{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T19:32:59Z","timestamp":1784230379179,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,27]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.42558","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,27]],"date-time":"2023-07-27T17:08:12Z","timestamp":1690477692000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Chemo Markers as Biomarkers in Septic Shock: A Comprehensive Review of Their Utility and Clinical Applications"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Pulivarthi","family":"Chaithanya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Revat J","family":"Meshram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","unstructured":"WHO. Sepsis. (2023). Accessed: June 29, 2023: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/sepsis."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.0287","article-title":"The Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3)","volume":"315","author":"Singer M","year":"2016","unstructured":"Singer M, Deutschman CS, Seymour CW, et al.. The Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3). JAMA. 2016, 315:801-10. 10.1001\/jama.2016.0287","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2016.45","article-title":"Sepsis and septic shock","volume":"2","author":"Hotchkiss RS","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hotchkiss RS, Moldawer LL, Opal SM, Reinhart K, Turnbull IR, Vincent JL. Sepsis and septic shock. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2016, 2:16045. 10.1038\/nrdp.2016.45","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2050312119835043","article-title":"Sepsis: the evolution in definition, pathophysiology, and management","volume":"7","author":"Gyawali B","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gyawali B, Ramakrishna K, Dhamoon AS. Sepsis: the evolution in definition, pathophysiology, and management. SAGE Open Med. 2019, 7:2050312119835043. 10.1177\/2050312119835043","journal-title":"SAGE Open Med"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4046\/trd.2018.0041","article-title":"Sepsis: early recognition and optimized treatment","volume":"82","author":"Kim HI","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kim HI, Park S. Sepsis: early recognition and optimized treatment. Tuberc Respir Dis (Seoul). 2019, 82:6-14. 10.4046\/trd.2018.0041","journal-title":"Tuberc Respir Dis (Seoul)"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.050632","article-title":"Early and innovative interventions for severe sepsis and septic shock: taking advantage of a window of opportunity","volume":"173","author":"Rivers EP","year":"2005","unstructured":"Rivers EP, McIntyre L, Morro DC, Rivers KK. Early and innovative interventions for severe sepsis and septic shock: taking advantage of a window of opportunity. CMAJ. 2005, 173:1054-65. 10.1503\/cmaj.050632","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00037.2012","article-title":"Sepsis: multiple abnormalities, heterogeneous responses, and evolving understanding","volume":"93","author":"Iskander KN","year":"2013","unstructured":"Iskander KN, Osuchowski MF, Stearns-Kurosawa DJ, Kurosawa S, Stepien D, Valentine C, Remick DG. Sepsis: multiple abnormalities, heterogeneous responses, and evolving understanding. Physiol Rev. 2013, 93:1247-88. 10.1152\/physrev.00037.2012","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-019-0199-3","article-title":"Prognostic and predictive enrichment in sepsis","volume":"16","author":"Stanski NL","year":"2020","unstructured":"Stanski NL, Wong HR. Prognostic and predictive enrichment in sepsis. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2020, 16:20-31. 10.1038\/s41581-019-0199-3","journal-title":"Nat Rev Nephrol"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10408363.2013.764490","article-title":"Biomarkers of sepsis","volume":"50","author":"Faix JD","year":"2013","unstructured":"Faix JD. Biomarkers of sepsis. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci. 2013, 50:23-36. 10.3109\/10408363.2013.764490","journal-title":"Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17121967","article-title":"Update on inflammatory biomarkers and treatments in ischemic stroke","volume":"17","author":"Bonaventura A","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bonaventura A, Liberale L, Vecchi\u00e9 A, Casula M, Carbone F, Dallegri F, Montecucco F. Update on inflammatory biomarkers and treatments in ischemic stroke. Int J Mol Sci. 2016, 17:1967. 10.3390\/ijms17121967","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpc.2020.100130","article-title":"Inflammation and cardiovascular disease: from mechanisms to therapeutics","volume":"4","author":"Alfaddagh A","year":"2020","unstructured":"Alfaddagh A, Martin SS, Leucker TM, et al.. Inflammation and cardiovascular disease: from mechanisms to therapeutics. Am J Prev Cardiol. 2020, 4:100130. 10.1016\/j.ajpc.2020.100130","journal-title":"Am J Prev Cardiol"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jir.2008.0027","article-title":"Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1): an overview","volume":"29","author":"Deshmane SL","year":"2009","unstructured":"Deshmane SL, Kremlev S, Amini S, Sawaya BE. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1): an overview. J Interferon Cytokine Res. 2009, 29:313-26. 10.1089\/jir.2008.0027","journal-title":"J Interferon Cytokine Res"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2022.723846","article-title":"CXCL8 in tumor biology and its implications for clinical translation","volume":"9","author":"Xiong X","year":"2022","unstructured":"Xiong X, Liao X, Qiu S, et al.. CXCL8 in tumor biology and its implications for clinical translation. Front Mol Biosci. 2022, 9:723846. 10.3389\/fmolb.2022.723846","journal-title":"Front Mol Biosci"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.15625","article-title":"Role of the CXCL8-CXCR1\/2 axis in cancer and inflammatory diseases","volume":"7","author":"Ha H","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ha H, Debnath B, Neamati N. Role of the CXCL8-CXCR1\/2 axis in cancer and inflammatory diseases. Theranostics. 2017, 7:1543-88. 10.7150\/thno.15625","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-020-00589-8","article-title":"CCL2\/CCR2 signaling in cancer pathogenesis","volume":"18","author":"Hao Q","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hao Q, Vadgama JV, Wang P. CCL2\/CCR2 signaling in cancer pathogenesis. Cell Commun Signal. 2020, 18:82. 10.1186\/s12964-020-00589-8","journal-title":"Cell Commun Signal"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/mi.10.5.3","article-title":"Fractalkine\/CX3CL1: a potential new target for inflammatory diseases","volume":"10","author":"Jones BA","year":"2010","unstructured":"Jones BA, Beamer M, Ahmed S. Fractalkine\/CX3CL1: a potential new target for inflammatory diseases. Mol Interv. 2010, 10:263-70. 10.1124\/mi.10.5.3","journal-title":"Mol Interv"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00005-014-0275-0","article-title":"The chemokine CX3CL1 (fractalkine) and its receptor CX3CR1: occurrence and potential role in osteoarthritis","volume":"62","author":"Wojdasiewicz P","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wojdasiewicz P, Poniatowski LA, Kotela A, Deszczy\u0144ski J, Kotela I, Szukiewicz D. The chemokine CX3CL1 (fractalkine) and its receptor CX3CR1: occurrence and potential role in osteoarthritis. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz). 2014, 62:395-403. 10.1007\/s00005-014-0275-0","journal-title":"Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz)"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SHK.0b013e3182a66bd6","article-title":"Role of biomarkers in sepsis care","volume":"40","author":"Samraj RS","year":"2013","unstructured":"Samraj RS, Zingarelli B, Wong HR. Role of biomarkers in sepsis care. Shock. 2013, 40:358-65. 10.1097\/SHK.0b013e3182a66bd6","journal-title":"Shock"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-021-03862-5","article-title":"Biomarkers for sepsis: more than just fever and leukocytosis: a narrative review","volume":"26","author":"Barichello T","year":"2022","unstructured":"Barichello T, Generoso JS, Singer M, Dal-Pizzol F. Biomarkers for sepsis: more than just fever and leukocytosis: a narrative review. Crit Care. 2022, 26:14. 10.1186\/s13054-021-03862-5","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002022","article-title":"The clinical challenge of sepsis identification and monitoring","volume":"13","author":"Vincent JL","year":"2016","unstructured":"Vincent JL. The clinical challenge of sepsis identification and monitoring. PLoS Med. 2016, 13:e1002022. 10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002022","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00089-17","article-title":"Emerging technologies for molecular diagnosis of sepsis","volume":"31","author":"Sinha M","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sinha M, Jupe J, Mack H, Coleman TP, Lawrence SM, Fraley SI. Emerging technologies for molecular diagnosis of sepsis. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2018, 31:10.1128\/CMR.00089-17","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biosx.2022.100144","article-title":"Multiplexed host immune response biosensor for rapid sepsis stratification and endotyping at point-of-care","volume":"10","author":"Tanak AS","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tanak AS, Sardesai A, Muthukumar S, et al.. Multiplexed host immune response biosensor for rapid sepsis stratification and endotyping at point-of-care. Biosens Bioelectron X. 2022, 10:100144. 10.1016\/j.biosx.2022.100144","journal-title":"Biosens Bioelectron X"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.628302","article-title":"Sepsis: pathophysiology and therapeutic concepts","volume":"8","author":"Jarczak D","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jarczak D, Kluge S, Nierhaus A. Sepsis: pathophysiology and therapeutic concepts. Front Med (Lausanne). 2021, 8:628302. 10.3389\/fmed.2021.628302","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2007.094144","article-title":"National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory Medicine Practice Guidelines for use of tumor markers in clinical practice: quality requirements","volume":"54","author":"Sturgeon CM","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sturgeon CM, Hoffman BR, Chan DW, et al.. National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory Medicine Practice Guidelines for use of tumor markers in clinical practice: quality requirements. Clin Chem. 2008, 54:e1-10. 10.1373\/clinchem.2007.094144","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0971-5851.56328","article-title":"Tumor markers in clinical practice: general principles and guidelines","volume":"30","author":"Sharma S","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sharma S. Tumor markers in clinical practice: general principles and guidelines. Indian J Med Paediatr Oncol. 2009, 30:1-8. 10.4103\/0971-5851.56328","journal-title":"Indian J Med Paediatr Oncol"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2020.559016","article-title":"Urinary biomarkers and their potential for the non-invasive detection of endometrial cancer","volume":"10","author":"Njoku K","year":"2020","unstructured":"Njoku K, Chiasserini D, Jones ER, Barr CE, O'Flynn H, Whetton AD, Crosbie EJ. Urinary biomarkers and their potential for the non-invasive detection of endometrial cancer. Front Oncol. 2020, 10:559016. 10.3389\/fonc.2020.559016","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19102877","article-title":"Blood-based cancer biomarkers in liquid biopsy: a promising non-invasive alternative to tissue biopsy","volume":"19","author":"Marrugo-Ram\u00edrez J","year":"2018","unstructured":"Marrugo-Ram\u00edrez J, Mir M, Samitier J. Blood-based cancer biomarkers in liquid biopsy: a promising non-invasive alternative to tissue biopsy. Int J Mol Sci. 2018, 19:2877. 10.3390\/ijms19102877","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/3746640","article-title":"Analysis of prognostic risk factors of sepsis patients in intensive care unit based on data analysis","volume":"2022","author":"Yao L","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yao L, Zhang L, Zhou C. Analysis of prognostic risk factors of sepsis patients in intensive care unit based on data analysis. J Healthc Eng. 2022, 2022:3746640. 10.1155\/2022\/3746640","journal-title":"J Healthc Eng"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5935\/0103-507X.20160019","article-title":"Prognostic value of procalcitonin in hospitalized patients with lower respiratory tract infections","volume":"28","author":"Nobre V","year":"2016","unstructured":"Nobre V, Borges I. Prognostic value of procalcitonin in hospitalized patients with lower respiratory tract infections. Rev Bras Ter Intensiva. 2016, 28:179-89. 10.5935\/0103-507X.20160019","journal-title":"Rev Bras Ter Intensiva"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.636547","article-title":"Understanding and managing sepsis in patients with cancer in the era of antimicrobial resistance","volume":"8","author":"Gudiol C","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gudiol C, Albasanz-Puig A, Cuervo G, Carratal\u00e0 J. Understanding and managing sepsis in patients with cancer in the era of antimicrobial resistance. Front Med (Lausanne). 2021, 8:636547. 10.3389\/fmed.2021.636547","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pathol-011110-130327","article-title":"The pathogenesis of sepsis","volume":"6","author":"Stearns-Kurosawa DJ","year":"2011","unstructured":"Stearns-Kurosawa DJ, Osuchowski MF, Valentine C, Kurosawa S, Remick DG. The pathogenesis of sepsis. Annu Rev Pathol. 2011, 6:19-48. 10.1146\/annurev-pathol-011110-130327","journal-title":"Annu Rev Pathol"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-021-06506-y","article-title":"Surviving sepsis campaign: international guidelines for management of sepsis and septic shock 2021","volume":"47","author":"Evans L","year":"2021","unstructured":"Evans L, Rhodes A, Alhazzani W, et al.. Surviving sepsis campaign: international guidelines for management of sepsis and septic shock 2021. Intensive Care Med. 2021, 47:1181-247. 10.1007\/s00134-021-06506-y","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/mi11030286","article-title":"Biomarkers for point-of-care diagnosis of sepsis","volume":"11","author":"Teggert A","year":"2020","unstructured":"Teggert A, Datta H, Ali Z. Biomarkers for point-of-care diagnosis of sepsis. Micromachines (Basel). 2020, 11:286. 10.3390\/mi11030286","journal-title":"Micromachines (Basel)"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/eri.10.154","article-title":"Biomarkers for pediatric sepsis and septic shock","volume":"9","author":"Standage SW","year":"2011","unstructured":"Standage SW, Wong HR. Biomarkers for pediatric sepsis and septic shock. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2011, 9:71-9. 10.1586\/eri.10.154","journal-title":"Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4103\/2229-5151.141356","article-title":"Procalcitonin versus C-reactive protein: usefulness as biomarker of sepsis in ICU patient","volume":"4","author":"Nargis W","year":"2014","unstructured":"Nargis W, Ibrahim M, Ahamed BU. Procalcitonin versus C-reactive protein: usefulness as biomarker of sepsis in ICU patient. Int J Crit Illn Inj Sci. 2014, 4:195-9.","journal-title":"Int J Crit Illn Inj Sci"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/421997","article-title":"Serum procalcitonin and C-reactive protein levels as markers of bacterial infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"39","author":"Simon L","year":"2004","unstructured":"Simon L, Gauvin F, Amre DK, Saint-Louis P, Lacroix J. Serum procalcitonin and C-reactive protein levels as markers of bacterial infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis. 2004, 39:206-17. 10.1086\/421997","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3947\/ic.2020.52.1.1","article-title":"An update on sepsis biomarkers","volume":"52","author":"Kim MH","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kim MH, Choi JH. An update on sepsis biomarkers. Infect Chemother. 2020, 52:1-18. 10.3947\/ic.2020.52.1.1","journal-title":"Infect Chemother"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0133057","article-title":"Accuracy of presepsin in sepsis diagnosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Wu J","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wu J, Hu L, Zhang G, Wu F, He T. Accuracy of presepsin in sepsis diagnosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2015, 10:e0133057. 10.1371\/journal.pone.0133057","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000338393","article-title":"Tumor markers in clinical practice: a review focusing on common solid cancers","volume":"22","author":"Duffy MJ","year":"2012","unstructured":"Duffy MJ. Tumor markers in clinical practice: a review focusing on common solid cancers. Med Princ Pract. 2012, 22:4-11. 10.1159\/000338393","journal-title":"Med Princ Pract"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1758834009360519","article-title":"Predictive and prognostic molecular markers for cancer medicine","volume":"2","author":"Mehta S","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mehta S, Shelling A, Muthukaruppan A, Lasham A, Blenkiron C, Laking G, Print C. Predictive and prognostic molecular markers for cancer medicine. Ther Adv Med Oncol. 2010, 2:125-48. 10.1177\/1758834009360519","journal-title":"Ther Adv Med Oncol"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkq523","article-title":"Diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers of sepsis in critical care","volume":"66","author":"Kibe S","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kibe S, Adams K, Barlow G. Diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers of sepsis in critical care. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2011, 66:ii33-40. 10.1093\/jac\/dkq523","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1684\/ecn.2009.0146","article-title":"Reliability of tumor markers, chemokines, and metastasis-related molecules in serum","volume":"20","author":"Linkov F","year":"2009","unstructured":"Linkov F, Gu Y, Arslan AA, et al.. Reliability of tumor markers, chemokines, and metastasis-related molecules in serum. Eur Cytokine Netw. 2009, 20:21-6. 10.1684\/ecn.2009.0146","journal-title":"Eur Cytokine Netw"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001216","article-title":"Reporting Recommendations for Tumor Marker Prognostic Studies (REMARK): explanation and elaboration","volume":"9","author":"Altman DG","year":"2012","unstructured":"Altman DG, McShane LM, Sauerbrei W, Taube SE. Reporting Recommendations for Tumor Marker Prognostic Studies (REMARK): explanation and elaboration. PLoS Med. 2012, 9:e1001216. 10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001216","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-019-05878-6","article-title":"Surviving sepsis campaign international guidelines for the management of septic shock and sepsis-associated organ dysfunction in children","volume":"46","author":"Weiss SL","year":"2020","unstructured":"Weiss SL, Peters MJ, Alhazzani W, et al.. Surviving sepsis campaign international guidelines for the management of septic shock and sepsis-associated organ dysfunction in children. Intensive Care Med. 2020, 46:10-67. 10.1007\/s00134-019-05878-6","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40560-021-00555-7","article-title":"The Japanese Clinical Practice Guidelines for Management of Sepsis and Septic Shock 2020 (J-SSCG 2020)","volume":"9","author":"Egi M","year":"2021","unstructured":"Egi M, Ogura H, Yatabe T, et al.. The Japanese Clinical Practice Guidelines for Management of Sepsis and Septic Shock 2020 (J-SSCG 2020). J Intensive Care. 2021, 9:53. 10.1186\/s40560-021-00555-7","journal-title":"J Intensive Care"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(14)70490-5","article-title":"Personalised chemotherapy based on tumour marker decline in poor prognosis germ-cell tumours (GETUG 13): a phase 3, multicentre, randomised trial","volume":"15","author":"Fizazi K","year":"2014","unstructured":"Fizazi K, Pagliaro L, Laplanche A, et al.. Personalised chemotherapy based on tumour marker decline in poor prognosis germ-cell tumours (GETUG 13): a phase 3, multicentre, randomised trial. Lancet Oncol. 2014, 15:1442-50. 10.1016\/S1470-2045(14)70490-5","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biology10040325","article-title":"Inflammatory markers in cancer immunotherapy","volume":"10","author":"Ravindranathan D","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ravindranathan D, Master VA, Bilen MA. Inflammatory markers in cancer immunotherapy. Biology (Basel). 2021, 10:325. 10.3390\/biology10040325","journal-title":"Biology (Basel)"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-021-00658-5","article-title":"Inflammation and tumor progression: signaling pathways and targeted intervention","volume":"6","author":"Zhao H","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhao H, Wu L, Yan G, Chen Y, Zhou M, Wu Y, Li Y. Inflammation and tumor progression: signaling pathways and targeted intervention. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2021, 6:263. 10.1038\/s41392-021-00658-5","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"NCI. Tumor markers. (2023). Accessed: June 29, 2023: https:\/\/www.cancer.gov\/about-cancer\/diagnosis-staging\/diagnosis\/tumor-markers-fact-sheet.","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/9805152"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2015.61.1459","article-title":"Use of biomarkers to guide decisions on systemic therapy for women with metastatic breast cancer: American Society of Clinical Oncology Clinical Practice Guideline","volume":"33","author":"Van Poznak C","year":"2015","unstructured":"Van Poznak C, Somerfield MR, Bast RC, et al.. Use of biomarkers to guide decisions on systemic therapy for women with metastatic breast cancer: American Society of Clinical Oncology Clinical Practice Guideline. J Clin Oncol. 2015, 33:2695-704. 10.1200\/JCO.2015.61.1459","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"ref51","article-title":"Systemic inflammatory response syndrome","author":"Chakraborty RK","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chakraborty RK, Burns B. Systemic inflammatory response syndrome. StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island (FL); 2023."},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12499","article-title":"The immune system's role in sepsis progression, resolution, and long-term outcome","volume":"274","author":"Delano MJ","year":"2016","unstructured":"Delano MJ, Ward PA. The immune system's role in sepsis progression, resolution, and long-term outcome. Immunol Rev. 2016, 274:330-53. 10.1111\/imr.12499","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/S2339547818300020","article-title":"The growing role of precision and personalized medicine for cancer treatment","volume":"6","author":"Krzyszczyk P","year":"2018","unstructured":"Krzyszczyk P, Acevedo A, Davidoff EJ, et al.. The growing role of precision and personalized medicine for cancer treatment. Technology (Singap World Sci). 2018, 6:79-100. 10.1142\/S2339547818300020","journal-title":"Technology (Singap World Sci)"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4174\/astr.2016.90.2.57","article-title":"Clinical significance of serum CA15-3 as a prognostic parameter during follow-up periods in patients with breast cancer","volume":"90","author":"Chu WG","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chu WG, Ryu DW. Clinical significance of serum CA15-3 as a prognostic parameter during follow-up periods in patients with breast cancer. Ann Surg Treat Res. 2016, 90:57-63. 10.4174\/astr.2016.90.2.57","journal-title":"Ann Surg Treat Res"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24097781","article-title":"Machine learning models for the identification of prognostic and predictive cancer biomarkers: a systematic review","volume":"24","author":"Al-Tashi Q","year":"2023","unstructured":"Al-Tashi Q, Saad MB, Muneer A, et al.. Machine learning models for the identification of prognostic and predictive cancer biomarkers: a systematic review. Int J Mol Sci. 2023, 24:7781. 10.3390\/ijms24097781","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref56","article-title":"Exercise in regulation of inflammation-immune axis function in cancer initiation and progression","volume":"29","author":"Koelwyn GJ","year":"2015","unstructured":"Koelwyn GJ, Wennerberg E, Demaria S, Jones LW. Exercise in regulation of inflammation-immune axis function in cancer initiation and progression. Oncology (Williston Park). 2015, 29:908-20.","journal-title":"Oncology (Williston Park)"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.2333","article-title":"2021 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: developed by the Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). With the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC","volume":"24","author":"McDonagh TA","year":"2022","unstructured":"McDonagh TA, Metra M, Adamo M, et al.. 2021 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: developed by the Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). With the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC. Eur J Heart Fail. 2022, 24:4-131. 10.1002\/ejhf.2333","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-012-2769-8","article-title":"Surviving Sepsis Campaign: international guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock, 2012","volume":"39","author":"Dellinger RP","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dellinger RP, Levy MM, Rhodes A, et al.. Surviving Sepsis Campaign: international guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock, 2012. Intensive Care Med. 2013, 39:165-228. 10.1007\/s00134-012-2769-8","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13073-019-0703-1","article-title":"Molecular profiling for precision cancer therapies","volume":"12","author":"Malone ER","year":"2020","unstructured":"Malone ER, Oliva M, Sabatini PJ, Stockley TL, Siu LL. Molecular profiling for precision cancer therapies. Genome Med. 2020, 12:8. 10.1186\/s13073-019-0703-1","journal-title":"Genome Med"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/17520363.2.6.577","article-title":"Biomarkers in lung cancer: from early detection to novel therapeutics and decision making","volume":"2","author":"Scott A","year":"2008","unstructured":"Scott A, Salgia R. Biomarkers in lung cancer: from early detection to novel therapeutics and decision making. Biomark Med. 2008, 2:577-86. 10.2217\/17520363.2.6.577","journal-title":"Biomark Med"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/238045","article-title":"Advances in proteomic technologies and its contribution to the field of cancer","volume":"2014","author":"Mesri M","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mesri M. Advances in proteomic technologies and its contribution to the field of cancer. Adv Med. 2014, 2014:238045. 10.1155\/2014\/238045","journal-title":"Adv Med"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.adgen.2015.11.004","article-title":"Integrative analysis of multi-omics data for discovery and functional studies of complex human diseases","volume":"93","author":"Sun YV","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sun YV, Hu YJ. Integrative analysis of multi-omics data for discovery and functional studies of complex human diseases. Adv Genet. 2016, 93:147-90. 10.1016\/bs.adgen.2015.11.004","journal-title":"Adv Genet"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00016-12","article-title":"New approaches to sepsis: molecular diagnostics and biomarkers","volume":"25","author":"Reinhart K","year":"2012","unstructured":"Reinhart K, Bauer M, Riedemann NC, Hartog CS. New approaches to sepsis: molecular diagnostics and biomarkers. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2012, 25:609-34. 10.1128\/CMR.00016-12","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.13320","article-title":"Monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells and neutrophils: an update on lifespan kinetics in health and disease","volume":"163","author":"Patel AA","year":"2021","unstructured":"Patel AA, Ginhoux F, Yona S. Monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells and neutrophils: an update on lifespan kinetics in health and disease. Immunology. 2021, 163:250-61. 10.1111\/imm.13320","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9020276","article-title":"miRNAs as biomarkers in disease: latest findings regarding their role in diagnosis and prognosis","volume":"9","author":"Condrat CE","year":"2020","unstructured":"Condrat CE, Thompson DC, Barbu MG, et al.. miRNAs as biomarkers in disease: latest findings regarding their role in diagnosis and prognosis. Cells. 2020, 9:276. 10.3390\/cells9020276","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20236008","article-title":"Cytokines in inflammatory disease","volume":"20","author":"Kany S","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kany S, Vollrath JT, Relja B. Cytokines in inflammatory disease. Int J Mol Sci. 2019, 20:6008. 10.3390\/ijms20236008","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01399-3","article-title":"Small molecule metabolites: discovery of biomarkers and therapeutic targets","volume":"8","author":"Qiu S","year":"2023","unstructured":"Qiu S, Cai Y, Yao H, Lin C, Xie Y, Tang S, Zhang A. Small molecule metabolites: discovery of biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2023, 8:132. 10.1038\/s41392-023-01399-3","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"ref68","article-title":"Point-of-care testing","author":"Larkins MC","year":"2023","unstructured":"Larkins MC, Thombare A. Point-of-care testing. StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing, 2023. Treasure Island (FL)."},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/ijpvm.IJPVM_375_19","article-title":"Precision medicine: a new paradigm in therapeutics","volume":"12","author":"Akhoon N","year":"2021","unstructured":"Akhoon N. Precision medicine: a new paradigm in therapeutics. Int J Prev Med. 2021, 12:12. 10.4103\/ijpvm.IJPVM_375_19","journal-title":"Int J Prev Med"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13073-016-0371-3","article-title":"Integrating cancer genomic data into electronic health records","volume":"8","author":"Warner JL","year":"2016","unstructured":"Warner JL, Jain SK, Levy MA. Integrating cancer genomic data into electronic health records. Genome Med. 2016, 8:113. 10.1186\/s13073-016-0371-3","journal-title":"Genome Med"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10102153","article-title":"Presepsin in the rapid response system for cancer patients: a retrospective analysis","volume":"10","author":"Lee MJ","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lee MJ, Han WH, Chun JY, Kim SY, Kim JH. Presepsin in the rapid response system for cancer patients: a retrospective analysis. J Clin Med. 2021, 10:2153. 10.3390\/jcm10102153","journal-title":"J Clin Med"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/169355-chemo-markers-as-biomarkers-in-septic-shock-a-comprehensive-review-of-their-utility-and-clinical-applications","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,9]],"date-time":"2024-02-09T20:01:47Z","timestamp":1707508907000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/169355-chemo-markers-as-biomarkers-in-septic-shock-a-comprehensive-review-of-their-utility-and-clinical-applications"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,27]]},"references-count":71,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.42558","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,27]]}}}