{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T21:21:57Z","timestamp":1782336117146,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,14]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.45204","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,14]],"date-time":"2023-09-14T14:45:37Z","timestamp":1694702737000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Seasonal Prevalence of Respiratory Pathogens Among Children in the United Arab Emirates: A Multicenter Cross-Sectional Study in the Pre-COVID-19 Era"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Sara","family":"Salim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Handan","family":"Celiloglu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farah","family":"Tayyab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zainab A","family":"Malik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/152.4_Pt_2.S4","article-title":"The clinical impact of human respiratory virus infections","volume":"152","author":"Denny FW Jr","year":"1995","unstructured":"Denny FW Jr. The clinical impact of human respiratory virus infections. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995, 152:S4-12. 10.1164\/ajrccm\/152.4_Pt_2.S4","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.100986","article-title":"Global burden of upper respiratory infections in 204 countries and territories, from 1990 to 2019","volume":"37","author":"Jin X","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jin X, Ren J, Li R, et al.. Global burden of upper respiratory infections in 204 countries and territories, from 1990 to 2019. EClinicalMedicine. 2021, 37:100986. 10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.100986","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000000704","article-title":"Infectious disease-related emergency department visits among children in the US","volume":"34","author":"Hasegawa K","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hasegawa K, Tsugawa Y, Cohen A, Camargo CA Jr. Infectious disease-related emergency department visits among children in the US. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2015, 34:681-5. 10.1097\/INF.0000000000000704","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0031-3955(16)38876-9","article-title":"Viral respiratory infections","volume":"41(6)","author":"Walker TA","year":"1994","unstructured":"Walker TA, Khurana S, Tilden SJ. Viral respiratory infections. Pediatr Clin North Am. 1994, 41(6):1365-81. 10.1016\/s0031-3955(16)38876-9","journal-title":"Pediatr Clin North Am"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.inf.0000108188.37237.48","article-title":"National disease burden of respiratory viruses detected in children by polymerase chain reaction","volume":"23","author":"Henrickson KJ","year":"2004","unstructured":"Henrickson KJ, Hoover S, Kehl KS, Hua W. National disease burden of respiratory viruses detected in children by polymerase chain reaction. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2004, 23:S11-8. 10.1097\/01.inf.0000108188.37237.48","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.113.6.1662","article-title":"Serious bacterial infections in febrile infants 1 to 90 days old with and without viral infections","volume":"113","author":"Byington CL","year":"2004","unstructured":"Byington CL, Enriquez FR, Hoff C, et al.. Serious bacterial infections in febrile infants 1 to 90 days old with and without viral infections. Pediatrics. 2004, 113:1662-6. 10.1542\/peds.113.6.1662","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197303082881005","article-title":"Epidemiology of acute lower respiratory disease in children","volume":"288","author":"Glezen P","year":"1973","unstructured":"Glezen P, Denny FW. Epidemiology of acute lower respiratory disease in children. N Engl J Med. 1973, 288:498-505. 10.1056\/NEJM197303082881005","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25464","article-title":"Incidence and seasonality of respiratory viruses causing acute respiratory infections in the Northern United Arab Emirates","volume":"91","author":"Jeon JH","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jeon JH, Han M, Chang HE, Park SS, Lee JW, Ahn YJ, Hong DJ. Incidence and seasonality of respiratory viruses causing acute respiratory infections in the Northern United Arab Emirates. J Med Virol. 2019, 91:1378-84. 10.1002\/jmv.25464","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3402\/gha.v6i0.20100","article-title":"An analysis of the health status of the United Arab Emirates: the 'Big 4' public health issues","volume":"6","author":"Loney T","year":"2013","unstructured":"Loney T, Aw TC, Handysides DG, et al.. An analysis of the health status of the United Arab Emirates: the 'Big 4' public health issues. Glob Health Action. 2013, 6:20100. 10.3402\/gha.v6i0.20100","journal-title":"Glob Health Action"},{"key":"ref10","unstructured":"Population By Gender And Age Groups - Emirate Of Dubai | Dubai Statistics Center. (2019). Accessed. 30\/01\/2023: https:\/\/www.dsc.gov.ae\/Report\/DSC_SYB_2019_01%20_%2005.pdf."},{"key":"ref11","unstructured":"Dubai Tourism Statistics 2023 [Infographics]. (2019). Accessed. 30\/01\/2023: https:\/\/www.globalmediainsight.com\/blog\/dubai-tourism-statistics\/#:~:text=The%20figure%20rose%20gradually%20over,came...."},{"key":"ref12","unstructured":"Seasonal prevalence of respiratory pathogens among children in the United Arab Emirates. a multicenter cross-sectional study in the pre-COVID-19 era [PREPRINT]. (2023). Accessed: 07\/04\/2023: https:\/\/www.researchsquare.com\/article\/rs-2710038\/v1."},{"key":"ref13","unstructured":"FilmArray respiratory panel - Biom\u00e9rieux. (2020). Accessed. 30\/01\/2023: https:\/\/www.biomerieux-nordic.com\/sites\/clinic\/files\/info-sheet-respiratory-panel-mrkt-prt-0229-04.pdf."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0001802","article-title":"Validity of the common cold questionnaire (CCQ) in asthma exacerbations","volume":"3","author":"Powell H","year":"2008","unstructured":"Powell H, Smart J, Wood LG, Grissell T, Shafren DR, Hensley MJ, Gibson PG. Validity of the common cold questionnaire (CCQ) in asthma exacerbations. PLoS One. 2008, 3:e1802. 10.1371\/journal.pone.0001802","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-12-350","article-title":"Viral etiologies of lower respiratory tract infections among Egyptian children under five years of age","volume":"12","author":"Shafik CF","year":"2012","unstructured":"Shafik CF, Mohareb EW, Yassin AS, Amin MA, El Kholy A, El-Karaksy H, Youssef FG. Viral etiologies of lower respiratory tract infections among Egyptian children under five years of age. BMC Infect Dis. 2012, 12:350. 10.1186\/1471-2334-12-350","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.24632","article-title":"Acute viral respiratory infections among children in MERS-endemic Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 2012-2013","volume":"89","author":"Fagbo SF","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fagbo SF, Garbati MA, Hasan R, et al.. Acute viral respiratory infections among children in MERS-endemic Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 2012-2013. J Med Virol. 2017, 89:195-201. 10.1002\/jmv.24632","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-019-04300-2","article-title":"Epidemiology of respiratory viruses in Saudi Arabia: toward a complete picture","volume":"164","author":"Farrag MA","year":"2019","unstructured":"Farrag MA, Hamed ME, Amer HM, Almajhdi FN. Epidemiology of respiratory viruses in Saudi Arabia: toward a complete picture. Arch Virol. 2019, 164:1981-96. 10.1007\/s00705-019-04300-2","journal-title":"Arch Virol"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2022.01.006","article-title":"Rhinovirus infections and their roles in asthma: etiology and exacerbations","volume":"10","author":"Jackson DJ","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jackson DJ, Gern JE. Rhinovirus infections and their roles in asthma: etiology and exacerbations. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2022, 10:673-81. 10.1016\/j.jaip.2022.01.006","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1974.03230160020004","article-title":"Viruses as precipitants of asthmatic attacks in children","volume":"227(3)","author":"Minor TE","year":"1974","unstructured":"Minor TE, Dick EC, DeMeo AN, Ouellette JJ, Cohen M, Reed CE. Viruses as precipitants of asthmatic attacks in children. JAMA. 1974, 227(3):292-8. 10.1001\/jama.1974.03230160020004","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1824-7288-39-22","article-title":"Virological and clinical characterizations of respiratory infections in hospitalized children","volume":"39","author":"Bicer S","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bicer S, Giray T, \u00c7\u00f6l D, et al.. Virological and clinical characterizations of respiratory infections in hospitalized children. Ital J Pediatr. 2013, 39:22. 10.1186\/1824-7288-39-22","journal-title":"Ital J Pediatr"},{"key":"ref21","article-title":"Viral etiology in hospitalized children with acute lower respiratory tract infection","volume":"53","author":"Hatipo\u011flu N","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hatipo\u011flu N, Somer A, Badur S, et al.. Viral etiology in hospitalized children with acute lower respiratory tract infection. Turk J Pediatr. 2011, 53:508-16.","journal-title":"Turk J Pediatr"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2007.08.019","article-title":"Most human metapneumovirus and human respiratory syncytial virus in infant nasal secretions is cell free","volume":"40","author":"Semple MG","year":"2007","unstructured":"Semple MG, Booth JA, Ebrahimi B. Most human metapneumovirus and human respiratory syncytial virus in infant nasal secretions is cell free. J Clin Virol. 2007, 40:241-4. 10.1016\/j.jcv.2007.08.019","journal-title":"J Clin Virol"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.21790","article-title":"Viral respiratory infections in hospitalized and community control children in Alaska","volume":"82","author":"Singleton RJ","year":"2010","unstructured":"Singleton RJ, Bulkow LR, Miernyk K, et al.. Viral respiratory infections in hospitalized and community control children in Alaska. J Med Virol. 2010, 82:1282-90. 10.1002\/jmv.21790","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2010.06.013","article-title":"Epidemiology of viral respiratory tract infections in a prospective cohort of infants and toddlers attending daycare","volume":"49","author":"Fairchok MP","year":"2010","unstructured":"Fairchok MP, Martin ET, Chambers S, Kuypers J, Behrens M, Braun LE, Englund JA. Epidemiology of viral respiratory tract infections in a prospective cohort of infants and toddlers attending daycare. J Clin Virol. 2010, 49:16-20. 10.1016\/j.jcv.2010.06.013","journal-title":"J Clin Virol"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-2659.2012.00340.x","article-title":"Impact of viral infections in children with community-acquired pneumonia: results of a study of 17 respiratory viruses","volume":"7","author":"Esposito S","year":"2013","unstructured":"Esposito S, Daleno C, Prunotto G, et al.. Impact of viral infections in children with community-acquired pneumonia: results of a study of 17 respiratory viruses. Influenza Other Respir Viruses. 2013, 7:18-26. 10.1111\/j.1750-2659.2012.00340.x","journal-title":"Influenza Other Respir Viruses"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0155589","article-title":"Coinfections of the respiratory tract: viral competition for resources","volume":"11","author":"Pinky L","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pinky L, Dobrovolny HM. Coinfections of the respiratory tract: viral competition for resources. PLoS One. 2016, 11:e0155589. 10.1371\/journal.pone.0155589","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpediatrics.2011.155","article-title":"Occult serious bacterial infection in infants younger than 60 to 90 days with bronchiolitis: a systematic review","volume":"165","author":"Ralston S","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ralston S, Hill V, Waters A. Occult serious bacterial infection in infants younger than 60 to 90 days with bronchiolitis: a systematic review. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2011, 165:951-6. 10.1001\/archpediatrics.2011.155","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.156.4.322","article-title":"Concurrent serious bacterial infections in 2396 infants and children hospitalized with respiratory syncytial virus lower respiratory tract infections","volume":"156","author":"Purcell K","year":"2002","unstructured":"Purcell K, Fergie J. Concurrent serious bacterial infections in 2396 infants and children hospitalized with respiratory syncytial virus lower respiratory tract infections. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2002, 156:322-4. 10.1001\/archpedi.156.4.322","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/pch\/20.5.e25","article-title":"Risk of urinary tract infection in infants and children with acute bronchiolitis","volume":"20","author":"Hendaus MA","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hendaus MA, Alhammadi AH, Khalifa MS, Muneer E, Chandra P. Risk of urinary tract infection in infants and children with acute bronchiolitis. Paediatr Child Health. 2015, 20:e25-9. 10.1093\/pch\/20.5.e25","journal-title":"Paediatr Child Health"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis629","article-title":"Clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis and management of group A streptococcal pharyngitis: 2012 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America","volume":"55","author":"Shulman ST","year":"2012","unstructured":"Shulman ST, Bisno AL, Clegg HW, et al.. Clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis and management of group A streptococcal pharyngitis: 2012 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2012, 55:e86-102. 10.1093\/cid\/cis629","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-007-0496-x","article-title":"Ten years' experience with year-round active surveillance of up to 19 respiratory pathogens in children","volume":"166","author":"Weigl JA","year":"2007","unstructured":"Weigl JA, Puppe W, Meyer CU, Berner R, Forster J, Schmitt HJ, Zepp F. Ten years' experience with year-round active surveillance of up to 19 respiratory pathogens in children. Eur J Pediatr. 2007, 166:957-66. 10.1007\/s00431-007-0496-x","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s0950268800068023","article-title":"Surveillance of respiratory viral infections by rapid immunofluorescence diagnosis, with emphasis on virus interference","volume":"99","author":"Anestad G","year":"1987","unstructured":"Anestad G. Surveillance of respiratory viral infections by rapid immunofluorescence diagnosis, with emphasis on virus interference. Epidemiol Infect. 1987, 99:523-31. 10.1017\/s0950268800068023","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0008518","article-title":"Genetics, recombination and clinical features of human rhinovirus species C (HRV-C) infections; interactions of HRV-C with other respiratory viruses","volume":"4","author":"Wisdom A","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wisdom A, Kutkowska AE, McWilliam Leitch EC, Gaunt E, Templeton K, Harvala H, Simmonds P. Genetics, recombination and clinical features of human rhinovirus species C (HRV-C) infections; interactions of HRV-C with other respiratory viruses. PLoS One. 2009, 4:e8518. 10.1371\/journal.pone.0008518","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2009.03.008","article-title":"Do rhinoviruses reduce the probability of viral co-detection during acute respiratory tract infections?","volume":"45","author":"Greer RM","year":"2009","unstructured":"Greer RM, McErlean P, Arden KE, et al.. Do rhinoviruses reduce the probability of viral co-detection during acute respiratory tract infections?. J Clin Virol. 2009, 45:10-5. 10.1016\/j.jcv.2009.03.008","journal-title":"J Clin Virol"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/ese.14.40.19354-en","article-title":"Does viral interference affect spread of influenza?","volume":"14(40)","author":"Linde A","year":"2009","unstructured":"Linde A, Rotzen-Ostlund M, Zweygberg-Wirgart B, Rubinova S, Brytting M. Does viral interference affect spread of influenza?. Euro Surveill. 2009, 14(40):19354. 10.2807\/ese.14.40.19354-en","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00365548.2011.598876","article-title":"Seasonal variations of 15 respiratory agents illustrated by the application of a multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay","volume":"44","author":"Brittain-Long R","year":"2012","unstructured":"Brittain-Long R, Andersson LM, Olofsson S, Lindh M, Westin J. Seasonal variations of 15 respiratory agents illustrated by the application of a multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay. Scand J Infect Dis. 2012, 44:9-17. 10.3109\/00365548.2011.598876","journal-title":"Scand J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/605435","article-title":"Are meteorological parameters associated with acute respiratory tract infections?","volume":"49","author":"du Prel JB","year":"2009","unstructured":"du Prel JB, Puppe W, Gr\u00f6ndahl B, Knuf M, Weigl JA, Schaaff F, Schmitt HJ. Are meteorological parameters associated with acute respiratory tract infections?. Clin Infect Dis. 2009, 49:861-8. 10.1086\/605435","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2008.09.011","article-title":"Cold temperature and low humidity are associated with increased occurrence of respiratory tract infections","volume":"103","author":"M\u00e4kinen TM","year":"2009","unstructured":"M\u00e4kinen TM, Juvonen R, Jokelainen J, et al.. Cold temperature and low humidity are associated with increased occurrence of respiratory tract infections. Respir Med. 2009, 103:456-62. 10.1016\/j.rmed.2008.09.011","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1526-0542(09)70004-1","article-title":"The relationship of meteorological conditions to the epidemic activity of respiratory syncytial virus","volume":"10 Suppl 1","author":"Welliver R","year":"2009","unstructured":"Welliver R. The relationship of meteorological conditions to the epidemic activity of respiratory syncytial virus. Paediatr Respir Rev. 2009, 10 Suppl 1:6-8. 10.1016\/S1526-0542(09)70004-1","journal-title":"Paediatr Respir Rev"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.12604","article-title":"The impact of influenza infection on young children, their family and the health care system","volume":"13","author":"Willis GA","year":"2019","unstructured":"Willis GA, Preen DB, Richmond PC, et al.. The impact of influenza infection on young children, their family and the health care system. Influenza Other Respir Viruses. 2019, 13:18-27. 10.1111\/irv.12604","journal-title":"Influenza Other Respir Viruses"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/181598-seasonal-prevalence-of-respiratory-pathogens-among-children-in-the-united-arab-emirates-a-multicenter-cross-sectional-study-in-the-pre-covid-19-era","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,9]],"date-time":"2024-02-09T20:06:04Z","timestamp":1707509164000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/181598-seasonal-prevalence-of-respiratory-pathogens-among-children-in-the-united-arab-emirates-a-multicenter-cross-sectional-study-in-the-pre-covid-19-era"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,14]]},"references-count":40,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.45204","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,14]]}}}