{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T06:01:18Z","timestamp":1787032878631,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,27]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.44191","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,27]],"date-time":"2023-08-27T07:05:31Z","timestamp":1693119931000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Comparison of the Efficacy of Vaginal Hyaluronic Acid to Estrogen for the Treatment of Vaginal Atrophy in Postmenopausal Women: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Nada Saleh","family":"Albalawi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maram Ati","family":"Almohammadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmad Raja","family":"Albalawi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pop.2008.10.007","article-title":"Menopause","volume":"36","author":"Weismiller DG","year":"2009","unstructured":"Weismiller DG. Menopause. Prim Care. 2009, 36:199-226, x. 10.1016\/j.pop.2008.10.007","journal-title":"Prim Care"},{"key":"ref2","unstructured":"Menopause. Diagnosis and management. (2019). Accessed: July 25, 2023: https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/guidance\/ng23."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-29423-5","article-title":"Estrogen action in the epithelial cells of the mouse vagina regulates neutrophil infiltration and vaginal tissue integrity","volume":"8","author":"Li S","year":"2018","unstructured":"Li S, Herrera GG, Tam KK, Lizarraga JS, Beedle MT, Winuthayanon W. Estrogen action in the epithelial cells of the mouse vagina regulates neutrophil infiltration and vaginal tissue integrity. Sci Rep. 2018, 8:11247. 10.1038\/s41598-018-29423-5","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/GME.0000000000000329","article-title":"Genitourinary syndrome of menopause: new terminology for vulvovaginal atrophy from the International Society for the Study of Women's Sexual Health and the North American Menopause Society","volume":"21","author":"Portman DJ","year":"2014","unstructured":"Portman DJ, Gass ML. Genitourinary syndrome of menopause: new terminology for vulvovaginal atrophy from the International Society for the Study of Women's Sexual Health and the North American Menopause Society. Menopause. 2014, 21:1063-8. 10.1097\/GME.0000000000000329","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4065\/mcp.2009.0413","article-title":"Vulvovaginal atrophy","volume":"85","author":"Mac Bride MB","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mac Bride MB, Rhodes DJ, Shuster LT. Vulvovaginal atrophy. Mayo Clin Proc. 2010, 85:87-94. 10.4065\/mcp.2009.0413","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina55100615","article-title":"Vaginal health in menopausal women","volume":"55","author":"Alvisi S","year":"2019","unstructured":"Alvisi S, Gava G, Orsili I, Giacomelli G, Baldassarre M, Seracchioli R, Meriggiola MC. Vaginal health in menopausal women. Medicina (Kaunas). 2019, 55:615. 10.3390\/medicina55100615","journal-title":"Medicina (Kaunas)"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2015.05.007","article-title":"Characteristics of post-menopausal women with genitourinary syndrome of menopause: implications for vulvovaginal atrophy diagnosis and treatment selection","volume":"81","author":"Castelo-Branco C","year":"2015","unstructured":"Castelo-Branco C, Biglia N, Nappi RE, Schwenkhagen A, Palacios S. Characteristics of post-menopausal women with genitourinary syndrome of menopause: implications for vulvovaginal atrophy diagnosis and treatment selection. Maturitas. 2015, 81:462-9. 10.1016\/j.maturitas.2015.05.007","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13697137.2018.1446930","article-title":"The European Vulvovaginal Epidemiological Survey (EVES): prevalence, symptoms and impact of vulvovaginal atrophy of menopause","volume":"21","author":"Palacios S","year":"2018","unstructured":"Palacios S, Nappi RE, Bruyniks N, Particco M, Panay N. The European Vulvovaginal Epidemiological Survey (EVES): prevalence, symptoms and impact of vulvovaginal atrophy of menopause. Climacteric. 2018, 21:286-91. 10.1080\/13697137.2018.1446930","journal-title":"Climacteric"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/gme.0b013e31815a5168","article-title":"Vulvovaginal atrophy is strongly associated with female sexual dysfunction among sexually active postmenopausal women","volume":"15","author":"Levine KB","year":"2008","unstructured":"Levine KB, Williams RE, Hartmann KE. Vulvovaginal atrophy is strongly associated with female sexual dysfunction among sexually active postmenopausal women. Menopause. 2008, 15:661-6. 10.1097\/gme.0b013e31815a5168","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/GME.0000000000001260","article-title":"The burden of vulvovaginal atrophy on women's daily living: implications on quality of life from a face-to-face real-life survey","volume":"26","author":"Nappi RE","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nappi RE, Palacios S, Bruyniks N, Particco M, Panay N. The burden of vulvovaginal atrophy on women's daily living: implications on quality of life from a face-to-face real-life survey. Menopause. 2019, 26:485-91. 10.1097\/GME.0000000000001260","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/GME.0000000000001609","article-title":"The 2020 genitourinary syndrome of menopause position statement of The North American Menopause Society","volume":"27","author":"The NAMS 2020 GSM Position Statement Editorial Panel","year":"2020","unstructured":"The NAMS 2020 GSM Position Statement Editorial Panel. The 2020 genitourinary syndrome of menopause position statement of The North American Menopause Society. Menopause. 2020, 27:976-92. 10.1097\/GME.0000000000001609","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD001500.pub3","article-title":"Local oestrogen for vaginal atrophy in postmenopausal women","volume":"2016","author":"Lethaby A","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lethaby A, Ayeleke RO, Roberts H. Local oestrogen for vaginal atrophy in postmenopausal women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016, 2016:CD001500. 10.1002\/14651858.CD001500.pub3","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-011-2181-6","article-title":"Vaginal estrogen therapy in postmenopausal breast cancer patients treated with aromatase inhibitors","volume":"285","author":"Moegele M","year":"2012","unstructured":"Moegele M, Buchholz S, Seitz S, Ortmann O. Vaginal estrogen therapy in postmenopausal breast cancer patients treated with aromatase inhibitors. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2012, 285:1397-402. 10.1007\/s00404-011-2181-6","journal-title":"Arch Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsxm.2017.01.011","article-title":"The Women's EMPOWER Survey: women's knowledge and awareness of treatment options for vulvar and vaginal atrophy remains inadequate","volume":"14","author":"Krychman M","year":"2017","unstructured":"Krychman M, Graham S, Bernick B, Mirkin S, Kingsberg SA. The Women's EMPOWER Survey: women's knowledge and awareness of treatment options for vulvar and vaginal atrophy remains inadequate. J Sex Med. 2017, 14:425-33. 10.1016\/j.jsxm.2017.01.011","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/13697137.2012.756466","article-title":"Non-hormonal topical treatment of vulvovaginal atrophy: an up-to-date overview","volume":"16","author":"Sinha A","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sinha A, Ewies AA. Non-hormonal topical treatment of vulvovaginal atrophy: an up-to-date overview. Climacteric. 2013, 16:305-12. 10.3109\/13697137.2012.756466","journal-title":"Climacteric"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IJWH.S158913","article-title":"Current treatment options for postmenopausal vaginal atrophy","volume":"10","author":"Naumova I","year":"2018","unstructured":"Naumova I, Castelo-Branco C. Current treatment options for postmenopausal vaginal atrophy. Int J Womens Health. 2018, 10:387-95. 10.2147\/IJWH.S158913","journal-title":"Int J Womens Health"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2796.1997.00170.x","article-title":"Hyaluronan: its nature, distribution, functions and turnover","volume":"242","author":"Fraser JR","year":"1997","unstructured":"Fraser JR, Laurent TC, Laurent UB. Hyaluronan: its nature, distribution, functions and turnover. J Intern Med. 1997, 242:27-33. 10.1046\/j.1365-2796.1997.00170.x","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1061186X.2017.1400551","article-title":"Thermosensitive hydrogels a versatile concept adapted to vaginal drug delivery","volume":"26","author":"Taurin S","year":"2018","unstructured":"Taurin S, Almomen AA, Pollak T, et al.. Thermosensitive hydrogels a versatile concept adapted to vaginal drug delivery. J Drug Target. 2018, 26:533-50. 10.1080\/1061186X.2017.1400551","journal-title":"J Drug Target"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-6083-0_8","article-title":"Polymer gels in vaginal drug delivery systems","author":"Veiga M-D","year":"2018","unstructured":"Veiga M-D, Ruiz-Caro R, Mart\u00edn-Illana A, Notario-P\u00e9rez F, Cazorla-Luna R. Polymer gels in vaginal drug delivery systems. Polymer Gels. Thakur V, Thakur M (ed): Springer, Singapore; 2018. 8:197-246. 10.1007\/978-981-10-6083-0_8"},{"key":"ref20","article-title":"Role of high molecular weight hyaluronic acid in postmenopausal vaginal discomfort","volume":"64","author":"Grimaldi EF","year":"2012","unstructured":"Grimaldi EF, Restaino S, Inglese S, Foltran L, Sorz A, Di Lorenzo G, Guaschino S. Role of high molecular weight hyaluronic acid in postmenopausal vaginal discomfort. Minerva Ginecol. 2012, 64:321-9.","journal-title":"Minerva Ginecol"},{"key":"ref21","article-title":"Comparison of the hyaluronic acid vaginal cream and conjugated estrogen used in treatment of vaginal atrophy of menopause women: a randomized controlled clinical trial","volume":"4","author":"Jokar A","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jokar A, Davari T, Asadi N, Ahmadi F, Foruhari S. Comparison of the hyaluronic acid vaginal cream and conjugated estrogen used in treatment of vaginal atrophy of menopause women: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Int J Community Based Nurs Midwifery. 2016, 4:69-78.","journal-title":"Int J Community Based Nurs Midwifery"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14656566.2019.1574752","article-title":"Pharmacotherapy for the treatment of vaginal atrophy","volume":"20","author":"Donders GG","year":"2019","unstructured":"Donders GG, Ruban K, Bellen G, Grinceviciene S. Pharmacotherapy for the treatment of vaginal atrophy. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2019, 20:821-35. 10.1080\/14656566.2019.1574752","journal-title":"Expert Opin Pharmacother"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000100","article-title":"The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: explanation and elaboration","volume":"6","author":"Liberati A","year":"2009","unstructured":"Liberati A, Altman DG, Tetzlaff J, et al.. The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: explanation and elaboration. PLoS Med. 2009, 6:e1000100. 10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000100","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"ref24","unstructured":"The social care guidance manual process and methods [PMG10]. Appendix C. randomised controlled trials. (2016). Accessed: July 28, 2023: https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/process\/pmg10\/resources\/the-social-care-guidance-manual-pdf-72286648234693."},{"key":"ref25","unstructured":"The social care guidance manual process and methods [PMG10]. Appendix D. cohort studies. (2016). Accessed: July 28, 2023: https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/process\/pmg10\/resources\/the-social-care-guidance-manual-pdf-72286648234693."},{"key":"ref26","unstructured":"The social care guidance manual process and methods [PMG10]. Appendix E. case-control studies. (2016). Accessed: July 28, 2023: https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/process\/pmg10\/resources\/the-social-care-guidance-manual-pdf-72286648234693."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsxm.2022.02.027","article-title":"Short-term efficacy and safety of non-ablative laser treatment alone or with estriol or moisturizers in postmenopausal women with vulvovaginal atrophy","volume":"19","author":"Alvisi S","year":"2022","unstructured":"Alvisi S, Lami A, Baldassarre M, Lenzi J, Mancini I, Seracchioli R, Meriggiola MC. Short-term efficacy and safety of non-ablative laser treatment alone or with estriol or moisturizers in postmenopausal women with vulvovaginal atrophy. J Sex Med. 2022, 19:761-70. 10.1016\/j.jsxm.2022.02.027","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jsm.12125","article-title":"Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of hyaluronic acid vaginal gel to ease vaginal dryness: a multicenter, randomized, controlled, open-label, parallel-group, clinical trial","volume":"10","author":"Chen J","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chen J, Geng L, Song X, Li H, Giordan N, Liao Q. Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of hyaluronic acid vaginal gel to ease vaginal dryness: a multicenter, randomized, controlled, open-label, parallel-group, clinical trial. J Sex Med. 2013, 10:1575-84. 10.1111\/jsm.12125","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4236\/asm.2017.71003","article-title":"Perceived efficacy of vaginal dryness relief: a comparative clinical study between sodium hyaluronate vaginal gel vs. promestriene cream","volume":"7","author":"Duque-Estrada EdO","year":"2017","unstructured":"Duque-Estrada EdO, Rosa VP, Mosca MM, Nascimento HLd. Perceived efficacy of vaginal dryness relief: a comparative clinical study between sodium hyaluronate vaginal gel vs. promestriene cream. Adv Sex Med. 2017, 7:34-43. 10.4236\/asm.2017.71003","journal-title":"Adv Sex Med"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-010-1382-8","article-title":"The comparison of hyaluronic acid vaginal tablets with estradiol vaginal tablets in the treatment of atrophic vaginitis: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"283","author":"Ekin M","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ekin M, Ya\u015far L, Savan K, Temur M, Uhri M, Gencer I, K\u0131van\u00e7 E. The comparison of hyaluronic acid vaginal tablets with estradiol vaginal tablets in the treatment of atrophic vaginitis: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2011, 283:539-43. 10.1007\/s00404-010-1382-8","journal-title":"Arch Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-010-1545-7","article-title":"The effect of vaginally administered genistein in comparison with hyaluronic acid on atrophic epithelium in postmenopause","volume":"283","author":"Le Donne M","year":"2011","unstructured":"Le Donne M, Caruso C, Mancuso A, Costa G, Iemmo R, Pizzimenti G, Cavallari V. The effect of vaginally administered genistein in comparison with hyaluronic acid on atrophic epithelium in postmenopause. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2011, 283:1319-23. 10.1007\/s00404-010-1545-7","journal-title":"Arch Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"ref32","unstructured":"Estrogen and estrogen\/progestin drug products to treat vasomotor symptoms and vulvar and vaginal atrophy symptoms - recommendations for clinical evaluation. (2003). Accessed. July 27, 2023: https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/regulatory-information\/search-fda-guidance-documents\/estrogen-and-estrogenprogestin-drug-products...."},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-021-01435-w","article-title":"Evaluation of the effect of multipoint intra-mucosal vaginal injection of a specific cross-linked hyaluronic acid for vulvovaginal atrophy: a prospective bi-centric pilot study","volume":"21","author":"Berreni N","year":"2021","unstructured":"Berreni N, Salerno J, Chevalier T, Alonso S, Mares P. Evaluation of the effect of multipoint intra-mucosal vaginal injection of a specific cross-linked hyaluronic acid for vulvovaginal atrophy: a prospective bi-centric pilot study. BMC Womens Health. 2021, 21:322. 10.1186\/s12905-021-01435-w","journal-title":"BMC Womens Health"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-020-05472-3","article-title":"A single-arm, prospective trial investigating the effectiveness of a non-hormonal vaginal moisturizer containing hyaluronic acid in postmenopausal cancer survivors","volume":"29","author":"Carter J","year":"2021","unstructured":"Carter J, Baser RE, Goldfrank DJ, et al.. A single-arm, prospective trial investigating the effectiveness of a non-hormonal vaginal moisturizer containing hyaluronic acid in postmenopausal cancer survivors. Support Care Cancer. 2021, 29:311-22. 10.1007\/s00520-020-05472-3","journal-title":"Support Care Cancer"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/MDER.S275966","article-title":"First use of thermal stabilized hyaluronic acid injection in one-year follow-up patients with genitourinary syndrome","volume":"13","author":"Garavaglia E","year":"2020","unstructured":"Garavaglia E, Sala C, Busato M, Bellia G, Tamburlin N, Massirone A. First use of thermal stabilized hyaluronic acid injection in one-year follow-up patients with genitourinary syndrome. Med Devices (Auckl). 2020, 13:399-410. 10.2147\/MDER.S275966","journal-title":"Med Devices (Auckl)"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13697137.2020.1754386","article-title":"Effectiveness of hyaluronate-based pessaries in the treatment of vulvovaginal atrophy in postmenopausal women","volume":"23","author":"Nappi RE","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nappi RE, Kotek M, Bre\u0161t'ansk\u00fd A, Giordan N, Tramentozzi E. Effectiveness of hyaluronate-based pessaries in the treatment of vulvovaginal atrophy in postmenopausal women. Climacteric. 2020, 23:519-24. 10.1080\/13697137.2020.1754386","journal-title":"Climacteric"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/gme.0b013e3181a95581","article-title":"Efficacy and tolerability of local estrogen therapy for urogenital atrophy","volume":"17","author":"Archer DF","year":"2010","unstructured":"Archer DF. Efficacy and tolerability of local estrogen therapy for urogenital atrophy. Menopause. 2010, 17:194-203. 10.1097\/gme.0b013e3181a95581","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/GME.0000000000001570","article-title":"Variation in outcome reporting and measurement tools in clinical trials of treatments for genitourinary symptoms in peri- and postmenopausal women: a systematic review","volume":"27","author":"Christmas MM","year":"2020","unstructured":"Christmas MM, Song B, Bell RJ, Iliodromiti S, Mitchell C, Hickey M. Variation in outcome reporting and measurement tools in clinical trials of treatments for genitourinary symptoms in peri- and postmenopausal women: a systematic review. Menopause. 2020, 27:1070-80. 10.1097\/GME.0000000000001570","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsxm.2020.10.016","article-title":"Hyaluronic acid in postmenopause vaginal atrophy: a systematic review","volume":"18","author":"Dos Santos CC","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dos Santos CC, Uggioni ML, Colonetti T, Colonetti L, Grande AJ, Da Rosa MI. Hyaluronic acid in postmenopause vaginal atrophy: a systematic review. J Sex Med. 2021, 18:156-66. 10.1016\/j.jsxm.2020.10.016","journal-title":"J Sex Med"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/177678-comparison-of-the-efficacy-of-vaginal-hyaluronic-acid-to-estrogen-for-the-treatment-of-vaginal-atrophy-in-postmenopausal-women-a-systematic-review","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,9]],"date-time":"2024-02-09T14:51:58Z","timestamp":1707490318000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/177678-comparison-of-the-efficacy-of-vaginal-hyaluronic-acid-to-estrogen-for-the-treatment-of-vaginal-atrophy-in-postmenopausal-women-a-systematic-review"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,27]]},"references-count":39,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.44191","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,27]]}}}