{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T22:16:15Z","timestamp":1779315375886,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,27]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.41038","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,27]],"date-time":"2023-06-27T16:08:33Z","timestamp":1687882113000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Topical Spironolactone in the Treatment of Evaporative Dry Eye Disease"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Calvin W","family":"Wong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brian S","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wajahat","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mikhail L","family":"De Jesus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tatiana A","family":"Melber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard W","family":"Yee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-6997b","article-title":"The international workshop on meibomian gland dysfunction: report of the definition and classification subcommittee","volume":"52","author":"Nelson JD","year":"2011","unstructured":"Nelson JD, Shimazaki J, Benitez-del-Castillo JM, Craig JP, McCulley JP, Den S, Foulks GN. The international workshop on meibomian gland dysfunction: report of the definition and classification subcommittee. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2011, 52:1930-7. 10.1167\/iovs.10-6997b","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1542-0124(12)70139-8","article-title":"Meibomian gland dysfunction: a clinical scheme for description, diagnosis, classification, and grading","volume":"1","author":"Foulks GN","year":"2003","unstructured":"Foulks GN, Bron AJ. Meibomian gland dysfunction: a clinical scheme for description, diagnosis, classification, and grading. Ocul Surf. 2003, 1:107-126. 10.1016\/s1542-0124(12)70139-8","journal-title":"Ocul Surf"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.14-15764","article-title":"Prospective trial of intense pulsed light for the treatment of meibomian gland dysfunction","volume":"56","author":"Craig JP","year":"2015","unstructured":"Craig JP, Chen YH, Turnbull PR. Prospective trial of intense pulsed light for the treatment of meibomian gland dysfunction. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2015, 56:1965-70. 10.1167\/iovs.14-15764","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S33182","article-title":"Emerging treatment options for meibomian gland dysfunction","volume":"7","author":"Qiao J","year":"2013","unstructured":"Qiao J, Yan X. Emerging treatment options for meibomian gland dysfunction. Clin Ophthalmol. 2013, 7:1797-803. 10.2147\/OPTH.S33182","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref5","article-title":"Use of spironolactone in dermatology","volume":"8","author":"Rathnayake D","year":"2010","unstructured":"Rathnayake D, Sinclair R. Use of spironolactone in dermatology. Skinmed. 2010, 8:328-32; quiz 333.","journal-title":"Skinmed"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00105-013-2597-y","article-title":"[Spironolactone in dermatological treatment. On and off label indications]","volume":"64","author":"Salavastru CM","year":"2013","unstructured":"Salavastru CM, Fritz K, Tiplica GS. [Spironolactone in dermatological treatment. On and off label indications]. Hautarzt. 2013, 64:762-7. 10.1007\/s00105-013-2597-y","journal-title":"Hautarzt"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1536\/ihj.48.637","article-title":"Combination therapy with telmisartan and spironolactone alleviates L-NAME exacerbated nephrosclerosis with an increase in PPAR-gamma and decrease in TGF-beta(1)","volume":"48","author":"Takahashi T","year":"2007","unstructured":"Takahashi T, Ono H, Ono Y, Ishimitsu T, Matsuoka H. Combination therapy with telmisartan and spironolactone alleviates L-NAME exacerbated nephrosclerosis with an increase in PPAR-gamma and decrease in TGF-beta(1). Int Heart J. 2007, 48:637-47. 10.1536\/ihj.48.637","journal-title":"Int Heart J"},{"key":"ref8","article-title":"Effects of spironolactone on corneal epithelium may contribute to beneficial dry eye effects","volume":"61","author":"Watsky MA","year":"2020","unstructured":"Watsky MA, Lu X, Chen Z, Yee R. Effects of spironolactone on corneal epithelium may contribute to beneficial dry eye effects. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2020, 61:151.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MNH.0b013e3282f56854","article-title":"Mechanisms of mineralocorticoid receptor-mediated cardiac fibrosis and vascular inflammation","volume":"17","author":"Young MJ","year":"2008","unstructured":"Young MJ. Mechanisms of mineralocorticoid receptor-mediated cardiac fibrosis and vascular inflammation. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2008, 17:174-80. 10.1097\/MNH.0b013e3282f56854","journal-title":"Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41371-020-0386-5","article-title":"Identifying new cellular mechanisms of mineralocorticoid receptor activation in the heart","volume":"35","author":"Young MJ","year":"2021","unstructured":"Young MJ, Kanki M, Fuller PJ, Yang J. Identifying new cellular mechanisms of mineralocorticoid receptor activation in the heart. J Hum Hypertens. 2021, 35:124-30. 10.1038\/s41371-020-0386-5","journal-title":"J Hum Hypertens"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MNH.0000000000000306","article-title":"The endothelial mineralocorticoid receptor: mediator of the switch from vascular health to disease","volume":"26","author":"Davel AP","year":"2017","unstructured":"Davel AP, Anwar IJ, Jaffe IZ. The endothelial mineralocorticoid receptor: mediator of the switch from vascular health to disease. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2017, 26:97-104. 10.1097\/MNH.0000000000000306","journal-title":"Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000193502.77417.17","article-title":"Mechanisms of mineralocorticoid action","volume":"46","author":"Fuller PJ","year":"2005","unstructured":"Fuller PJ, Young MJ. Mechanisms of mineralocorticoid action. Hypertension. 2005, 46:1227-35. 10.1161\/01.HYP.0000193502.77417.17","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref13","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of a new eye drop formulation of spironolactone in a rat model of glucocorticoid-induced delay in corneal wound healing","volume":"64","author":"Rodrigues-Braz D","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rodrigues-Braz D. Safety and efficacy of a new eye drop formulation of spironolactone in a rat model of glucocorticoid-induced delay in corneal wound healing. IOVS. 2023, 64:1394.","journal-title":"IOVS"},{"key":"ref14","article-title":"The use of topical spironolactone in treatment of ocular graft-versus-host disease","volume":"64","author":"Wong CW","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wong CW, Yee RW. The use of topical spironolactone in treatment of ocular graft-versus-host disease. IOVS. 2023, 64:3288.","journal-title":"IOVS"},{"key":"ref15","article-title":"The use of topical spironolactone in treatment of ocular graft-versus-host disease","author":"Yang A","unstructured":"Yang A, Yee RW. The use of topical spironolactone in treatment of ocular graft-versus-host disease. 2022 ASCRS Annual Meeting.","journal-title":"2022 ASCRS Annual Meeting"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.225.1.40","article-title":"Adverse reactions to spironolactone. A report from the Boston Collaborative Drug Surveillance Program","volume":"225","author":"Greenblatt DJ","year":"1973","unstructured":"Greenblatt DJ, Koch-Weser J. Adverse reactions to spironolactone. A report from the Boston Collaborative Drug Surveillance Program. JAMA. 1973, 225:40-43. 10.1001\/jama.225.1.40","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10227-001-0152-4","article-title":"Long-term safety of spironolactone in acne: results of an 8-year followup study","volume":"6","author":"Shaw JC","year":"2002","unstructured":"Shaw JC, White LE. Long-term safety of spironolactone in acne: results of an 8-year followup study. J Cutan Med Surg. 2002, 6:541-5. 10.1007\/s10227-001-0152-4","journal-title":"J Cutan Med Surg"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40135-014-0041-9","article-title":"MGD diagnosis","volume":"2","author":"Arita R","year":"2014","unstructured":"Arita R, Zavala M, Yee R. MGD diagnosis. Curr Ophthalmol Rep. 2014, 2:49-57. 10.1007\/s40135-014-0041-9","journal-title":"Curr Ophthalmol Rep"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2009.04.037","article-title":"Proposed diagnostic criteria for obstructive meibomian gland dysfunction","volume":"116","author":"Arita R","year":"2009","unstructured":"Arita R, Itoh K, Maeda S, et al.. Proposed diagnostic criteria for obstructive meibomian gland dysfunction. Ophthalmology. 2009, 116:2058-63.e1. 10.1016\/j.ophtha.2009.04.037","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db21-0099","article-title":"Mineralocorticoid receptor pathway and its antagonism in a model of diabetic retinopathy","volume":"70","author":"Zhao M","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhao M, Gelize E, Levy R, et al.. Mineralocorticoid receptor pathway and its antagonism in a model of diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes. 2021, 70:2668-82. 10.2337\/db21-0099","journal-title":"Diabetes"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/164203-topical-spironolactone-in-the-treatment-of-evaporative-dry-eye-disease","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,9]],"date-time":"2024-02-09T20:00:35Z","timestamp":1707508835000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/164203-topical-spironolactone-in-the-treatment-of-evaporative-dry-eye-disease"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,27]]},"references-count":20,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.41038","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,27]]}}}