 40:e531-6. 10.1097\/MPH.0000000000001306","journal-title":"J Pediatr Hematol Oncol"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcmd.2015.03.014","article-title":"Omega 3 (n-3) fatty acids down-regulate nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-\u03baB) gene and blood cell adhesion molecule expression in patients with homozygous sickle cell disease","volume":"55","author":"Daak AA","year":"2015","unstructured":"Daak AA, Elderdery AY, Elbashir LM, et al.. Omega 3 (n-3) fatty acids down-regulate nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-\u03baB) gene and blood cell adhesion molecule expression in patients with homozygous sickle cell disease. Blood Cells Mol Dis. 2015, 55:48-55. 10.1016\/j.bcmd.2015.03.014","journal-title":"Blood Cells Mol Dis"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.10321","article-title":"Effects of N-acetylcysteine on dense cell formation in sickle cell disease","volume":"73","author":"Pace BS","year":"2003","unstructured":"Pace BS, Shartava A, Pack-Mabien A, Mulekar M, Ardia A, Goodman SR. Effects of N-acetylcysteine on dense cell formation in sickle cell disease. Am J Hematol. 2003, 73:26-32. 10.1002\/ajh.10321","journal-title":"Am J Hematol"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.22012","article-title":"Oxidative stress in sickle cell disease; pathophysiology and potential implications for disease management","volume":"86","author":"Nur E","year":"2011","unstructured":"Nur E, Biemond BJ, Otten HM, Brandjes DP, Schnog JJ. Oxidative stress in sickle cell disease; pathophysiology and potential implications for disease management. Am J Hematol. 2011, 86:484-9. 10.1002\/ajh.22012","journal-title":"Am J Hematol"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1611770","article-title":"Crizanlizumab for the prevention of pain crises in sickle cell disease","volume":"376","author":"Ataga KI","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ataga KI, Kutlar A, Kanter J, et al.. Crizanlizumab for the prevention of pain crises in sickle cell disease. N Engl J Med. 2017, 376:429-39. 10.1056\/NEJMoa1611770","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.22098","article-title":"Recurrent, severe wheezing is associated with morbidity and mortality in adults with sickle cell disease","volume":"86","author":"Cohen RT","year":"2011","unstructured":"Cohen RT, Madadi A, Blinder MA, DeBaun MR, Strunk RC, Field JJ. Recurrent, severe wheezing is associated with morbidity and mortality in adults with sickle cell disease. Am J Hematol. 2011, 86:756-61. 10.1002\/ajh.22098","journal-title":"Am J Hematol"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MPH.0000000000000239","article-title":"Wheezing is common in children with sickle cell disease when compared with controls","volume":"37","author":"Galadanci NA","year":"2015","unstructured":"Galadanci NA, Liang WH, Galadanci AA, et al.. Wheezing is common in children with sickle cell disease when compared with controls. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2015, 37:16-9. 10.1097\/MPH.0000000000000239","journal-title":"J Pediatr Hematol Oncol"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.23374","article-title":"Airway hyperreactivity is frequent in non-asthmatic children with sickle cell disease","volume":"51","author":"Shilo NR","year":"2016","unstructured":"Shilo NR, Alawadi A, Allard-Coutu A, et al.. Airway hyperreactivity is frequent in non-asthmatic children with sickle cell disease. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2016, 51:950-7. 10.1002\/ppul.23374","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-010-9619-3","article-title":"An item response analysis of the pediatric PROMIS anxiety and depressive symptoms scales","volume":"19","author":"Irwin DE","year":"2010","unstructured":"Irwin DE, Stucky B, Langer MM, et al.. An item response analysis of the pediatric PROMIS anxiety and depressive symptoms scales. Qual Life Res. 2010, 19:595-607. 10.1007\/s11136-010-9619-3","journal-title":"Qual Life Res"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s41687-020-0176-4","article-title":"A reporting checklist for HealthMeasures' patient-reported outcomes: ASCQ-Me, Neuro-QoL, NIH Toolbox, and PROMIS","volume":"4","author":"Hanmer J","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hanmer J, Jensen RE, Rothrock N. A reporting checklist for HealthMeasures' patient-reported outcomes: ASCQ-Me, Neuro-QoL, NIH Toolbox, and PROMIS. J Patient Rep Outcomes. 2020, 4:21. 10.1186\/s41687-020-0176-4","journal-title":"J Patient Rep Outcomes"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2019000381","article-title":"Clinical meaning of PROMIS pain domains for children with sickle cell disease","volume":"3","author":"Singh A","year":"2019","unstructured":"Singh A, Panepinto JA. Clinical meaning of PROMIS pain domains for children with sickle cell disease. Blood Adv. 2019, 3:2244-9. 10.1182\/bloodadvances.2019000381","journal-title":"Blood Adv"},{"key":"ref44","unstructured":"Drug Trials Snapshots ADAKVEO. (2020). Accessed. April 2, 2022: https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/drugs\/drug-approvals-and-databases\/drug-trials-snapshots-adakveo."},{"key":"ref45","unstructured":"HIGHLIGHTS OF PRESCRIBING INFORMATION, ADAKVEO\u00ae (crizanlizumab-tmca) injection, for intravenous use, Initial U.S. Approval. 2019 \r\n. (2019). Accessed: April 2, 2022: https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2019\/761128s000lbl.pdf."},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.294.1.81","article-title":"Dysregulated arginine metabolism, hemolysis-associated pulmonary hypertension, and mortality in sickle cell disease","volume":"294","author":"Morris CR","year":"2005","unstructured":"Morris CR, Kato GJ, Poljakovic M, et al.. Dysregulated arginine metabolism, hemolysis-associated pulmonary hypertension, and mortality in sickle cell disease. JAMA. 2005, 294:81-90. 10.1001\/jama.294.1.81","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.2011.08715.x","article-title":"Global arginine bioavailability in Tanzanian sickle cell anaemia patients at steady-state: a nested case control study of deaths versus survivors","volume":"155","author":"Cox SE","year":"2011","unstructured":"Cox SE, Makani J, Komba AN, Soka D, Newton CR, Kirkham FJ, Prentice AM. Global arginine bioavailability in Tanzanian sickle cell anaemia patients at steady-state: a nested case control study of deaths versus survivors. Br J Haematol. 2011, 155:522-4. 10.1111\/j.1365-2141.2011.08715.x","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00043426-200011000-00009","article-title":"Patterns of arginine and nitric oxide in patients with sickle cell disease with vaso-occlusive crisis and acute chest syndrome","volume":"22","author":"Morris CR","year":"2000","unstructured":"Morris CR, Kuypers FA, Larkin S, Vichinsky EP, Styles LA. Patterns of arginine and nitric oxide in patients with sickle cell disease with vaso-occlusive crisis and acute chest syndrome. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2000, 22:515-20. 10.1097\/00043426-200011000-00009","journal-title":"J Pediatr Hematol Oncol"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0069587","article-title":"A randomized pilot study of L-arginine infusion in severe falciparum malaria: preliminary safety, efficacy and pharmacokinetics","volume":"8","author":"Yeo TW","year":"2013","unstructured":"Yeo TW, Lampah DA, Rooslamiati I, et al.. A randomized pilot study of L-arginine infusion in severe falciparum malaria: preliminary safety, efficacy and pharmacokinetics. PLoS One. 2013, 8:e69587. 10.1371\/journal.pone.0069587","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000001363","article-title":"Comprehensive assessment of the arginine pathway and its relationship to inflammation in HIV","volume":"31","author":"Dirajlal-Fargo S","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dirajlal-Fargo S, Alam K, Sattar A, Kulkarni M, Funderburg N, Wilson WH, McComsey GA. Comprehensive assessment of the arginine pathway and its relationship to inflammation in HIV. AIDS. 2017, 31:533-7. 10.1097\/QAD.0000000000001363","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MOP.0000000000000045","article-title":"Wheezing in children with sickle cell disease","volume":"26","author":"Glassberg JA","year":"2014","unstructured":"Glassberg JA, Strunk R, DeBaun MR. Wheezing in children with sickle cell disease. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2014, 26:9-18. 10.1097\/MOP.0000000000000045","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pediatr"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40545-020-00282-8","article-title":"Repurposing existing drugs for new uses: a cohort study of the frequency of FDA-granted new indication exclusivities since 1997","volume":"14","author":"Sahragardjoonegani B","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sahragardjoonegani B, Beall RF, Kesselheim AS, Hollis A. Repurposing existing drugs for new uses: a cohort study of the frequency of FDA-granted new indication exclusivities since 1997. J Pharm Policy Pract. 2021, 14:3. 10.1186\/s40545-020-00282-8","journal-title":"J Pharm Policy Pract"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.115.05180","article-title":"Circulating vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 is associated with cerebral blood flow dysregulation, mobility impairment, and falls in older adults","volume":"66","author":"Tchalla AE","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tchalla AE, Wellenius GA, Travison TG, et al.. Circulating vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 is associated with cerebral blood flow dysregulation, mobility impairment, and falls in older adults. Hypertension. 2015, 66:340-6. 10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.115.05180","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2013.05.016","article-title":"Single-center trials tend to provide larger treatment effects than multicenter trials: a systematic review","volume":"66","author":"Unverzagt S","year":"2013","unstructured":"Unverzagt S, Prondzinsky R, Peinemann F. Single-center trials tend to provide larger treatment effects than multicenter trials: a systematic review. J Clin Epidemiol. 2013, 66:1271-80. 10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2013.05.016","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0119908","article-title":"Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in sickle cell disease: a systematic review","volume":"10","author":"Nolan VG","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nolan VG, Nottage KA, Cole EW, Hankins JS, Gurney JG. Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in sickle cell disease: a systematic review. PLoS One. 2015, 10:e0119908. 10.1371\/journal.pone.0119908","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00287.2019","article-title":"Hemoglobin alters vitamin carrier uptake and vitamin D metabolism in proximal tubule cells: implications for sickle cell disease","volume":"317","author":"Gliozzi ML","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gliozzi ML, Rbaibi Y, Long KR, Vitturi DA, Weisz OA. Hemoglobin alters vitamin carrier uptake and vitamin D metabolism in proximal tubule cells: implications for sickle cell disease. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2019, 317:C993-C1000. 10.1152\/ajpcell.00287.2019","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Cell Physiol"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chembiol.2013.12.016","article-title":"Vitamin D metabolism, mechanism of action, and clinical applications","volume":"21","author":"Bikle DD","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bikle DD. Vitamin D metabolism, mechanism of action, and clinical applications. Chem Biol. 2014, 21:319-29. 10.1016\/j.chembiol.2013.12.016","journal-title":"Chem Biol"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-017-3754-y","article-title":"Effect of vitamin D supplementation in chronic widespread pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"36","author":"Yong WC","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yong WC, Sanguankeo A, Upala S. Effect of vitamin D supplementation in chronic widespread pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Rheumatol. 2017, 36:2825-33. 10.1007\/s10067-017-3754-y","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4172\/2167-065X.1000116","article-title":"L-Glutamine therapy reduces hospitalization for sickle cell anemia and sickle \u03b20-thalassemia patients at six months: a phase II randomized trial","volume":"3","author":"Niihara Y","year":"2014","unstructured":"Niihara Y, Macan H, Eckman J, et al.. L-Glutamine therapy reduces hospitalization for sickle cell anemia and sickle \u03b20-thalassemia patients at six months: a phase II randomized trial. Clin Pharmacol Biopharm. 2014, 3:116.","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Biopharm"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0022-2143(97)90062-7","article-title":"Increased red cell glutamine availability in sickle cell anemia. II. Evidence for higher affinity red cell glutamine transport and higher plasma glutamine concentration","volume":"84","author":"Zerez C","year":"1994","unstructured":"Zerez C, Niihara Y, Akiyama D, Tanaka K . Increased red cell glutamine availability in sickle cell anemia. II. Evidence for higher affinity red cell glutamine transport and higher plasma glutamine concentration. Blood. 1994, 84:411a. 10.1016\/s0022-2143(97)90062-7","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2326-5-4","article-title":"L-glutamine therapy reduces endothelial adhesion of sickle red blood cells to human umbilical vein endothelial cells","volume":"5","author":"Niihara Y","year":"2005","unstructured":"Niihara Y, Matsui NM, Shen YM, et al.. L-glutamine therapy reduces endothelial adhesion of sickle red blood cells to human umbilical vein endothelial cells. BMC Blood Disord. 2005, 5:4. 10.1186\/1471-2326-5-4","journal-title":"BMC Blood Disord"},{"key":"ref62","unstructured":"FDA approves new treatment for sickle cell disease. (2017). Accessed. July 26, 2022: https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/news-events\/press-announcements\/fda-approves-new-treatment-sickle-cell-disease."},{"key":"ref63","unstructured":"FDA approved L-glutamine powder for the treatment of sickle cell disease. (2017). Accessed. July 26, 2022: https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/drugs\/resources-information-approved-drugs\/fda-approved-l-glutamine-powder-treatment-sickle-cell-...."},{"key":"ref64","unstructured":"Endari (L-glutamine) for Sickle Cell Disease. (2017). Accessed. July 26, 2022: https:\/\/sicklecellanemianews.com\/endari-l-glutamine\/#:~:text=The%20U.S.%20Food%20and%20Drug,disease%20in%20almost%202...."},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13040669","article-title":"Drug combination in cancer treatment-from cocktails to conjugated combinations","volume":"13","author":"Gilad Y","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gilad Y, Gellerman G, Lonard DM, O'Malley BW. Drug combination in cancer treatment-from cocktails to conjugated combinations. Cancers (Basel). 2021, 13:1-25. 10.3390\/cancers13040669","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/101434-emerging-therapies-for-the-management-of-pain-and-vaso-occlusive-crises-in-patients-with-sickle-cell-disease-a-systematic-review-of-randomized-controlled-trials","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,9]],"date-time":"2024-02-09T19:59:44Z","timestamp":1707508784000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/101434-emerging-therapies-for-the-management-of-pain-and-vaso-occlusive-crises-in-patients-with-sickle-cell-disease-a-systematic-review-of-randomized-controlled-trials"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,23]]},"references-count":65,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.38014","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,23]]}}}