{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T19:26:35Z","timestamp":1788636395224,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,20]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.45621","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,20]],"date-time":"2023-09-20T17:19:14Z","timestamp":1695230354000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Association Between Digital Device Utilization and Asthenopia Among Medical Students at King Khalid University"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Abdulrahman","family":"Alamri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manar  M","family":"Alamri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatimah  A","family":"Rashid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amal S","family":"Alawashiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatimah H","family":"Alqahtani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alhanoof A","family":"Alyami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lena A","family":"Almathami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Razan A","family":"Alwabel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elham M","family":"Alqarni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Albatool M","family":"Alqahtani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanan","family":"Almoghamer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abeer A","family":"Alahmari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10758-021-09515-4","article-title":"Students\u2019 perception of cell phones effect on their academic performance: a Latvian and a Middle Eastern University cases","volume":"27","author":"Zogheib B","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zogheib B, Daniela L. Students\u2019 perception of cell phones effect on their academic performance: a Latvian and a Middle Eastern University cases. Technol Knowl Learn. 2021, 27:1115-31. 10.1007\/s10758-021-09515-4","journal-title":"Technol Knowl Learn"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su141912812","article-title":"Transition from online to face-to-face education after COVID-19: the benefits of online education from students\u2019 perspective","volume":"14","author":"Stoian CE","year":"2022","unstructured":"Stoian CE, F\u0103rca\u0219iu MA, Dragomir G-B, Gherhe\u0219 V. Transition from online to face-to-face education after COVID-19: the benefits of online education from students\u2019 perspective. Sustainability. 2022, 14:12812. 10.3390\/su141912812","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"ref3","article-title":"A study of computer-related upper limb discomfort and computer vision syndrome","volume":"36","author":"Sen A","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sen A, Richardson S. A study of computer-related upper limb discomfort and computer vision syndrome. J Hum Ergol (Tokyo). 2007, 36:45-50.","journal-title":"J Hum Ergol (Tokyo)"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14744%2Fnci.2017.54036","article-title":"Effects of long-term computer use on eye dryness","volume":"5","author":"Akkaya S","year":"2018","unstructured":"Akkaya S, Atakan T, Acikalin B, Aksoy S, Ozkurt Y. Effects of long-term computer use on eye dryness. North Clin Istanb. 2018, 5:319-22. 10.14744%2Fnci.2017.54036","journal-title":"North Clin Istanb"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjophth-2018-000146","article-title":"Digital eye strain: prevalence, measurement and amelioration","volume":"3","author":"Sheppard AL","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sheppard AL, Wolffsohn JS. Digital eye strain: prevalence, measurement and amelioration. BMJ Open Ophthalmol. 2018, 3:e000146. 10.1136\/bmjophth-2018-000146","journal-title":"BMJ Open Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e31812f7546","article-title":"Computer use, symptoms, and quality of life","volume":"84","author":"Hayes JR","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hayes JR, Sheedy JE, Stelmack JA, Heaney CA. Computer use, symptoms, and quality of life. Optom Vis Sci. 2007, 84:738-44. 10.1097\/OPX.0b013e31812f7546","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40123-022-00540-9","article-title":"Digital eye strain-a comprehensive review","volume":"11","author":"Kaur K","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kaur K, Gurnani B, Nayak S, et al.. Digital eye strain-a comprehensive review. Ophthalmol Ther. 2022, 11:1655-80. 10.1007\/s40123-022-00540-9","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Ther"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_340_20","article-title":"Asthenopia among university students. The eye of the digital generation","volume":"9","author":"Touma Sawaya RI","year":"2020","unstructured":"Touma Sawaya RI, El Meski N, Saba JB, et al.. Asthenopia among university students. The eye of the digital generation. J Family Med Prim Care. 2020, 9:3921-32. 10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_340_20","journal-title":"J Family Med Prim Care"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5812\/compreped.43208","article-title":"The prevalence of asthenopia and its determinants among schoolchildren","volume":"8","author":"Hashemi H","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hashemi H, Khabazkhoob M, Forouzesh S, Nabovati P, Yekta AA, Ostadimoghaddam H. The prevalence of asthenopia and its determinants among schoolchildren. J Compr Pediatr. 2017, 8:e43208. 10.5812\/compreped.43208","journal-title":"J Compr Pediatr"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.13885","article-title":"Correlation between handheld digital device use and asthenopia in Chinese college students: a Shanghai study","volume":"97","author":"Xu Y","year":"2019","unstructured":"Xu Y, Deng G, Wang W, Xiong S, Xu X. Correlation between handheld digital device use and asthenopia in Chinese college students: a Shanghai study. Acta Ophthalmol. 2019, 97:e442-7. 10.1111\/aos.13885","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3126\/nepjoph.v5i2.8707","article-title":"Computer vision syndrome: a study of knowledge and practices in university students","volume":"5","author":"Reddy SC","year":"2013","unstructured":"Reddy SC, Low CK, Lim YP, Low LL, Mardina F, Nursaleha MP. Computer vision syndrome: a study of knowledge and practices in university students. Nepal J Ophthalmol. 2013, 5:161-8. 10.3126\/nepjoph.v5i2.8707","journal-title":"Nepal J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.9734\/OR\/2018\/38436","article-title":"Computer vision syndrome survey among the medical students in Sohag University Hospital, Egypt","volume":"8","author":"Iqbal M","year":"2018","unstructured":"Iqbal M, El-Massry A, Elagouz M, Elzembely H. Computer vision syndrome survey among the medical students in Sohag University Hospital, Egypt. Ophthalmology Research. 2018, 8:1-8. 10.9734\/OR\/2018\/38436","journal-title":"Ophthalmology Research"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S377541","article-title":"Prevalence of asthenopia and its relationship with electronic screen usage during the COVID-19 pandemic in Jazan, Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study","volume":"16","author":"Abuallut I","year":"2022","unstructured":"Abuallut I, Qumayi EA, Mohana AJ, et al.. Prevalence of asthenopia and its relationship with electronic screen usage during the COVID-19 pandemic in Jazan, Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study. Clin Ophthalmol. 2022, 16:3165-74. 10.2147\/OPTH.S377541","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18502%2Fjovr.v14i4.5455","article-title":"High prevalence of asthenopia among a population of university students","volume":"14","author":"Hashemi H","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hashemi H, Saatchi M, Yekta A, et al.. High prevalence of asthenopia among a population of university students. J Ophthalmic Vis Res. 2019, 14:474. 10.18502%2Fjovr.v14i4.5455","journal-title":"J Ophthalmic Vis Res"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.736617","article-title":"Contribution of total screen\/online-course time to asthenopia in children during COVID-19 pandemic via influencing psychological stress","volume":"9","author":"Li L","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li L, Zhang J, Chen M, et al.. Contribution of total screen\/online-course time to asthenopia in children during COVID-19 pandemic via influencing psychological stress. Front Public Health. 2021, 9:736617. 10.3389\/fpubh.2021.736617","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_2535_20","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factor assessment of digital eye strain among children using online e-learning during the COVID-19 pandemic: digital eye strain among kids (DESK study-1)","volume":"69","author":"Mohan A","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mohan A, Sen P, Shah C, Jain E, Jain S. Prevalence and risk factor assessment of digital eye strain among children using online e-learning during the COVID-19 pandemic: digital eye strain among kids (DESK study-1). Indian J Ophthalmol. 2021, 69:140-4. 10.4103\/ijo.IJO_2535_20","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22317\/jcms.v7i1.937","article-title":"Digital eye strain during COVID-19 lockdown in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia","volume":"7","author":"Almarzouki","year":"2021","unstructured":"Almarzouki, K. Faisal, A. Nassief, et al.. Digital eye strain during COVID-19 lockdown in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. J Contemp Med Sci. 2021, 7:40-45. 10.22317\/jcms.v7i1.937","journal-title":"J Contemp Med Sci"},{"key":"ref18","unstructured":"UT chemists discover how blue light speeds blindness. University of Toledo. (2018). https.\/\/news.utoledo.edu\/index.php\/08_08_2018\/ut-chemists-discover-how-blue-light-speeds-blindness."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2011.07790.x","article-title":"Blue light stress in retinal neuronal (R28) cells is dependent on wavelength range and irradiance","volume":"34","author":"Knels L","year":"2011","unstructured":"Knels L, Valtink M, Roehlecke C, Lupp A, de la Vega J, Mehner M, Funk RH. Blue light stress in retinal neuronal (R28) cells is dependent on wavelength range and irradiance. Eur J Neurosci. 2011, 34:548-58. 10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2011.07790.x","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/185959-association-between-digital-device-utilization-and-asthenopia-among-medical-students-at-king-khalid-university","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,9]],"date-time":"2024-02-09T20:08:13Z","timestamp":1707509293000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/185959-association-between-digital-device-utilization-and-asthenopia-among-medical-students-at-king-khalid-university"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,20]]},"references-count":19,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.45621","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,20]]}}}