{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T10:14:32Z","timestamp":1778753672477,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,11]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.43322","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,11]],"date-time":"2023-08-11T09:38:04Z","timestamp":1691746684000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["A Narrative Review on the Monkeypox Virus: An Ongoing Global Outbreak Hitting the Non-Endemic Countries"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Hira","family":"Nisar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Omer","family":"Saleem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"FNU","family":"Sapna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sunder","family":"Sham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raja Sandeep","family":"Perkash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nfn","family":"Kiran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"FNU","family":"Anjali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ansa","family":"Mehreen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bebu","family":"Ram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","unstructured":"ICTV. Current ICTV taxonomy release. (2022). Accessed: August 08, 2022: https:\/\/ictv.global\/taxonomy."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1699-0463.1959.tb00328.x","article-title":"A pox\u2010like disease in cynomolgus monkeys","volume":"46","author":"Magnus PV","year":"1959","unstructured":"Magnus PV, Andebson EK, Petebson KB, Birch-Andersen A. A pox\u2010like disease in cynomolgus monkeys. Acta Pathologica Microbiologica Scandinavica. 1959, 46:156-76. 10.1111\/j.1699-0463.1959.tb00328.x","journal-title":"Acta Pathologica Microbiologica Scandinavica"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.10802","article-title":"Monkeypox in 2022\u2014what clinicians need to know","volume":"328","author":"Guarner J","year":"2022","unstructured":"Guarner J, Del Rio C, Malani PN. Monkeypox in 2022\u2014what clinicians need to know. JAMA. 2022, 328:139-40. 10.1001\/jama.2022.10802","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref4","article-title":"A human infection caused by monkeypox virus in Basankusu Territory, Democratic Republic of the Congo","volume":"46","author":"Ladnyj ID","year":"1972","unstructured":"Ladnyj ID, Ziegler P, Kima E. A human infection caused by monkeypox virus in Basankusu Territory, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Bull World Health Organ. 1972, 46:593-7.","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"ref5","article-title":"Emergence of monkeypox in West Africa and Central Africa, 1970-2017","volume":"93","author":"Durski KN","year":"2018","unstructured":"Durski KN, McCollum AM, Nakazawa Y, Petersen BW, Reynolds MG, Briand S. Emergence of monkeypox in West Africa and Central Africa, 1970-2017. Weekly Epidemiological Record. 2018, 93:125-33.","journal-title":"Weekly Epidemiological Record"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.40.8.2919-2921.2002","article-title":"Outbreaks of disease suspected of being due to human monkeypox virus infection in the Democratic Republic of Congo in 2001","volume":"40","author":"Meyer H","year":"2002","unstructured":"Meyer H, Perrichot M, Stemmler M, et al.. Outbreaks of disease suspected of being due to human monkeypox virus infection in the Democratic Republic of Congo in 2001. J Clin Microbiol. 2002, 40:2919-21. 10.1128\/JCM.40.8.2919-2921.2002","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010141","article-title":"The changing epidemiology of human monkeypox\u2014a potential threat? A systematic review","volume":"16","author":"Bunge EM","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bunge EM, Hoet B, Chen L, Lienert F, Weidenthaler H, Baer LR, Steffen R. The changing epidemiology of human monkeypox\u2014a potential threat? A systematic review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2022, 16:e0010141. 10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010141","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/425039","article-title":"Human monkeypox infection: a family cluster in the midwestern United States","volume":"190","author":"Sejvar JJ","year":"2004","unstructured":"Sejvar JJ, Chowdary Y, Schomogyi M, et al.. Human monkeypox infection: a family cluster in the midwestern United States. J Infect Dis. 2004, 190:1833-40. 10.1086\/425039","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref9","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). About monkeypox. (2022). Accessed: November 12, 2022: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/poxvirus\/monkeypox\/about.html."},{"key":"ref10","article-title":"Update: multistate outbreak of monkeypox--Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Missouri, Ohio, and Wisconsin, 2003","volume":"52","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)","year":"2003","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Update: multistate outbreak of monkeypox--Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Missouri, Ohio, and Wisconsin, 2003. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2003, 52:561-4.","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"ref11","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO). Monkeypox. (2022). Accessed: September 21, 2022: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/monkeypox."},{"key":"ref12","unstructured":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). Monkeypox multi-country outbreak. (2022). Accessed: August 10, 2023: http:\/\/European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2022.27.27.2200471","article-title":"Monkeypox outbreak predominantly affecting men who have sex with men, Madrid, Spain, 26 April to 16 June 2022","volume":"27","author":"I\u00f1igo Mart\u00ednez J","year":"2022","unstructured":"I\u00f1igo Mart\u00ednez J, Gil Montalb\u00e1n E, Jim\u00e9nez Bueno S, et al.. Monkeypox outbreak predominantly affecting men who have sex with men, Madrid, Spain, 26 April to 16 June 2022. Euro Surveill. 2022, 27:2200471. 10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2022.27.27.2200471","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"key":"ref14","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Monkeypox outbreak global map. (2022). Accessed: July 30, 2023: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/poxvirus\/monkeypox\/response\/2022\/world-map.html."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-7643-7557-7_3","article-title":"Genus Orthopoxvirus: Monkeypox virus","author":"Essbauer S","year":"2007","unstructured":"Essbauer S, Meyer H. Genus Orthopoxvirus: Monkeypox virus. Birkh\u00e4user Advances in Infectious Diseases. Mercer AA, Schmidt A, Weber O (ed): Birkh\u00e4user Advances in Infectious Diseases, Birkh\u00e4user Basel; 2007. 10.1007\/978-3-7643-7557-7_3"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2005.73.428","article-title":"Extended interhuman transmission of monkeypox in a hospital community in the Republic of the Congo, 2003","volume":"73","author":"Learned LA","year":"2005","unstructured":"Learned LA, Reynolds MG, Wassa DW, et al.. Extended interhuman transmission of monkeypox in a hospital community in the Republic of the Congo, 2003. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2005, 73:428-34.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2206.150579","article-title":"Extended human-to-human transmission during a monkeypox outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo","volume":"22","author":"Nolen LD","year":"2016","unstructured":"Nolen LD, Osadebe L, Katomba J, et al.. Extended human-to-human transmission during a monkeypox outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Emerg Infect Dis. 2016, 22:1014-21. 10.3201\/eid2206.150579","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref18","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). CDC and health partners responding to monkeypox case in the US. (2022). Accessed: September 17, 2022: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/media\/releases\/2022\/s0518-monkeypox-case.html."},{"key":"ref19","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Monkeypox virus infection in the United States and other non-endemic countries\u20142022. (2022). Accessed: September 14, 2022: https:\/\/emergency.cdc.gov\/han\/2022\/han00466.asp."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jtm\/taac077","article-title":"Monkeypox 2022 outbreak: cases with exclusive genital lesions","volume":"29","author":"Davido B","year":"2022","unstructured":"Davido B, D'anglejan E, Jourdan J, Robinault A, Davido G. Monkeypox 2022 outbreak: cases with exclusive genital lesions. J Travel Med. 2022, 29:taac077. 10.1093\/jtm\/taac077","journal-title":"J Travel Med"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2022.27.22.2200421","article-title":"Epidemiological, clinical and virological characteristics of four cases of monkeypox support transmission through sexual contact, Italy, May 2022","volume":"27","author":"Antinori A","year":"2022","unstructured":"Antinori A, Mazzotta V, Vita S, et al.. Epidemiological, clinical and virological characteristics of four cases of monkeypox support transmission through sexual contact, Italy, May 2022. Euro Surveill. 2022, 27:2200421. 10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2022.27.22.2200421","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)01487-8","article-title":"Evidence of human-to-dog transmission of monkeypox virus","volume":"400","author":"Seang S","year":"2022","unstructured":"Seang S, Burrel S, Todesco E, et al.. Evidence of human-to-dog transmission of monkeypox virus. Lancet. 2022, 400:658-9. 10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)01487-8","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref23","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Mpox: How it spreads. (2022). Accessed: September 19, 2022: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/poxvirus\/monkeypox\/if-sick\/transmission.html."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2011.04.014","article-title":"Status of human monkeypox: clinical disease, epidemiology and research","volume":"29","author":"Damon IK","year":"2011","unstructured":"Damon IK. Status of human monkeypox: clinical disease, epidemiology and research. Vaccine. 2011, 29:D54-9. 10.1016\/j.vaccine.2011.04.014","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/505880","article-title":"Clinical manifestations of human monkeypox influenced by route of infection","volume":"194","author":"Reynolds MG","year":"2006","unstructured":"Reynolds MG, Yorita KL, Kuehnert MJ, Davidson WB, Huhn GD, Holman RC, Damon IK. Clinical manifestations of human monkeypox influenced by route of infection. J Infect Dis. 2006, 194:773-80. 10.1086\/505880","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v9100283","article-title":"Assessing monkeypox virus prevalence in small mammals at the human-animal interface in the Democratic Republic of the Congo","volume":"9","author":"Doty JB","year":"2017","unstructured":"Doty JB, Malekani JM, Kalemba LN, et al.. Assessing monkeypox virus prevalence in small mammals at the human-animal interface in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Viruses. 2017, 9:283. 10.3390\/v9100283","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2022.27.22.2200424","article-title":"Ongoing monkeypox virus outbreak, Portugal, 29 April to 23 May 2022","volume":"27","author":"Perez Duque M","year":"2022","unstructured":"Perez Duque M, Ribeiro S, Martins JV, et al.. Ongoing monkeypox virus outbreak, Portugal, 29 April to 23 May 2022. Euro Surveill. 2022, 27:2200424. 10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2022.27.22.2200424","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"key":"ref28","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). What clinicians need to know about monkeypox in the United States and other countries. (2022). Accessed: August 10, 2023: https:\/\/emergency.cdc.gov\/coca\/calls\/2022\/callinfo_052422.asp."},{"key":"ref29","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Monkeypox\u2014signs and symptoms. (2022). Accessed: September 17, 2022: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/poxvirus\/monkeypox\/symptoms.html."},{"key":"ref30","article-title":"Mpox (Monkeypox)","author":"Moore MJ","year":"2023","unstructured":"Moore MJ, Rathish B, Zahra F. Mpox (Monkeypox). StatPearls . StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island (FL); 2023."},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2022.27.22.2200411","article-title":"Monkeypox infection presenting as genital rash, Australia, May 2022","volume":"27","author":"Hammerschlag Y","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hammerschlag Y, MacLeod G, Papadakis G, et al.. Monkeypox infection presenting as genital rash, Australia, May 2022. Euro Surveill. 2022, 27:2200411. 10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2022.27.22.2200411","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/156.2.293","article-title":"Human monkeypox: clinical features of 282 patients","volume":"156","author":"Jezek Z","year":"1987","unstructured":"Jezek Z, Szczeniowski M, Paluku KM, Mutombo M. Human monkeypox: clinical features of 282 patients. J Infect Dis. 1987, 156:293-8. 10.1093\/infdis\/156.2.293","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3947\/ic.2022.0104","article-title":"Monkeypox in HIV infected cases: a summary on clinical presentation of 27 cases","volume":"54","author":"Mungmunpuntipantip R","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mungmunpuntipantip R, Wiwanitkit V. Monkeypox in HIV infected cases: a summary on clinical presentation of 27 cases. Infect Chemother. 2022, 54:549-50. 10.3947\/ic.2022.0104","journal-title":"Infect Chemother"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cup.14398","article-title":"Histopathological features of human mpox: report of two cases and review of the literature","volume":"50","author":"Ortins-Pina A","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ortins-Pina A, Hegemann B, Saggini A, et al.. Histopathological features of human mpox: report of two cases and review of the literature. J Cutan Pathol. 2023, 50:706-10. 10.1111\/cup.14398","journal-title":"J Cutan Pathol"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2022.12.027","article-title":"Clinical, histopathologic, immunohistochemical, and electron microscopic findings in cutaneous monkeypox: a multicenter retrospective case series in Spain","volume":"88","author":"Rodr\u00edguez-Cuadrado FJ","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez-Cuadrado FJ, N\u00e1jera L, Su\u00e1rez D, et al.. Clinical, histopathologic, immunohistochemical, and electron microscopic findings in cutaneous monkeypox: a multicenter retrospective case series in Spain. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2023, 88:856-63. 10.1016\/j.jaad.2022.12.027","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"ref36","article-title":"Pathogenesis of fulminant monkeypox with bacterial sepsis after experimental infection with West African monkeypox virus in a cynomolgus monkey","volume":"7","author":"Nagata N","year":"2014","unstructured":"Nagata N, Saijo M, Kataoka M, et al.. Pathogenesis of fulminant monkeypox with bacterial sepsis after experimental infection with West African monkeypox virus in a cynomolgus monkey. Int J Clin Exp Pathol. 2014, 7:4359-70.","journal-title":"Int J Clin Exp Pathol"},{"key":"ref37","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Case definitions for use in the 2022 Mpox response. (2022). Accessed: July 24, 2023: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/poxvirus\/mpox\/clinicians\/case-definition.html."},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v12111257","article-title":"Monkeypox virus in Nigeria: infection biology, epidemiology, and evolution","volume":"12","author":"Alakunle E","year":"2020","unstructured":"Alakunle E, Moens U, Nchinda G, Okeke MI. Monkeypox virus in Nigeria: infection biology, epidemiology, and evolution. Viruses. 2020, 12:1257. 10.3390\/v12111257","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref39","unstructured":"Appendix 2. Monkeypox virus. (2009). Accessed. October 20, 2022: https:\/\/www.aabb.org\/docs\/default-source\/default-document-library\/regulatory\/eid\/130s.pdf."},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medj.2022.11.003","article-title":"Recombination shapes 2022 monkeypox outbreak","volume":"3","author":"Yeh TY","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yeh TY, Hsieh Z-Y, Feehley MC, et al.. Recombination shapes 2022 monkeypox outbreak. Med (NY). 2022, 3:824-6. 10.1016\/j.medj.2022.11.003","journal-title":"Med (NY)"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2022.2132882","article-title":"Comprehensive literature review of monkeypox","volume":"11","author":"Hatmal MM","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hatmal MM, Al-Hatamleh MA, Olaimat AN, et al.. Comprehensive literature review of monkeypox. Emerg Microbes Infect. 2022, 11:2600-31. 10.1080\/22221751.2022.2132882","journal-title":"Emerg Microbes Infect"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14744\/ejmo.2022.2022","article-title":"Another epidemic in the shadow of COVID 19 pandemic: a review of monkeypox","volume":"6","author":"Okyay RA","year":"2022","unstructured":"Okyay RA, Bayrak E, Kaya E, et al.. Another epidemic in the shadow of COVID 19 pandemic: a review of monkeypox. EJMO. 2022, 6:95-99. 10.14744\/ejmo.2022.2022","journal-title":"EJMO"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2019.03.001","article-title":"Human monkeypox: epidemiologic and clinical characteristics, diagnosis, and prevention","volume":"33","author":"Petersen E","year":"2019","unstructured":"Petersen E, Kantele A, Koopmans M, Asogun D, Yinka-Ogunleye A, Ihekweazu C, Zumla A. Human monkeypox: epidemiologic and clinical characteristics, diagnosis, and prevention. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2019, 33:1027-43. 10.1016\/j.idc.2019.03.001","journal-title":"Infect Dis Clin North Am"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.icb.7100033","article-title":"Immunopathogenesis of poxvirus infections: forecasting the impending storm","volume":"85","author":"Stanford MM","year":"2007","unstructured":"Stanford MM, McFadden G, Karupiah G, Chaudhri G. Immunopathogenesis of poxvirus infections: forecasting the impending storm. Immunol Cell Biol. 2007, 85:93-102. 10.1038\/sj.icb.7100033","journal-title":"Immunol Cell Biol"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2005.05.030","article-title":"Virulence differences between monkeypox virus isolates from West Africa and the Congo basin","volume":"340","author":"Chen N","year":"2005","unstructured":"Chen N, Li G, Liszewski MK, et al.. Virulence differences between monkeypox virus isolates from West Africa and the Congo basin. Virology. 2005, 340:46-63. 10.1016\/j.virol.2005.05.030","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.26531","article-title":"Monkeypox: a comprehensive review of transmission, pathogenesis, and manifestation","volume":"14","author":"Kaler J","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kaler J, Hussain A, Flores G, Kheiri S, Desrosiers D. Monkeypox: a comprehensive review of transmission, pathogenesis, and manifestation. Cureus. 2022, 14:e26531. 10.7759\/cureus.26531","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2011.11.007","article-title":"Poxvirus host cell entry","volume":"2","author":"Schmidt FI","year":"2012","unstructured":"Schmidt FI, Bleck CK, Mercer J. Poxvirus host cell entry. Curr Opin Virol. 2012, 2:20-7. 10.1016\/j.coviro.2011.11.007","journal-title":"Curr Opin Virol"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed1010008","article-title":"Human monkeypox: current state of knowledge and implications for the future","volume":"1","author":"Brown K","year":"2016","unstructured":"Brown K, Leggat PA. Human monkeypox: current state of knowledge and implications for the future. Trop Med Infect Dis. 2016, 1:8. 10.3390\/tropicalmed1010008","journal-title":"Trop Med Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25348","article-title":"A review of the monkeypox virus and a recent outbreak of skin rash disease in Nigeria","volume":"91","author":"Kabuga AI","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kabuga AI, El Zowalaty ME. A review of the monkeypox virus and a recent outbreak of skin rash disease in Nigeria. J Med Virol. 2019, 91:533-40. 10.1002\/jmv.25348","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-022-00775-4","article-title":"Monkeypox: disease epidemiology, host immunity and clinical interventions","volume":"22","author":"Lum FM","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lum FM, Torres-Ruesta A, Tay MZ, Lin RT, Lye DC, R\u00e9nia L, Ng LF. Monkeypox: disease epidemiology, host immunity and clinical interventions. Nat Rev Immunol. 2022, 22:597-613. 10.1038\/s41577-022-00775-4","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit703","article-title":"Human monkeypox","volume":"58","author":"McCollum AM","year":"2014","unstructured":"McCollum AM, Damon IK. Human monkeypox. Clin Infect Dis. 2014, 58:260-7. 10.1093\/cid\/cit703","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2011.12.001","article-title":"Outbreaks of human monkeypox after cessation of smallpox vaccination","volume":"20","author":"Reynolds MG","year":"2012","unstructured":"Reynolds MG, Damon IK. Outbreaks of human monkeypox after cessation of smallpox vaccination. Trends Microbiol. 2012, 20:80-7. 10.1016\/j.tim.2011.12.001","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0800589105","article-title":"Monkeypox virus evades antiviral CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses by suppressing cognate T cell activation","volume":"105","author":"Hammarlund E","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hammarlund E, Dasgupta A, Pinilla C, Norori P, Fr\u00fch K, Slifka MK. Monkeypox virus evades antiviral CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses by suppressing cognate T cell activation. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2008, 105:14567-72. 10.1073\/pnas.0800589105","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0035086","article-title":"Elucidating the role of the complement control protein in monkeypox pathogenicity","volume":"7","author":"Hudson PN","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hudson PN, Self J, Weiss S, et al.. Elucidating the role of the complement control protein in monkeypox pathogenicity. PLoS One. 2012, 7:e35086. 10.1371\/journal.pone.0035086","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm917","article-title":"Duration of antiviral immunity after smallpox vaccination","volume":"9","author":"Hammarlund E","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hammarlund E, Lewis MW, Hansen SG, et al.. Duration of antiviral immunity after smallpox vaccination. Nat Med. 2003, 9:1131-7. 10.1038\/nm917","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/mcp.M111.015701","article-title":"Systems kinomics demonstrates Congo Basin monkeypox virus infection selectively modulates host cell signaling responses as compared to West African monkeypox virus","volume":"11","author":"Kindrachuk J","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kindrachuk J, Arsenault R, Kusalik A, et al.. Systems kinomics demonstrates Congo Basin monkeypox virus infection selectively modulates host cell signaling responses as compared to West African monkeypox virus. Mol Cell Proteomics. 2012, 11:M111.015701. 10.1074\/mcp.M111.015701","journal-title":"Mol Cell Proteomics"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2008.00691.x","article-title":"Monkeypox virus and insights into its immunomodulatory proteins","volume":"225","author":"Weaver JR","year":"2008","unstructured":"Weaver JR, Isaacs SN. Monkeypox virus and insights into its immunomodulatory proteins. Immunol Rev. 2008, 225:96-113. 10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2008.00691.x","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-016-2299-6","article-title":"Mechanisms of viral mutation","volume":"73","author":"Sanju\u00e1n R","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sanju\u00e1n R, Domingo-Calap P. Mechanisms of viral mutation. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2016, 73:4433-48. 10.1007\/s00018-016-2299-6","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/icb.2014.8","article-title":"Dissecting mammalian immunity through mutation","volume":"92","author":"Siggs OM","year":"2014","unstructured":"Siggs OM. Dissecting mammalian immunity through mutation. Immunol Cell Biol. 2014, 92:392-9. 10.1038\/icb.2014.8","journal-title":"Immunol Cell Biol"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.28036","article-title":"Genomic annotation and molecular evolution of monkeypox virus outbreak in 2022","volume":"95","author":"Wang L","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang L, Shang J, Weng S, Aliyari SR, Ji C, Cheng G, Wu A. Genomic annotation and molecular evolution of monkeypox virus outbreak in 2022. J Med Virol. 2023, 95:e28036. 10.1002\/jmv.28036","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2022.102855","article-title":"The 2022 outbreak and the pathobiology of the monkeypox virus","volume":"131","author":"Kumar N","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kumar N, Acharya A, Gendelman HE, Byrareddy SN. The 2022 outbreak and the pathobiology of the monkeypox virus. J Autoimmun. 2022, 131:102855. 10.1016\/j.jaut.2022.102855","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-7448-8_21","article-title":"Orthopoxviruses: variola, vaccinia, cowpox, and monkeypox","author":"Petersen BW","year":"2014","unstructured":"Petersen BW, Karem KL, Damon IK. Orthopoxviruses: variola, vaccinia, cowpox, and monkeypox . Viral Infections of Humans. Kaslow R, Stanberry L, Le Duc J (ed): Springer, Boston; 2014. 10.1007\/978-1-4899-7448-8_21"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1005769107","article-title":"Major increase in human monkeypox incidence 30 years after smallpox vaccination campaigns cease in the Democratic Republic of Congo","volume":"107","author":"Rimoin AW","year":"2010","unstructured":"Rimoin AW, Mulembakani PM, Johnston SC, et al.. Major increase in human monkeypox incidence 30 years after smallpox vaccination campaigns cease in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2010, 107:16262-7. 10.1073\/pnas.1005769107","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-022-01742-y","article-title":"Prevention and treatment of monkeypox","volume":"82","author":"Rizk JG","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rizk JG, Lippi G, Henry BM, Forthal DN, Rizk Y. Prevention and treatment of monkeypox. Drugs. 2022, 82:957-63. 10.1007\/s40265-022-01742-y","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref65","unstructured":"FDA approves first live, non-replicating vaccine to prevent smallpox and monkeypox. (2022). Accessed. September 14, 2022: https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/news-events\/press-announcements\/fda-approves-first-live-non-replicating-vaccine-prevent-smallpox-...."},{"key":"ref66","unstructured":"Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Highlights of prescribing information. (2022). Accessed: September 14, 2022: https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/media\/131078\/download."},{"key":"ref67","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Smallpox vaccines. (2022). Accessed: September 14, 2022: http:\/\/CDC.gov\/smallpox\/clinicians\/vaccines.html."},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/17.3.643","article-title":"The transmission potential of monkeypox virus in human populations","volume":"17","author":"Fine PE","year":"1988","unstructured":"Fine PE, Jezek Z, Grab B, Dixon H. The transmission potential of monkeypox virus in human populations. Int J Epidemiol. 1988, 17:643-50. 10.1093\/ije\/17.3.643","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref69","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Interim clinical considerations for use of Jynneos and ACAM2000 vaccines during the 2022 US monkeypox outbreak. (2022). Accessed: September 14, 2022: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/poxvirus\/monkeypox\/clinicians\/vaccines\/vaccine-considerations.html?CDC_AA_refVal=https%3A%2F%2Fww...."},{"key":"ref70","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Vaccinia virus infection after sexual contact with a military smallpox vaccinee. (2010). Accessed: September 14, 2022: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/mmwr\/preview\/mmwrhtml\/mm5925a2.htm."},{"key":"ref71","article-title":"Secondary and tertiary transmission of vaccinia virus after sexual contact with a smallpox vaccinee\u2014San Diego, California, 2012","volume":"62","author":"Shao H","year":"2013","unstructured":"Shao H, McDonald EC, Ginsberg MM, et al.. Secondary and tertiary transmission of vaccinia virus after sexual contact with a smallpox vaccinee\u2014San Diego, California, 2012. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2013, 62:145-7.","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"ref72","unstructured":"Department of Health. Caring for the site of the smallpox vaccination. (2022). Accessed: September 20, 2022: https:\/\/www.health.ny.gov\/publications\/7019\/#:~:text=To%20avoid%20this%2C%20the%20vaccination,in%202%20to%203%20weeks.."},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2007.10.070","article-title":"Traditional smallpox vaccination with reduced risk of inadvertent contact spread by administration of povidone iodine ointment","volume":"26","author":"Hammarlund E","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hammarlund E, Lewis MW, Hanifin JM, Simpson EL, Carlson NE, Slifka MK. Traditional smallpox vaccination with reduced risk of inadvertent contact spread by administration of povidone iodine ointment. Vaccine. 2008, 26:430-9. 10.1016\/j.vaccine.2007.10.070","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref74","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Treatment information for healthcare professionals. (2022). Accessed: July 24, 2023: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/poxvirus\/monkeypox\/clinicians\/treatment.html."},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14787210.2020.1819791","article-title":"An overview of tecovirimat for smallpox treatment and expanded anti-orthopoxvirus applications","volume":"19","author":"Russo AT","year":"2021","unstructured":"Russo AT, Grosenbach DW, Chinsangaram J, et al.. An overview of tecovirimat for smallpox treatment and expanded anti-orthopoxvirus applications. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2021, 19:331-44. 10.1080\/14787210.2020.1819791","journal-title":"Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01683-19","article-title":"Drug development against smallpox: present and future","volume":"64","author":"Delaune D","year":"2020","unstructured":"Delaune D, Iseni F. Drug development against smallpox: present and future. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2020, 64:e01683-19. 10.1128\/AAC.01683-19","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2019.06.005","article-title":"The development and approval of tecoviromat (TPOXX(\u00ae)), the first antiviral against smallpox","volume":"168","author":"Merchlinsky M","year":"2019","unstructured":"Merchlinsky M, Albright A, Olson V, et al.. The development and approval of tecoviromat (TPOXX(\u00ae)), the first antiviral against smallpox. Antiviral Res. 2019, 168:168-74. 10.1016\/j.antiviral.2019.06.005","journal-title":"Antiviral Res"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00208-15","article-title":"Treatment with the smallpox antiviral tecovirimat (ST-246) alone or in combination with ACAM2000 vaccination is effective as a postsymptomatic therapy for monkeypox virus infection","volume":"59","author":"Berhanu A","year":"2015","unstructured":"Berhanu A, Prigge JT, Silvera PM, Honeychurch KM, Hruby DE, Grosenbach DW. Treatment with the smallpox antiviral tecovirimat (ST-246) alone or in combination with ACAM2000 vaccination is effective as a postsymptomatic therapy for monkeypox virus infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2015, 59:4296-300. 10.1128\/AAC.00208-15","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00021-09","article-title":"Nonhuman primates are protected from smallpox virus or monkeypox virus challenges by the antiviral drug ST-246","volume":"53","author":"Huggins J","year":"2009","unstructured":"Huggins J, Goff A, Hensley L, et al.. Nonhuman primates are protected from smallpox virus or monkeypox virus challenges by the antiviral drug ST-246. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2009, 53:2620-5. 10.1128\/AAC.00021-09","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiy326","article-title":"Effects of treatment delay on efficacy of tecovirimat following lethal aerosol monkeypox virus challenge in cynomolgus macaques","volume":"218","author":"Russo AT","year":"2018","unstructured":"Russo AT, Grosenbach DW, Brasel TL, et al.. Effects of treatment delay on efficacy of tecovirimat following lethal aerosol monkeypox virus challenge in cynomolgus macaques. J Infect Dis. 2018, 218:1490-9. 10.1093\/infdis\/jiy326","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01596-08","article-title":"ST-246 antiviral efficacy in a nonhuman primate monkeypox model: determination of the minimal effective dose and human dose justification","volume":"53","author":"Jordan R","year":"2009","unstructured":"Jordan R, Goff A, Frimm A, et al.. ST-246 antiviral efficacy in a nonhuman primate monkeypox model: determination of the minimal effective dose and human dose justification. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2009, 53:1817-22. 10.1128\/AAC.01596-08","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofac377","article-title":"Tecovirimat for the treatment of human monkeypox: an initial series from Massachusetts, United States","volume":"9","author":"Matias WR","year":"2022","unstructured":"Matias WR, Koshy JM, Nagami EH, et al.. Tecovirimat for the treatment of human monkeypox: an initial series from Massachusetts, United States. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2022, 9:ofac377. 10.1093\/ofid\/ofac377","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac622","article-title":"Antivirals with activity against monkeypox: a clinically oriented review","volume":"76","author":"Siegrist EA","year":"2023","unstructured":"Siegrist EA, Sassine J. Antivirals with activity against monkeypox: a clinically oriented review. Clin Infect Dis. 2023, 76:155-64. 10.1093\/cid\/ciac622","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00927-20","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and efficacy of a potential smallpox therapeutic, brincidofovir, in a lethal monkeypox virus animal model","volume":"6","author":"Hutson CL","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hutson CL, Kondas AV, Mauldin MR, et al.. Pharmacokinetics and efficacy of a potential smallpox therapeutic, brincidofovir, in a lethal monkeypox virus animal model. mSphere. 2021, 6:e00927-20. 10.1128\/mSphere.00927-20","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02012-09","article-title":"A mouse model of lethal infection for evaluating prophylactics and therapeutics against Monkeypox virus","volume":"84","author":"Stabenow J","year":"2010","unstructured":"Stabenow J, Buller RM, Schriewer J, West C, Sagartz JE, Parker S. A mouse model of lethal infection for evaluating prophylactics and therapeutics against Monkeypox virus. J Virol. 2010, 84:3909-20. 10.1128\/JVI.02012-09","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"ref86","unstructured":"Cidofovir 75 mg\/ML concentrate for solution for infusion. (2022). Accessed. November 09, 2022: https:\/\/www.medicines.org.uk\/emc\/product\/11151\/smpc."},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(22)00228-6","article-title":"Clinical features and management of human monkeypox: a retrospective observational study in the UK","volume":"22","author":"Adler H","year":"2022","unstructured":"Adler H, Gould S, Hine P, et al.. Clinical features and management of human monkeypox: a retrospective observational study in the UK. Lancet Infect Dis. 2022, 22:1153-62. 10.1016\/S1473-3099(22)00228-6","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/128353-a-narrative-review-on-the-monkeypox-virus-an-ongoing-global-outbreak-hitting-the-non-endemic-countries","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,9]],"date-time":"2024-02-09T19:59:14Z","timestamp":1707508754000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/128353-a-narrative-review-on-the-monkeypox-virus-an-ongoing-global-outbreak-hitting-the-non-endemic-countries"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,11]]},"references-count":87,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.43322","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,11]]}}}