{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T10:59:22Z","timestamp":1787741962508,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":116,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,6]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.44767","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,6]],"date-time":"2023-09-06T10:19:30Z","timestamp":1693995570000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Leprosy Classification, Clinical Features, Epidemiology, and Host Immunological Responses: Failure of Eradication in 2023"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Jihad","family":"Alrehaili","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","article-title":"Classification of leprosy according to immunity. A five-group system","volume":"34","author":"Ridley DS","year":"1966","unstructured":"Ridley DS, Jopling WH. Classification of leprosy according to immunity. A five-group system. Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis. 1966, 34:255-73.","journal-title":"Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S1679-49742021000300024","article-title":"Socio-demographic and clinical factors of leprosy cases associated with the performance of the evaluation of their contacts in Ceara, Brazil, 2008-2019","volume":"30","author":"Soares G","year":"2021","unstructured":"Soares G, Souza EA, Ferreira AF, et al.. Socio-demographic and clinical factors of leprosy cases associated with the performance of the evaluation of their contacts in Ceara, Brazil, 2008-2019. Epidemiol Serv Saude. 2021, 30:e2020585. 10.1590\/S1679-49742021000300024","journal-title":"Epidemiol Serv Saude"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000026744","article-title":"Identification of sensitive indicators in immune response for leprosy affected patients: An observational clinical study of safety and immunogenicity of influenza vaccine","volume":"100","author":"Zheng Y","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zheng Y, Xing HY, Zhu ZG, et al.. Identification of sensitive indicators in immune response for leprosy affected patients: An observational clinical study of safety and immunogenicity of influenza vaccine. Medicine (Baltimore). 2021, 100:e26744. 10.1097\/MD.0000000000026744","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_1381_20","article-title":"Anterior chamber angle granuloma: A rare ocular manifestation of histoid lepromatous leprosy","volume":"68","author":"Soni D","year":"2020","unstructured":"Soni D, Sharma B, Karkhur S. Anterior chamber angle granuloma: A rare ocular manifestation of histoid lepromatous leprosy. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2020, 68:2031-3. 10.4103\/ijo.IJO_1381_20","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adengl.2012.03.028","article-title":"Leprosy. An update: Definition, pathogenesis, classification, diagnosis, and treatment","volume":"104","author":"Eichelmann K","year":"2013","unstructured":"Eichelmann K, Gonz\u00e1lez Gonz\u00e1lez SE, Salas-Alanis JC, Ocampo-Candiani J. Leprosy. An update: Definition, pathogenesis, classification, diagnosis, and treatment. Actas Dermosifiliogr. 2013, 104:554-63. 10.1016\/j.adengl.2012.03.028","journal-title":"Actas Dermosifiliogr"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.20-0177","article-title":"Lichenoid skin nodules as presenting feature of necrotic erythema nodosum leprosum in leprosy","volume":"103","author":"Kaushik A","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kaushik A, Dogra S, Narang T. Lichenoid skin nodules as presenting feature of necrotic erythema nodosum leprosum in leprosy. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2020, 103:9. 10.4269\/ajtmh.20-0177","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.27152","article-title":"Morphometric analysis of nerve fibers in neural leprosy","volume":"63","author":"Antunes SL","year":"2021","unstructured":"Antunes SL, Fazan VP, Jardim MR, et al.. Morphometric analysis of nerve fibers in neural leprosy. Muscle Nerve. 2021, 63:593-9. 10.1002\/mus.27152","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000011880","article-title":"Pearls & oysters: \"Quiet nerve paralysis\" due to symmetrical neuropathy in pure neuritic leprosy","volume":"96","author":"Sengar P","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sengar P, Verma R, Singh VK, Paliwal VK. Pearls & oysters: \"Quiet nerve paralysis\" due to symmetrical neuropathy in pure neuritic leprosy. Neurology. 2021, 96:e2451-3. 10.1212\/WNL.0000000000011880","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/2229-5178.110625","article-title":"Nerve damage in leprosy: An electrophysiological evaluation of ulnar and median nerves in patients with clinical neural deficits: A pilot study","volume":"4","author":"Kar S","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kar S, Krishnan A, Singh N, Singh R, Pawar S. Nerve damage in leprosy: An electrophysiological evaluation of ulnar and median nerves in patients with clinical neural deficits: A pilot study. Indian Dermatol Online J. 2013, 4:97-101. 10.4103\/2229-5178.110625","journal-title":"Indian Dermatol Online J"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajoc.2021.101236","article-title":"Bilateral ptosis\/blepharitis due to lepromatous leprosy","volume":"25","author":"Iqbal O","year":"2022","unstructured":"Iqbal O, Langford MP, Flowers AB, Caldwell JL, Zaunbrecher NA, Byrd WA. Bilateral ptosis\/blepharitis due to lepromatous leprosy. Am J Ophthalmol Case Rep. 2022, 25:101236. 10.1016\/j.ajoc.2021.101236","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol Case Rep"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sder.2007.02.010","article-title":"Erythema nodosum leprosum: Reactional leprosy","volume":"26","author":"Cuevas J","year":"2007","unstructured":"Cuevas J, Rodr\u00edguez-Peralto JL, Carrillo R, Contreras F. Erythema nodosum leprosum: Reactional leprosy. Semin Cutan Med Surg. 2007, 26:126-30. 10.1016\/j.sder.2007.02.010","journal-title":"Semin Cutan Med Surg"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.21-0624","article-title":"Multibacillary mid-borderline leprosy with type 1 lepra reaction and concurrent latent tuberculosis","volume":"106","author":"Chew R","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chew R, Woods ML. Multibacillary mid-borderline leprosy with type 1 lepra reaction and concurrent latent tuberculosis. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2021, 106:373-5. 10.4269\/ajtmh.21-0624","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0738-081x(95)00005-z","article-title":"Leprosy","volume":"13","author":"Sugita Y","year":"1995","unstructured":"Sugita Y. Leprosy. Clin Dermatol. 1995, 13:235-43. 10.1016\/0738-081x(95)00005-z","journal-title":"Clin Dermatol"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ajd.13224","article-title":"Type 2 leprosy reaction resembling Sweet syndrome: Review of new and published cases","volume":"61","author":"Chavez-Alvarez S","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chavez-Alvarez S, Herz-Ruelas M, Ocampo-Candiani J, Gomez-Flores M. Type 2 leprosy reaction resembling Sweet syndrome: Review of new and published cases. Australas J Dermatol. 2020, 61:e234-7. 10.1111\/ajd.13224","journal-title":"Australas J Dermatol"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/181089","article-title":"Leprosy: an overview of pathophysiology","volume":"2012","author":"Bhat RM","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bhat RM, Prakash C. Leprosy: an overview of pathophysiology. Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis. 2012, 2012:181089. 10.1155\/2012\/181089","journal-title":"Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009923","article-title":"Risk factors for physical disability in patients with leprosy disease in Yunnan, China: Evidence from a retrospective observational study","volume":"15","author":"Chen X","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chen X, Liu HB, Shui TJ, Zha S. Risk factors for physical disability in patients with leprosy disease in Yunnan, China: Evidence from a retrospective observational study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2021, 15:e0009923. 10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009923","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009941","article-title":"Inequality of gender, age and disabilities due to leprosy and trends in a hyperendemic metropolis: Evidence from an eleven-year time series study in Central-West Brazil","volume":"15","author":"Martoreli J\u00fanior JF","year":"2021","unstructured":"Martoreli J\u00fanior JF, Ramos AC, Alves JD, et al.. Inequality of gender, age and disabilities due to leprosy and trends in a hyperendemic metropolis: Evidence from an eleven-year time series study in Central-West Brazil. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2021, 15:e0009941. 10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009941","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7416\/ai.2020.2357","article-title":"Diagnosis of leprosy in a Nigerian migrant: Implementation of surveillance measures in the current migration context","volume":"32","author":"Marotta M","year":"2020","unstructured":"Marotta M, Dallolio L, Toni G, Toni F, Leoni E. Diagnosis of leprosy in a Nigerian migrant: Implementation of surveillance measures in the current migration context. Ann Ig. 2020, 32:336-43. 10.7416\/ai.2020.2357","journal-title":"Ann Ig"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-3821","article-title":"Internal migration and leprosy in Shanghai from 2000 to 2019: An epidemiological study of new cases","volume":"101","author":"Zhu J","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhu J, Shi C, Yang D, et al.. Internal migration and leprosy in Shanghai from 2000 to 2019: An epidemiological study of new cases. Acta Derm Venereol. 2021, 101:adv00459. 10.2340\/00015555-3821","journal-title":"Acta Derm Venereol"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/1980-549720210039","article-title":"Factors associated with the development of leprosy in contacts: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"24","author":"Niitsuma EN","year":"2021","unstructured":"Niitsuma EN, Bueno IC, Arantes EO, Carvalho AP, Xavier Junior GF, Fernandes GD, Lana FC. Factors associated with the development of leprosy in contacts: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Rev Bras Epidemiol. 2021, 24:e210039. 10.1590\/1980-549720210039","journal-title":"Rev Bras Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01811","article-title":"Household contacts of leprosy patients in endemic areas display a specific innate immunity profile","volume":"11","author":"van Hooij A","year":"2020","unstructured":"van Hooij A, Ti\u00f3-Coma M, Verhard EM, et al.. Household contacts of leprosy patients in endemic areas display a specific innate immunity profile. Front Immunol. 2020, 11:1811. 10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01811","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011228","article-title":"Correction: Association of NOD2 and IFNG single nucleotide polymorphisms with leprosy in the Amazon ethnic admixed population","volume":"17","author":"Leturiondo AL","year":"2023","unstructured":"Leturiondo AL, Noronha AB, Mendon\u00e7a CY, et al.. Correction: Association of NOD2 and IFNG single nucleotide polymorphisms with leprosy in the Amazon ethnic admixed population. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2023, 17:e0011228. 10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011228","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00439-019-02087-5","article-title":"Genetics of leprosy: Today and beyond","volume":"139","author":"Fava VM","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fava VM, Dallmann-Sauer M, Schurr E. Genetics of leprosy: Today and beyond. Hum Genet. 2020, 139:835-46. 10.1007\/s00439-019-02087-5","journal-title":"Hum Genet"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-58079-3","article-title":"Human genetic susceptibility of leprosy recurrence","volume":"10","author":"Uaska Sartori PV","year":"2020","unstructured":"Uaska Sartori PV, Penna GO, B\u00fchrer-S\u00e9kula S, et al.. Human genetic susceptibility of leprosy recurrence. Sci Rep. 2020, 10:1284. 10.1038\/s41598-020-58079-3","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/idoj.IDOJ_423_19","article-title":"Role of histopathology in predicting type 1 lepra reaction in borderline tuberculoid leprosy","volume":"11","author":"Sankaran D","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sankaran D, Sasidharanpillai S, Ajithkumar K, Govindan A, Seemi EV, Sathi PP. Role of histopathology in predicting type 1 lepra reaction in borderline tuberculoid leprosy. Indian Dermatol Online J. 2020, 11:586-9. 10.4103\/idoj.IDOJ_423_19","journal-title":"Indian Dermatol Online J"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmy.ijmy_19_21","article-title":"Lepromatous leprosy in a case of epidermodysplasia verruciformis - A coincidence or a result of defective cell-mediated immunity?","volume":"10","author":"Tripathy DM","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tripathy DM, Neema S, Kinra P, Sinha P. Lepromatous leprosy in a case of epidermodysplasia verruciformis - A coincidence or a result of defective cell-mediated immunity?. Int J Mycobacteriol. 2021, 10:210-3. 10.4103\/ijmy.ijmy_19_21","journal-title":"Int J Mycobacteriol"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/gmh.2020.3","article-title":"The impact of leprosy on the mental wellbeing of leprosy-affected persons and their family members - A systematic review","volume":"7","author":"Somar P","year":"2020","unstructured":"Somar P, Waltz MM, van Brakel WH. The impact of leprosy on the mental wellbeing of leprosy-affected persons and their family members - A systematic review. Glob Ment Health (Camb). 2020, 7:e15. 10.1017\/gmh.2020.3","journal-title":"Glob Ment Health (Camb)"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/traa090","article-title":"An exploration of family quality of life in persons with leprosy-, lymphatic filariasis- and podoconiosis-related disabilities and their family members in Ethiopia","volume":"114","author":"Van't Noordende AT","year":"2020","unstructured":"Van't Noordende AT, Aycheh MW, Schippers AP. An exploration of family quality of life in persons with leprosy-, lymphatic filariasis- and podoconiosis-related disabilities and their family members in Ethiopia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2020, 114:1003-12. 10.1093\/trstmh\/traa090","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0049475520932193","article-title":"Nutritional status and morbidity profile of children with leprosy contact in a rural community","volume":"50","author":"Venkatakrishnan Y","year":"2020","unstructured":"Venkatakrishnan Y, Thangaraju P, Jeganathan S, Sankaran SK, Kannan R. Nutritional status and morbidity profile of children with leprosy contact in a rural community. Trop Doct. 2020, 50:311-7. 10.1177\/0049475520932193","journal-title":"Trop Doct"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17176061","article-title":"Poor WASH (water, sanitation, and hygiene) conditions are associated with leprosy in North Gondar, Ethiopia","volume":"17","author":"Emerson LE","year":"2020","unstructured":"Emerson LE, Anantharam P, Yehuala FM, Bilcha KD, Tesfaye AB, Fairley JK. Poor WASH (water, sanitation, and hygiene) conditions are associated with leprosy in North Gondar, Ethiopia. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020, 17:6061. 10.3390\/ijerph17176061","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-020-03958-w","article-title":"Real-time PCR-based quantitation of viable Mycobacterium leprae strain from clinical samples and environmental sources and its genotype in multi-case leprosy families of India","volume":"39","author":"Singh V","year":"2020","unstructured":"Singh V, Turankar RP, Goel A. Real-time PCR-based quantitation of viable Mycobacterium leprae strain from clinical samples and environmental sources and its genotype in multi-case leprosy families of India. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2020, 39:2045-55. 10.1007\/s10096-020-03958-w","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008723","article-title":"Correction: Geographic and socioeconomic factors associated with leprosy treatment default: An analysis from the 100 Million Brazilian Cohort","volume":"14","author":"de Andrade KV","year":"2020","unstructured":"de Andrade KV, Nery JS, Pescarini JM, et al.. Correction: Geographic and socioeconomic factors associated with leprosy treatment default: An analysis from the 100 Million Brazilian Cohort. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2020, 14:e0008723. 10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008723","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008276","article-title":"Reservoirs and transmission routes of leprosy; A systematic review","volume":"14","author":"Ploemacher T","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ploemacher T, Faber WR, Menke H, Rutten V, Pieters T. Reservoirs and transmission routes of leprosy; A systematic review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2020, 14:e0008276. 10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008276","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5935\/0305-7518.19830028","article-title":"Antigens of Mycobacterium leprae and anti-M. leprae antibodies in the urine of leprosy patients","volume":"54","author":"Olc\u00e9n P","year":"1983","unstructured":"Olc\u00e9n P, Harboe M, Warndorff T, Belehu A. Antigens of Mycobacterium leprae and anti-M. leprae antibodies in the urine of leprosy patients. Lepr Rev. 1983, 54:203-16. 10.5935\/0305-7518.19830028","journal-title":"Lepr Rev"},{"key":"ref35","article-title":"Detection of antibodies to 35 kD determinant of M. leprae in urine and serum of leprosy patients","volume":"7","author":"Patil S","year":"1990","unstructured":"Patil S, Dwivedi P, Kiran K, Singh K, Sengupta U. Detection of antibodies to 35 kD determinant of M. leprae in urine and serum of leprosy patients. Acta Leprol. 1990, 7:139-43.","journal-title":"Acta Leprol"},{"key":"ref36","article-title":"Antigens of Mycobacterium leprae in urine during treatment of patients with lepromatous leprosy","volume":"57","author":"Olc\u00e9n P","year":"1986","unstructured":"Olc\u00e9n P, Harboe M, Warndorff van Diepen T. Antigens of Mycobacterium leprae in urine during treatment of patients with lepromatous leprosy. Lepr Rev. 1986, 57:329-40.","journal-title":"Lepr Rev"},{"key":"ref37","article-title":"Discharge of M. leprae in milk of leprosy patients","volume":"53","author":"Girdhar A","year":"1981","unstructured":"Girdhar A, Girdhar BK, Ramu G, Desikan KV. Discharge of M. leprae in milk of leprosy patients. Lepr India. 1981, 53:390-4.","journal-title":"Lepr India"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ad.2016.02.013","article-title":"Dermatologic diseases in 8 of the Cantigas of Holy Mary of Alfonso X the Learned-Part 1: Introduction, the monk revived by the virgin's milk, ergotism, and leprosy","volume":"107","author":"Roman\u00ed J","year":"2016","unstructured":"Roman\u00ed J, Sierra X, Casson A. Dermatologic diseases in 8 of the Cantigas of Holy Mary of Alfonso X the Learned-Part 1: Introduction, the monk revived by the virgin's milk, ergotism, and leprosy. Actas Dermosifiliogr. 2016, 107:572-6. 10.1016\/j.ad.2016.02.013","journal-title":"Actas Dermosifiliogr"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/tra0001160","article-title":"A resilience building collaboration: A social identity empowerment approach to trauma management in leprosy-affected communities","volume":"14","author":"Jay S","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jay S, Winterburn M, Jha K, Sah AK, Choudhary R, Muldoon OT. A resilience building collaboration: A social identity empowerment approach to trauma management in leprosy-affected communities. Psychol Trauma. 2022, 14:940-7. 10.1037\/tra0001160","journal-title":"Psychol Trauma"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00017-10","article-title":"Infection during infancy and long incubation period of leprosy suggested in a case of a chimpanzee used for medical research","volume":"48","author":"Suzuki K","year":"2010","unstructured":"Suzuki K, Udono T, Fujisawa M, Tanigawa K, Idani G, Ishii N. Infection during infancy and long incubation period of leprosy suggested in a case of a chimpanzee used for medical research. J Clin Microbiol. 2010, 48:3432-4. 10.1128\/JCM.00017-10","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00144758","article-title":"The incubation time of relapses after treatment of multibacillary leprosy with rifampicin containing regimens","volume":"4","author":"Pattyn SR","year":"1988","unstructured":"Pattyn SR, Groenen G, Bourland J, et al.. The incubation time of relapses after treatment of multibacillary leprosy with rifampicin containing regimens. Eur J Epidemiol. 1988, 4:231-4. 10.1007\/BF00144758","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref42","article-title":"WHO Expert Committee on leprosy: Eighth Report. WHO Technical Report Series No. 968","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2012","unstructured":"World Health Organization. WHO Expert Committee on leprosy: Eighth Report. WHO Technical Report Series No. 968. WHO, Geneva; 2012."},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/1980-549720200007","article-title":"Leprosy and social deprivation: Definition of priority areas in an endemic state Northeastern Brazil","volume":"23","author":"Souza CD","year":"2020","unstructured":"Souza CD, Magalh\u00e3es MA, Luna CF. Leprosy and social deprivation: Definition of priority areas in an endemic state Northeastern Brazil. Rev Bras Epidemiol. 2020, 23:e200007. 10.1590\/1980-549720200007","journal-title":"Rev Bras Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.47276\/lr.87.1.2","article-title":"Investment case concepts in leprosy elimination: A systematic\r\nreview","volume":"87","author":"Tiwari A","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tiwari A, Richardus JH. Investment case concepts in leprosy elimination: A systematic\r\nreview. Lepr Rev. 2016, 87:2-22. 10.47276\/lr.87.1.2","journal-title":"Lepr Rev"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0971-5916.93415","article-title":"Elimination of leprosy & possibility of eradication - the Indian scenario","volume":"135","author":"Desikan KV","year":"2012","unstructured":"Desikan KV. Elimination of leprosy & possibility of eradication - the Indian scenario. Indian J Med Res. 2012, 135:3-5. 10.4103\/0971-5916.93415","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"ref46","article-title":"Leprosy: In its clinical & pathological aspects","volume":"14","year":"1883","unstructured":"Leprosy. In its clinical & pathological aspects. Bristol Med Chir J. 1883, 14:73-4.","journal-title":"Bristol Med Chir J"},{"key":"ref47","article-title":"Report of the Leonard Wood Memorial Conference on Leprosy held in Manila, Philippine Islands, January 9 to 23, 1931","year":"1981","unstructured":"Report of the Leonard Wood Memorial Conference on Leprosy held in Manila, Philippine Islands, January 9 to 23, 1931. Int J Lepr. 1981, 64.","journal-title":"Int J Lepr"},{"key":"ref48","article-title":"Features of Ridley-Jopling classification and its application in the clinical field","volume":"47","author":"Kundu SK","year":"1979","unstructured":"Kundu SK. Features of Ridley-Jopling classification and its application in the clinical field. Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis. 1979, 47:64-5.","journal-title":"Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis"},{"key":"ref49","article-title":"Comparison of the reaction to Dharmendra antigen in the\r\nnormal skin and in the lesion of leprosy patients","volume":"51","author":"Price J","year":"1979","unstructured":"Price J, Davis M, Ramu G. Comparison of the reaction to Dharmendra antigen in the\r\nnormal skin and in the lesion of leprosy patients. Lepr India. 1979, 51:87-95.","journal-title":"Lepr India"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-4362.1999.00650.x","article-title":"Leprosy: Pathogenesis updated","volume":"38","author":"Abulafia J","year":"1999","unstructured":"Abulafia J, Vignale RA. Leprosy: Pathogenesis updated. Int J Dermatol. 1999, 38:321-34. 10.1046\/j.1365-4362.1999.00650.x","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"ref51","article-title":"Clinical and pathological features of different types of leprosy","volume":"25","author":"Gao YS","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gao YS, Liu J, Li Q, Zhang ZQ. Clinical and pathological features of different types of leprosy. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2021, 25:1050-9.","journal-title":"Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"ref52","article-title":"XI. International Leprosy Congress. Abstracts. Mexico City, 13-18 November 1978","volume":"47","year":"1979","unstructured":"XI. International Leprosy Congress. Abstracts. Mexico City, 13-18 November 1978. Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis. 1979, 47.316-452.","journal-title":"Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis"},{"key":"ref53","article-title":"A study of relapse in non lepromatous and intermediate groups of leprosy","volume":"57","author":"Pandian TD","year":"1985","unstructured":"Pandian TD, Sithambaram M, Bharathi R, Ramu G. A study of relapse in non lepromatous and intermediate groups of leprosy. Indian J Lepr. 1985, 57:149-58.","journal-title":"Indian J Lepr"},{"key":"ref54","article-title":"The pathogenesis and classification of polar tuberculoid leprosy","volume":"53","author":"Ridley DS","year":"1982","unstructured":"Ridley DS. The pathogenesis and classification of polar tuberculoid leprosy. Lepr Rev. 1982, 53:19-26.","journal-title":"Lepr Rev"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ad.2020.08.001","article-title":"Borderline tuberculoid leprosy in erythema nodosum leprosum reaction mimicking Sweet's syndrome","volume":"112","author":"Pawar M","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pawar M, Zawar V, Kumavat S. Borderline tuberculoid leprosy in erythema nodosum leprosum reaction mimicking Sweet's syndrome. Actas Dermosifiliogr (Engl Ed). 2021, 112:75-7. 10.1016\/j.ad.2020.08.001","journal-title":"Actas Dermosifiliogr (Engl Ed)"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1489\/itl.2.1","article-title":"Chapter 2.1. Clinical diagnosis of leprosy","author":"Kumar B","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kumar B, Uprety S, Dogra S. Chapter 2.1. Clinical diagnosis of leprosy. International Textbook of Leprosy. Scollard DM, Gillis TP (ed): American Leprosy Missions, Greenville, SC; 2017. 10.1489\/itl.2.1"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/ijd.IJD_693_20","article-title":"Umbilicated papules as a rare manifestation of borderline lepromatous leprosy","volume":"66","author":"Kumar P","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kumar P, Das A, Rajbansh P, Yadav M. Umbilicated papules as a rare manifestation of borderline lepromatous leprosy. Indian J Dermatol. 2021, 66:447. 10.4103\/ijd.IJD_693_20","journal-title":"Indian J Dermatol"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12659\/AJCR.931655","article-title":"Challenges in managing a lepromatous leprosy patient complicated with melioidosis infection, dapsone-induced methemoglobinemia, hemolytic anemia, and lepra reaction","volume":"22","author":"Tang AS","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tang AS, Wong QY, Yeo ST, et al.. Challenges in managing a lepromatous leprosy patient complicated with melioidosis infection, dapsone-induced methemoglobinemia, hemolytic anemia, and lepra reaction. Am J Case Rep. 2021, 22:e931655. 10.12659\/AJCR.931655","journal-title":"Am J Case Rep"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.25259\/IJDVL_622_19","article-title":"Semmes-Weinstein monofilament: A tool to quantify skin sensation in macular lesions for leprosy diagnosis","volume":"87","author":"Frade MA","year":"2021","unstructured":"Frade MA, Rosa DJ, Filho FB, Spencer JS, Foss NT. Semmes-Weinstein monofilament: A tool to quantify skin sensation in macular lesions for leprosy diagnosis. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2021, 87:807-15. 10.25259\/IJDVL_622_19","journal-title":"Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol"},{"key":"ref60","article-title":"Hypopigmented macules: Leprosy, atopy or pityriasis versicolor?","volume":"145","author":"Massone C","year":"2010","unstructured":"Massone C, Cavalchini A, Clapasson A, Nunzi E. Hypopigmented macules: Leprosy, atopy or pityriasis versicolor?. Ital Dermatol Venereol. 2010, 145:779-82.","journal-title":"Ital Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.15170","article-title":"A hypopigmented plaque on the face in a leprosy endemic area and the consequent histological confirmation of follicular mucinosis: An uncommon differential of leprosy in children","volume":"59","author":"Kathirvel P","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kathirvel P, Khurana A, Malhotra P, Sardana K. A hypopigmented plaque on the face in a leprosy endemic area and the consequent histological confirmation of follicular mucinosis: An uncommon differential of leprosy in children. Int J Dermatol. 2020, 59:e471-3. 10.1111\/ijd.15170","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2014.10.003","article-title":"Histopathology of the lepromatous skin biopsy","volume":"33","author":"Massone C","year":"2015","unstructured":"Massone C, Belachew WA, Schettini A. Histopathology of the lepromatous skin biopsy. Clin Dermatol. 2015, 33:38-45. 10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2014.10.003","journal-title":"Clin Dermatol"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/trw039","article-title":"Clinical and histopathological features of paucibacillary leprosy before and after multidrug therapy: A prospective study","volume":"110","author":"Jain S","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jain S, Ramesh V, Singh A, Yadav A, Ramam M, Khandpur S. Clinical and histopathological features of paucibacillary leprosy before and after multidrug therapy: A prospective study. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2016, 110:350-8. 10.1093\/trstmh\/trw039","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.25259\/IJDVL_114_20","article-title":"Lucio phenomenon in a patient of lepromatous leprosy from India","volume":"87","author":"Kaur M","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kaur M, Patra S, Asati DP, Sharma T, Prasad S. Lucio phenomenon in a patient of lepromatous leprosy from India. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2021, 87:67-70. 10.25259\/IJDVL_114_20","journal-title":"Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol"},{"key":"ref65","article-title":"Patient contact is the major determinant in incident leprosy: Implications for future control","volume":"67","author":"van Beers SM","year":"1999","unstructured":"van Beers SM, Hatta M, Klatser PR. Patient contact is the major determinant in incident leprosy: Implications for future control. Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis. 1999, 67:119-28.","journal-title":"Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hcz146","article-title":"A case of diffuse lepromatous leprosy with Lucio phenomenon","volume":"113","author":"Suvirya S","year":"2020","unstructured":"Suvirya S, Pathania S, Malhotra KP, Jain A, Verma P, Kumari P. A case of diffuse lepromatous leprosy with Lucio phenomenon. QJM. 2020, 113:138-9. 10.1093\/qjmed\/hcz146","journal-title":"QJM"},{"key":"ref67","article-title":"Pure neuritic leprosy with bilateral foot drop and central nervous involvement: A clinical, electrophysiological, and MR correlation","volume":"69","author":"Bhoi SK","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bhoi SK, Naik S, Purkait S. Pure neuritic leprosy with bilateral foot drop and central nervous involvement: A clinical, electrophysiological, and MR correlation. Neurol India. 2021, 69:1349-53.","journal-title":"Neurol India"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abd.2021.02.003","article-title":"Histoid leprosy - A rare clinical presentation","volume":"96","author":"Bauer A","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bauer A, Eidt LM, Bonamigo RR, Heck R. Histoid leprosy - A rare clinical presentation. An Bras Dermatol. 2021, 96:598-601. 10.1016\/j.abd.2021.02.003","journal-title":"An Bras Dermatol"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.14-0658","article-title":"Histoid leprosy","volume":"92","author":"Karthikeyan K","year":"2015","unstructured":"Karthikeyan K. Histoid leprosy. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2015, 92:1085-6. 10.4269\/ajtmh.14-0658","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.19230","article-title":"De novo histoid leprosy with unusual histological features","volume":"13","author":"Samiey F","year":"2021","unstructured":"Samiey F, Aljalahma J, Al Awadhi A. De novo histoid leprosy with unusual histological features. Cureus. 2021, 13:e19230. 10.7759\/cureus.19230","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S1679-49742020000500019","article-title":"Diagnosis of the leprosy laboratory care network in Regional Health Department XV, S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 do Rio Preto, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil","volume":"29","author":"Binhardi FM","year":"2020","unstructured":"Binhardi FM, Nardi SM, Patine FD, et al.. Diagnosis of the leprosy laboratory care network in Regional Health Department XV, S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 do Rio Preto, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil. Epidemiol Serv Saude. 2020, 29:e2020127. 10.1590\/S1679-49742020000500019","journal-title":"Epidemiol Serv Saude"},{"key":"ref72","unstructured":"WHO to publish first official guidelines on leprosy diagnosis, treatment and prevention. (2018). Accessed. August 4, 2023: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news\/item\/28-06-2018-who-to-publish-first-official-guidelines-on-leprosy-diagnosis-treatment-and-...."},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4081\/idr.2020.8748","article-title":"Leprosy transmission in endemic and non-endemic areas based on the profile of antibody response of PGL-1 and PCR detection of Mycobacterium leprae DNA from nasal swab among healthy children of East Java, Indonesia","volume":"12","author":"Adriaty D","year":"2020","unstructured":"Adriaty D, Sp CR, Iswahyudi, Wahyuni R, Agusni I, Izumi S. Leprosy transmission in endemic and non-endemic areas based on the profile of antibody response of PGL-1 and PCR detection of Mycobacterium leprae DNA from nasal swab among healthy children of East Java, Indonesia. Infect Dis Rep. 2020, 12:8748. 10.4081\/idr.2020.8748","journal-title":"Infect Dis Rep"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-67452-6_8","article-title":"Pathogenesis and host immune response in leprosy","volume":"1313","author":"Yasmin H","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yasmin H, Varghese PM, Bhakta S, Kishore U. Pathogenesis and host immune response in leprosy. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2021, 1313:155-77. 10.1007\/978-3-030-67452-6_8","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.09.011","article-title":"Phenotypic and functional features of innate and adaptive immunity as putative biomarkers for clinical status and leprosy reactions","volume":"125","author":"Carvalho JC","year":"2018","unstructured":"Carvalho JC, Ara\u00fajo MG, Coelho-Dos-Reis JG, et al.. Phenotypic and functional features of innate and adaptive immunity as putative biomarkers for clinical status and leprosy reactions. Microb Pathog. 2018, 125:230-9. 10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.09.011","journal-title":"Microb Pathog"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0952-7915(97)80152-5","article-title":"Innate immunity: Impact on the adaptive immune response","volume":"9","author":"Medzhitov R","year":"1997","unstructured":"Medzhitov R, Janeway CA Jr. Innate immunity: Impact on the adaptive immune response. Curr Opin Immunol. 1997, 9:4-9. 10.1016\/s0952-7915(97)80152-5","journal-title":"Curr Opin Immunol"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12034","article-title":"Macrophage biology in development, homeostasis and disease","volume":"496","author":"Wynn TA","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wynn TA, Chawla A, Pollard JW. Macrophage biology in development, homeostasis and disease. Nature. 2013, 496:445-55. 10.1038\/nature12034","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.574457","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus infection among leprosy patients: A case for polymorphisms compromising activation of the lectin pathway and complement receptors","volume":"11","author":"Boldt AB","year":"2020","unstructured":"Boldt AB, Oliveira-Tor\u00e9 CF, Kretzschmar GC, et al.. Hepatitis B virus infection among leprosy patients: A case for polymorphisms compromising activation of the lectin pathway and complement receptors. Front Immunol. 2020, 11:574457. 10.3389\/fimmu.2020.574457","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm864","article-title":"Activation and regulation of Toll-like receptors 2 and 1 in human leprosy","volume":"9","author":"Krutzik SR","year":"2003","unstructured":"Krutzik SR, Ochoa MT, Sieling PA, et al.. Activation and regulation of Toll-like receptors 2 and 1 in human leprosy. Nat Med. 2003, 9:525-32. 10.1038\/nm864","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2584","article-title":"MicroRNA-21 targets the vitamin D-dependent antimicrobial pathway in leprosy","volume":"18","author":"Liu PT","year":"2012","unstructured":"Liu PT, Wheelwright M, Teles R, et al.. MicroRNA-21 targets the vitamin D-dependent antimicrobial pathway in leprosy. Nat Med. 2012, 18:267-73. 10.1038\/nm.2584","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12566","article-title":"The ubiquitin ligase parkin mediates resistance to intracellular pathogens","volume":"501","author":"Manzanillo PS","year":"2013","unstructured":"Manzanillo PS, Ayres JS, Watson RO, et al.. The ubiquitin ligase parkin mediates resistance to intracellular pathogens. Nature. 2013, 501:512-6. 10.1038\/nature12566","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/s0074-02762012000900023","article-title":"Deciphering the contribution of lipid droplets in leprosy: Multifunctional organelles with roles in Mycobacterium leprae pathogenesis","volume":"107 Suppl 1","author":"de Mattos KA","year":"2012","unstructured":"de Mattos KA, Sarno EN, Pessolani MC, Bozza PT. Deciphering the contribution of lipid droplets in leprosy: Multifunctional organelles with roles in Mycobacterium leprae pathogenesis. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2012, 107 Suppl 1:156-66. 10.1590\/s0074-02762012000900023","journal-title":"Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2008.01369.x","article-title":"Expression of adipose differentiation-related protein (ADRP) and perilipin in macrophages infected with Mycobacterium leprae","volume":"289","author":"Tanigawa K","year":"2008","unstructured":"Tanigawa K, Suzuki K, Nakamura K, et al.. Expression of adipose differentiation-related protein (ADRP) and perilipin in macrophages infected with Mycobacterium leprae. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2008, 289:72-9. 10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2008.01369.x","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Lett"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2011.03.023","article-title":"Autophagy regulates cholesterol efflux from macrophage foam cells via lysosomal acid lipase","volume":"13","author":"Ouimet M","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ouimet M, Franklin V, Mak E, Liao X, Tabas I, Marcel YL. Autophagy regulates cholesterol efflux from macrophage foam cells via lysosomal acid lipase. Cell Metab. 2011, 13:655-67. 10.1016\/j.cmet.2011.03.023","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep27632","article-title":"Mycobacterium leprae-induced insulin-like growth factor I attenuates antimicrobial mechanisms, promoting bacterial survival in macrophages","volume":"6","author":"Batista-Silva LR","year":"2016","unstructured":"Batista-Silva LR, Rodrigues LS, Vivarini Ade C, et al.. Mycobacterium leprae-induced insulin-like growth factor I attenuates antimicrobial mechanisms, promoting bacterial survival in macrophages. Sci Rep. 2016, 6:27632. 10.1038\/srep27632","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.17.9857","article-title":"A 21-kDa surface protein of Mycobacterium leprae binds peripheral nerve laminin-2 and mediates Schwann cell invasion","volume":"96","author":"Shimoji Y","year":"1999","unstructured":"Shimoji Y, Ng V, Matsumura K, Fischetti VA, Rambukkana A. A 21-kDa surface protein of Mycobacterium leprae binds peripheral nerve laminin-2 and mediates Schwann cell invasion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999, 96:9857-62. 10.1073\/pnas.96.17.9857","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1101344","article-title":"TLR6-driven lipid droplets in Mycobacterium leprae-infected Schwann cells: Immunoinflammatory platforms associated with bacterial persistence","volume":"187","author":"Mattos KA","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mattos KA, Oliveira VG, D'Avila H, et al.. TLR6-driven lipid droplets in Mycobacterium leprae-infected Schwann cells: Immunoinflammatory platforms associated with bacterial persistence. J Immunol. 2011, 187:2548-58. 10.4049\/jimmunol.1101344","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2911(08)60134-4","article-title":"Iron storage in bacteria","volume":"40","author":"Andrews SC","year":"1998","unstructured":"Andrews SC. Iron storage in bacteria. Adv Microb Physiol. 1998, 40:281-351. 10.1016\/S0065-2911(08)60134-4","journal-title":"Adv Microb Physiol"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.174.5.1031","article-title":"Phenolic glycolipid-1 of Mycobacterium leprae binds complement component C3 in serum and mediates phagocytosis by human monocytes","volume":"174","author":"Schlesinger LS","year":"1991","unstructured":"Schlesinger LS, Horwitz MA. Phenolic glycolipid-1 of Mycobacterium leprae binds complement component C3 in serum and mediates phagocytosis by human monocytes. J Exp Med. 1991, 174:1031-8. 10.1084\/jem.174.5.1031","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"ref90","article-title":"Circulating T-cell numbers and their mitogenic potential in leprosy--correlation with mycobacterial load","volume":"29","author":"Nath I","year":"1977","unstructured":"Nath I, Curtis J, Sharma AK, Talwar GP. Circulating T-cell numbers and their mitogenic potential in leprosy--correlation with mycobacterial load. Clin Exp Immunol. 1977, 29:393-400.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1553522","article-title":"Defining protective responses to pathogens: Cytokine profiles in leprosy lesions","volume":"255","author":"Yamamura M","year":"1992","unstructured":"Yamamura M. Defining protective responses to pathogens: Cytokine profiles in leprosy lesions. Science. 1992, 255:12. 10.1126\/science.1553522","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.168.5.1811","article-title":"The nature and kinetics of a delayed immune response to purified protein derivative of tuberculin in the skin of lepromatous leprosy patients","volume":"168","author":"Kaplan G","year":"1988","unstructured":"Kaplan G, Laal S, Sheftel G, et al.. The nature and kinetics of a delayed immune response to purified protein derivative of tuberculin in the skin of lepromatous leprosy patients. J Exp Med. 1988, 168:1811-24. 10.1084\/jem.168.5.1811","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04753","article-title":"Reciprocal developmental pathways for the generation of pathogenic effector TH17 and regulatory T cells","volume":"441","author":"Bettelli E","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bettelli E, Carrier Y, Gao W, et al.. Reciprocal developmental pathways for the generation of pathogenic effector TH17 and regulatory T cells. Nature. 2006, 441:235-8. 10.1038\/nature04753","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref94","article-title":"Lessons of leprosy: The emergence of TH17 cytokines during type II reactions (ENL) is teaching us about T-cell plasticity","volume":"11","author":"Martiniuk F","year":"2012","unstructured":"Martiniuk F, Giovinazzo J, Tan AU, Shahidullah R, Haslett P, Kaplan G, Levis WR. Lessons of leprosy: The emergence of TH17 cytokines during type II reactions (ENL) is teaching us about T-cell plasticity. J Drugs Dermatol. 2012, 11:626-30.","journal-title":"J Drugs Dermatol"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002338","article-title":"CD4+ Th17 cells discriminate clinical types and constitute a third subset of non Th1, Non Th2 T cells in human leprosy","volume":"7","author":"Saini C","year":"2013","unstructured":"Saini C, Ramesh V, Nath I. CD4+ Th17 cells discriminate clinical types and constitute a third subset of non Th1, Non Th2 T cells in human leprosy. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2013, 7:e2338. 10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002338","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.50.3.887-892.1985","article-title":"Natural emergence of antigen-reactive T cells in lepromatous leprosy patients during erythema nodosum leprosum","volume":"50","author":"Laal S","year":"1985","unstructured":"Laal S, Bhutani LK, Nath I. Natural emergence of antigen-reactive T cells in lepromatous leprosy patients during erythema nodosum leprosum. Infect Immun. 1985, 50:887-92. 10.1128\/iai.50.3.887-892.1985","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002510000295","article-title":"Tumor necrosis factor-alpha promoter polymorphism TNF2 is associated with a stronger delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction in the skin of borderline tuberculoid leprosy patients","volume":"53","author":"Moraes MO","year":"2001","unstructured":"Moraes MO, Duppre NC, Suffys PN, et al.. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha promoter polymorphism TNF2 is associated with a stronger delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction in the skin of borderline tuberculoid leprosy patients. Immunogenetics. 2001, 53:45-7. 10.1007\/s002510000295","journal-title":"Immunogenetics"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(69)90592-3","article-title":"Erythema nodosum leprosum: A clinical manifestation of the arthus phenomenon","volume":"2","author":"Wemambu SN","year":"1969","unstructured":"Wemambu SN, Turk JL, Waters MF, Rees RJ. Erythema nodosum leprosum: A clinical manifestation of the arthus phenomenon. Lancet. 1969, 2:933-5. 10.1016\/S0140-6736(69)90592-3","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2567.1998.00634.x","article-title":"Lepromatous leprosy patients show T helper 1-like cytokine profile with differential expression of interleukin-10 during type 1 and 2 reactions","volume":"95","author":"Sreenivasan P","year":"1998","unstructured":"Sreenivasan P, Misra RS, Wilfred D, Nath I. Lepromatous leprosy patients show T helper 1-like cytokine profile with differential expression of interleukin-10 during type 1 and 2 reactions. Immunology. 1998, 95:529-36. 10.1046\/j.1365-2567.1998.00634.x","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3083.1999.00622.x","article-title":"Cytokine mRNA expression in leprosy: a possible role for interferon-gamma and interleukin-12 in reactions (RR and ENL)","volume":"50","author":"Moraes MO","year":"1999","unstructured":"Moraes MO, Sarno EN, Almeida AS, Saraiva BC, Nery JA, Martins RC, Sampaio EP. Cytokine mRNA expression in leprosy: a possible role for interferon-gamma and interleukin-12 in reactions (RR and ENL). Scand J Immunol. 1999, 50:541-9. 10.1046\/j.1365-3083.1999.00622.x","journal-title":"Scand J Immunol"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00762-12","article-title":"Lsr2 of Mycobacterium leprae and its synthetic peptides elicit restitution of T cell responses in erythema nodosum leprosum and reversal reactions in patients with lepromatous leprosy","volume":"20","author":"Saini C","year":"2013","unstructured":"Saini C, Prasad HK, Rani R, Murtaza A, Misra N, Shanker Narayan NP, Nath I. Lsr2 of Mycobacterium leprae and its synthetic peptides elicit restitution of T cell responses in erythema nodosum leprosum and reversal reactions in patients with lepromatous leprosy. Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2013, 20:673-82. 10.1128\/CVI.00762-12","journal-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2013.04.028","article-title":"The role of IL-22 and Th22 cells in human skin diseases","volume":"72","author":"Fujita H","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fujita H. The role of IL-22 and Th22 cells in human skin diseases. J Dermatol Sci. 2013, 72:3-8. 10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2013.04.028","journal-title":"J Dermatol Sci"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.11.023","article-title":"New immunologic pathways in the pathogenesis of leprosy: Role for Th22 cytokines in the polar forms of the disease","volume":"72","author":"de Lima Silveira E","year":"2015","unstructured":"de Lima Silveira E, de Sousa JR, de Sousa Aar\u00e3o TL, Fuzii HT, Dias Junior LB, Carneiro FR, Quaresma JA. New immunologic pathways in the pathogenesis of leprosy: Role for Th22 cytokines in the polar forms of the disease. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2015, 72:729-30. 10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.11.023","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"ref104","article-title":"Global leprosy situation, 2012","volume":"34","year":"2012","unstructured":"Global leprosy situation, 2012. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2012, 34.317-28.","journal-title":"Wkly Epidemiol Rec"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762012000900003","article-title":"Hansen's disease: A vanishing disease?","volume":"107","author":"Talhari S","year":"2012","unstructured":"Talhari S, Grossi MA, Oliveira ML, Gontijo B, Talhari C, Penna GO. Hansen's disease: A vanishing disease?. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2012, 107:13-6. 10.1590\/S0074-02762012000900003","journal-title":"Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0037-86822008000700003","article-title":"The influence of increased access to basic healthcare on the trends in Hansen's disease detection rate in Brazil from 1980 to 2006","volume":"41","author":"Penna ML","year":"2008","unstructured":"Penna ML, Oliveira ML, Carmo EH, Penna GO, Tempor\u00e3o JG. The influence of increased access to basic healthcare on the trends in Hansen's disease detection rate in Brazil from 1980 to 2006. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 2008, 41:6-10. 10.1590\/S0037-86822008000700003","journal-title":"Rev Soc Bras Med Trop"},{"key":"ref107","article-title":"Leprosy in children and adolescents: Bibliographical review and current situation in Brazil","volume":"31","author":"Barbieri CL","year":"2009","unstructured":"Barbieri CL, Marques HH. Leprosy in children and adolescents: Bibliographical review and current situation in Brazil. Pediatria (S\u00e3o Paulo). 2009, 31:281-90.","journal-title":"Pediatria (S\u00e3o Paulo)"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2014.10.002","article-title":"Eradicating leprosy in Saudi Arabia: Outcome of a ten-year surveillance (2003-2012)","volume":"12","author":"Assiri A","year":"2014","unstructured":"Assiri A, Yezli S, Tayeb T, Almasri M, Bamgboye AE, Memish ZA. Eradicating leprosy in Saudi Arabia: Outcome of a ten-year surveillance (2003-2012). Travel Med Infect Dis. 2014, 12:771-7. 10.1016\/j.tmaid.2014.10.002","journal-title":"Travel Med Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1590\/S1415-790X2004000200005","article-title":"Aplica\u00e7\u00e3o de m\u00e9todos de estimativa da preval\u00eancia de hansen\u00edase no Estado de Mato Grosso","volume":"7","author":"Ignotti E","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ignotti E, Rodrigues AM, Andrade VL, Valente JG. Aplica\u00e7\u00e3o de m\u00e9todos de estimativa da preval\u00eancia de hansen\u00edase no Estado de Mato Grosso. Rev Bras Epidemiol. 2004, 7:155-66.","journal-title":"Rev Bras Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1684\/ejd.2012.1741","article-title":"Decreased RNA expression of interleukin 17A in skin of leprosy","volume":"22","author":"Da Motta-Passos I","year":"2012","unstructured":"Da Motta-Passos I, Malheiro A, Gomes Naveca F, et al.. Decreased RNA expression of interleukin 17A in skin of leprosy. Eur J Dermatology. 2012, 22:488-94. 10.1684\/ejd.2012.1741","journal-title":"Eur J Dermatology"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0378-6323.120723","article-title":"Estimation of serum level of interleukin-17 and interleukin-4 in leprosy, towards more understanding of leprosy immunopathogenesis","volume":"79","author":"Abdallah M","year":"2013","unstructured":"Abdallah M, Emam H, Attia E, Hussein J, Mohamed N. Estimation of serum level of interleukin-17 and interleukin-4 in leprosy, towards more understanding of leprosy immunopathogenesis. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2013, 79:772-6. 10.4103\/0378-6323.120723","journal-title":"Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.12869","article-title":"TH17 cells, interleukin-17 and interferon-\u03b3 in patients and households contacts of leprosy with multibacillary and paucibacillary forms before and after the start of chemotherapy treatment","volume":"29","author":"de Almeida-Neto FB","year":"2015","unstructured":"de Almeida-Neto FB, Assis Costa VM, Oliveira-Filho AF, et al.. TH17 cells, interleukin-17 and interferon-\u03b3 in patients and households contacts of leprosy with multibacillary and paucibacillary forms before and after the start of chemotherapy treatment. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2015, 29:1354-61. 10.1111\/jdv.12869","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-014-1486-2","article-title":"Serum Th17 cytokines in leprosy: correlation with circulating CD4(+) CD25 (high)FoxP3 (+) T-regs cells, as well as down regulatory cytokines","volume":"306","author":"Attia EA","year":"2014","unstructured":"Attia EA, Abdallah M, El-Khateeb E, Saad AA, Lotfi RA, Abdallah M, El-Shennawy D. Serum Th17 cytokines in leprosy: correlation with circulating CD4(+) CD25 (high)FoxP3 (+) T-regs cells, as well as down regulatory cytokines. Arch Dermatol Res. 2014, 306:793-801. 10.1007\/s00403-014-1486-2","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol Res"},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006001","article-title":"T-cell regulation in erythema nodosum leprosum","volume":"11","author":"Negera E","year":"2017","unstructured":"Negera E, Walker SL, Bobosha K, Howe R, Aseffa A, Dockrell HM, Lockwood DN. T-cell regulation in erythema nodosum leprosum. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2017, 11:e0006001. 10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006001","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0196853","article-title":"In situ T regulatory cells and Th17 cytokines in paired samples of leprosy type 1 and type 2 reactions","volume":"13","author":"Costa MB","year":"2018","unstructured":"Costa MB, Hungria EM, Freitas AA, Sousa AL, Jampietro J, Soares FA, Stefani MM. In situ T regulatory cells and Th17 cytokines in paired samples of leprosy type 1 and type 2 reactions. PLoS One. 2018, 13:e0196853. 10.1371\/journal.pone.0196853","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref116","article-title":"Comparison of interleukin-17 level in leprosy and non-leprosy patients at Dr Muhammad Hoesin Palembang General Hospital","volume":"4","author":"Sakdiah S","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sakdiah S, Salim EM, Hafy Z, Argentina F, Kurniati N, Rahadiyanto Y. Comparison of interleukin-17 level in leprosy and non-leprosy patients at Dr Muhammad Hoesin Palembang General Hospital. J Inno Appl Pharma Sci. 2019, 4:1-9.","journal-title":"J Inno Appl Pharma Sci"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/176433-leprosy-classification-clinical-features-epidemiology-and-host-immunological-responses-failure-of-eradication-in-2023","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,9]],"date-time":"2024-02-09T20:05:55Z","timestamp":1707509155000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/176433-leprosy-classification-clinical-features-epidemiology-and-host-immunological-responses-failure-of-eradication-in-2023"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,6]]},"references-count":116,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.44767","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,6]]}}}