{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T01:01:25Z","timestamp":1782262885356,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,23]]},"DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.47525","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,23]],"date-time":"2023-10-23T14:29:00Z","timestamp":1698071340000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["A Comprehensive Review of the Vascular Consequences of Diabetes in the Lower Extremities: Current Approaches to Management and Evaluation of Clinical Outcomes"],"prefix":"10.7759","author":[{"given":"Akanksha","family":"Yachmaneni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suhas","family":"Jajoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chandrashekhar","family":"Mahakalkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shivani","family":"Kshirsagar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simran","family":"Dhole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21176275","article-title":"Pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"21","author":"Galicia-Garcia U","year":"2020","unstructured":"Galicia-Garcia U, Benito-Vicente A, Jebari S, et al.. Pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Int J Mol Sci. 2020, 21:6275. 10.3390\/ijms21176275","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/CEOR.S247498","article-title":"Healthcare costs of diabetes and microvascular and macrovascular disease in individuals with incident type 2 diabetes mellitus: a ten-year longitudinal study","volume":"12","author":"Visaria J","year":"2020","unstructured":"Visaria J, Iyer NN, Raval AD, et al.. Healthcare costs of diabetes and microvascular and macrovascular disease in individuals with incident type 2 diabetes mellitus: a ten-year longitudinal study. Clinicoecon Outcomes Res. 2020, 12:423-34. 10.2147\/CEOR.S247498","journal-title":"Clinicoecon Outcomes Res"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2012.11.012","article-title":"Vascular complications of diabetes: mechanisms of injury and protective factors","volume":"17","author":"Rask-Madsen C","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rask-Madsen C, King GL. Vascular complications of diabetes: mechanisms of injury and protective factors. Cell Metab. 2013, 17:20-33. 10.1016\/j.cmet.2012.11.012","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-6748.196041","article-title":"Psychological effects of amputation: a review of studies from India","volume":"25","author":"Sahu A","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sahu A, Sagar R, Sarkar S, Sagar S. Psychological effects of amputation: a review of studies from India. Ind Psychiatry J. 2016, 25:4-10. 10.4103\/0972-6748.196041","journal-title":"Ind Psychiatry J"},{"key":"ref5","article-title":"Type 1 diabetes","author":"Lucier J","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lucier J, Weinstock RS. Type 1 diabetes. StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island (FL); 2023."},{"key":"ref6","article-title":"Type 2 diabetes","author":"Goyal R","year":"2023","unstructured":"Goyal R, Singhal M, Jialal I. Type 2 diabetes. StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island (FL); 2023."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2012.96","article-title":"Gestational diabetes mellitus: risks and management during and after pregnancy","volume":"8","author":"Buchanan TA","year":"2012","unstructured":"Buchanan TA, Xiang AH, Page KA. Gestational diabetes mellitus: risks and management during and after pregnancy. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2012, 8:639-49. 10.1038\/nrendo.2012.96","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref8","unstructured":"Monogenic diabetes (neonatal diabetes mellitus & MODY). (2023). Accessed. September 13, 2023: https:\/\/www.niddk.nih.gov\/health-information\/diabetes\/overview\/what-is-diabetes\/monogenic-neonatal-mellitus-mody."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/2230-8210.183480","article-title":"Microvasular and macrovascular complications in diabetes mellitus: distinct or continuum?","volume":"20","author":"Chawla A","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chawla A, Chawla R, Jaggi S. Microvasular and macrovascular complications in diabetes mellitus: distinct or continuum?. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2016, 20:546-51. 10.4103\/2230-8210.183480","journal-title":"Indian J Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref10","article-title":"Diabetic retinopathy","author":"Shukla UV","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shukla UV, Tripathy K. Diabetic retinopathy. StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island (FL); 2023."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2040-1124.2010.00070.x","article-title":"Mechanism of diabetic neuropathy: where are we now and where to go?","volume":"2","author":"Yagihashi S","year":"2011","unstructured":"Yagihashi S, Mizukami H, Sugimoto K. Mechanism of diabetic neuropathy: where are we now and where to go?. J Diabetes Investig. 2011, 2:18-32. 10.1111\/j.2040-1124.2010.00070.x","journal-title":"J Diabetes Investig"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v5.i4.444","article-title":"Type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease: have all risk factors the same strength?","volume":"5","author":"Mart\u00edn-Tim\u00f3n I","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mart\u00edn-Tim\u00f3n I, Sevillano-Collantes C, Segura-Galindo A, Del Ca\u00f1izo-G\u00f3mez FJ. Type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease: have all risk factors the same strength?. World J Diabetes. 2014, 5:444-70. 10.4239\/wjd.v5.i4.444","journal-title":"World J Diabetes"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2016.01.011","article-title":"Diabetes and stroke: epidemiology, pathophysiology, pharmaceuticals and outcomes","volume":"351","author":"Chen R","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chen R, Ovbiagele B, Feng W. Diabetes and stroke: epidemiology, pathophysiology, pharmaceuticals and outcomes. Am J Med Sci. 2016, 351:380-6. 10.1016\/j.amjms.2016.01.011","journal-title":"Am J Med Sci"},{"key":"ref14","article-title":"Peripheral arterial disease","author":"Zemaitis MR","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zemaitis MR, Boll JM, Dreyer MA. Peripheral arterial disease. StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island (FL); 2023."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v12.i6.827","article-title":"Diabetes and peripheral artery disease: a review","volume":"12","author":"Soyoye DO","year":"2021","unstructured":"Soyoye DO, Abiodun OO, Ikem RT, Kolawole BA, Akintomide AO. Diabetes and peripheral artery disease: a review. World J Diabetes. 2021, 12:827-38. 10.4239\/wjd.v12.i6.827","journal-title":"World J Diabetes"},{"key":"ref16","article-title":"Diabetic foot ulcer","author":"Oliver TI","year":"2023","unstructured":"Oliver TI, Mutluoglu M. Diabetic foot ulcer. StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island (FL); 2023."},{"key":"ref17","article-title":"Gangrene","author":"Buttolph A","year":"2023","unstructured":"Buttolph A, Sapra A. Gangrene. StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island (FL); 2023."},{"key":"ref18","article-title":"Lower extremity amputation","author":"Molina CS","year":"2023","unstructured":"Molina CS, Faulk J. Lower extremity amputation. StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island (FL); 2023."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc08-9021","article-title":"Comprehensive foot examination and risk assessment: a report of the task force of the foot care interest group of the American Diabetes Association, with endorsement by the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists","volume":"31","author":"Boulton AJ","year":"2008","unstructured":"Boulton AJ, Armstrong DG, Albert SF, et al.. Comprehensive foot examination and risk assessment: a report of the task force of the foot care interest group of the American Diabetes Association, with endorsement by the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists. Diabetes Care. 2008, 31:1679-85. 10.2337\/dc08-9021","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref20","article-title":"Ankle brachial index","author":"McClary KN","unstructured":"McClary KN, Massey P. Ankle brachial index. StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island (FL);"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD010975.pub2","article-title":"Simple tests to screen for diabetic peripheral neuropathy","volume":"2018","author":"Yang Z","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yang Z, Zhang Y, Chen R, et al.. Simple tests to screen for diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018, 2018:CD010975. 10.1002\/14651858.CD010975.pub2","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3402\/dfa.v7.29758","article-title":"Type 2 diabetes-related foot care knowledge and foot self-care practice interventions in the United States: a systematic review of the literature","volume":"7","author":"Bonner T","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bonner T, Foster M, Spears-Lanoix E. Type 2 diabetes-related foot care knowledge and foot self-care practice interventions in the United States: a systematic review of the literature. Diabet Foot Ankle. 2016, 7:29758. 10.3402\/dfa.v7.29758","journal-title":"Diabet Foot Ankle"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.07.001","article-title":"Cardiovascular disease in diabetes, beyond glucose","volume":"33","author":"Eckel RH","year":"2021","unstructured":"Eckel RH, Bornfeldt KE, Goldberg IJ. Cardiovascular disease in diabetes, beyond glucose. Cell Metab. 2021, 33:1519-45. 10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.07.001","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20080008","article-title":"Diabetes-related microvascular and macrovascular diseases in the physical therapy setting","volume":"88","author":"Cade WT","year":"2008","unstructured":"Cade WT. Diabetes-related microvascular and macrovascular diseases in the physical therapy setting. Phys Ther. 2008, 88:1322-35. 10.2522\/ptj.20080008","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2017.12.005","article-title":"Diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease: clinical insights and vascular mechanisms","volume":"34","author":"Petrie JR","year":"2018","unstructured":"Petrie JR, Guzik TJ, Touyz RM. Diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease: clinical insights and vascular mechanisms. Can J Cardiol. 2018, 34:575-84. 10.1016\/j.cjca.2017.12.005","journal-title":"Can J Cardiol"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11164872","article-title":"Role of lipid-lowering therapy in peripheral artery disease","volume":"11","author":"Belur AD","year":"2022","unstructured":"Belur AD, Shah AJ, Virani SS, Vorla M, Kalra DK. Role of lipid-lowering therapy in peripheral artery disease. J Clin Med. 2022, 11:4872. 10.3390\/jcm11164872","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/5164970","article-title":"Modern diagnostic imaging technique applications and risk factors in the medical field: a review","volume":"2022","author":"Hussain S","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hussain S, Mubeen I, Ullah N, et al.. Modern diagnostic imaging technique applications and risk factors in the medical field: a review. Biomed Res Int. 2022, 2022:5164970. 10.1155\/2022\/5164970","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/radiation2040028","article-title":"Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) technical and diagnostic aspects in the study of lower limb arteries","volume":"2","author":"Posa A","year":"2022","unstructured":"Posa A, Tanzilli A, Barbieri P, et al.. Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) technical and diagnostic aspects in the study of lower limb arteries. Radiation. 2022, 2:376-86. 10.3390\/radiation2040028","journal-title":"Radiation"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/JMU.JMU_11_17","article-title":"A review of medical doppler ultrasonography of blood flow in general and especially in common carotid artery","volume":"26","author":"Oglat AA","year":"2018","unstructured":"Oglat AA, Matjafri MZ, Suardi N, Oqlat MA, Abdelrahman MA, Oqlat AA. A review of medical doppler ultrasonography of blood flow in general and especially in common carotid artery. J Med Ultrasound. 2018, 26:3-13. 10.4103\/JMU.JMU_11_17","journal-title":"J Med Ultrasound"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/suaa009","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging for pathobiological assessment and interventional treatment of the coronary arteries","volume":"22","author":"Heidt T","year":"2020","unstructured":"Heidt T, Reiss S, Lottner T, \u00d6zen AC, Bode C, Bock M, von Zur M\u00fchlen C. Magnetic resonance imaging for pathobiological assessment and interventional treatment of the coronary arteries. Eur Heart J Suppl. 2020, 22:C46-56. 10.1093\/eurheartj\/suaa009","journal-title":"Eur Heart J Suppl"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0034-1393964","article-title":"Clinical assessment of patients with peripheral arterial disease","volume":"31","author":"Bailey MA","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bailey MA, Griffin KJ, Scott DJ. Clinical assessment of patients with peripheral arterial disease. Semin Intervent Radiol. 2014, 31:292-9. 10.1055\/s-0034-1393964","journal-title":"Semin Intervent Radiol"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v13.i12.1106","article-title":"Diabetic foot ulcers: a devastating complication of diabetes mellitus continues non-stop in spite of new medical treatment modalities","volume":"13","author":"Akkus G","year":"2022","unstructured":"Akkus G, Sert M. Diabetic foot ulcers: a devastating complication of diabetes mellitus continues non-stop in spite of new medical treatment modalities. World J Diabetes. 2022, 13:1106-21. 10.4239\/wjd.v13.i12.1106","journal-title":"World J Diabetes"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2482-14-83","article-title":"Treatment of the diabetic foot - to amputate or not?","volume":"14","author":"Weledji EP","year":"2014","unstructured":"Weledji EP, Fokam P. Treatment of the diabetic foot - to amputate or not?. BMC Surg. 2014, 14:83. 10.1186\/1471-2482-14-83","journal-title":"BMC Surg"},{"key":"ref34","article-title":"Nutritional recommendations for individuals with diabetes","author":"Gray A","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gray A, Threlkeld RJ. Nutritional recommendations for individuals with diabetes. Endotext [Internet]. Feingold KR, Anawalt B, Blackman MR (ed): MDText.com, Inc, South Dartmouth (MA); 2019. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK279012\/:"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc16-1728","article-title":"Physical activity\/exercise and diabetes: a position statement of the American diabetes association","volume":"39","author":"Colberg SR","year":"2016","unstructured":"Colberg SR, Sigal RJ, Yardley JE, et al.. Physical activity\/exercise and diabetes: a position statement of the American diabetes association. Diabetes Care. 2016, 39:2065-79. 10.2337\/dc16-1728","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref36","article-title":"Oral and injectable (non-insulin) pharmacological agents for the treatment of type 2 diabetes","author":"Feingold KR","year":"2000","unstructured":"Feingold KR. Oral and injectable (non-insulin) pharmacological agents for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Endotext [Internet]. Feingold KR, Anawalt B, Blackman MR (ed): MDText.com, Inc, South Dartmouth (MA); 2000."},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21134725","article-title":"Statin treatment-induced development of type 2 diabetes: from clinical evidence to mechanistic insights","volume":"21","author":"Galicia-Garcia U","year":"2020","unstructured":"Galicia-Garcia U, Jebari S, Larrea-Sebal A, et al.. Statin treatment-induced development of type 2 diabetes: from clinical evidence to mechanistic insights. Int J Mol Sci. 2020, 21:4725. 10.3390\/ijms21134725","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref38","unstructured":"Angioplasty. types, procedure, risks, and recovery. (2023). Accessed: September 23, 2023: https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/327154."},{"key":"ref39","unstructured":"How It's Performed - Coronary angioplasty and stent insertion. (2017). Accessed. September 23, 2023: https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/conditions\/coronary-angioplasty\/what-happens\/."},{"key":"ref40","unstructured":"Bypass or Angioplasty with Stenting. How do you choose? . (2013). Accessed: September 23, 2023: https:\/\/www.health.harvard.edu\/heart-health\/bypass-or-angioplasty-with-stenting-how-do-you-choose."},{"key":"ref41","unstructured":"What Is Wound Debridement and When Is It Necessary?. (2019). Accessed. September 23, 2023: https:\/\/www.healthline.com\/health\/debridement."},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/life12071054","article-title":"An overview of diabetic foot ulcers and associated problems with special emphasis on treatments with antimicrobials","volume":"12","author":"Baig MS","year":"2022","unstructured":"Baig MS, Banu A, Zehravi M, et al.. An overview of diabetic foot ulcers and associated problems with special emphasis on treatments with antimicrobials. Life (Basel). 2022, 12:1054. 10.3390\/life12071054","journal-title":"Life (Basel)"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000002686","article-title":"The role of pressure offloading on diabetic foot ulcer healing and prevention of recurrence","volume":"138","author":"Bus SA","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bus SA. The role of pressure offloading on diabetic foot ulcer healing and prevention of recurrence. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2016, 138:179S-87S. 10.1097\/PRS.0000000000002686","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/wound.2012.0401","article-title":"Wound dressings and comparative effectiveness data","volume":"3","author":"Sood A","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sood A, Granick MS, Tomaselli NL. Wound dressings and comparative effectiveness data. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle). 2014, 3:511-29. 10.1089\/wound.2012.0401","journal-title":"Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle)"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0141076816688346","article-title":"Prevention and treatment of diabetic foot ulcers","volume":"110","author":"Lim JZ","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lim JZ, Ng NS, Thomas C. Prevention and treatment of diabetic foot ulcers. J R Soc Med. 2017, 110:104-9. 10.1177\/0141076816688346","journal-title":"J R Soc Med"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5001\/omj.2011.38","article-title":"Patient medication adherence: measures in daily practice","volume":"26","author":"Jimmy B","year":"2011","unstructured":"Jimmy B, Jose J. Patient medication adherence: measures in daily practice. Oman Med J. 2011, 26:155-9. 10.5001\/omj.2011.38","journal-title":"Oman Med J"},{"key":"ref47","article-title":"The Role of Blood Glucose Monitoring in Diabetes Management","author":"Weinstock RS","year":"2020","unstructured":"Weinstock RS, Aleppo G, Bailey TS, et al.. The Role of Blood Glucose Monitoring in Diabetes Management. American Diabetes Association, Arlington (VA); 2020."},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1559827615619159","article-title":"Lifestyle and the prevention of type 2 diabetes: a status report","volume":"12","author":"Galaviz KI","year":"2018","unstructured":"Galaviz KI, Narayan KM, Lobelo F, Weber MB. Lifestyle and the prevention of type 2 diabetes: a status report. Am J Lifestyle Med. 2018, 12:4-20. 10.1177\/1559827615619159","journal-title":"Am J Lifestyle Med"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0009.2005.00397.x","article-title":"Evaluating the quality of medical care. 1966","volume":"83","author":"Donabedian A","year":"2005","unstructured":"Donabedian A. Evaluating the quality of medical care. 1966. Milbank Q. 2005, 83:691-729. 10.1111\/j.1468-0009.2005.00397.x","journal-title":"Milbank Q"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/PROM.S12634","article-title":"Patient-centered care and its effect on outcomes in the treatment of asthma","volume":"2","author":"Qamar N","year":"2011","unstructured":"Qamar N, Pappalardo AA, Arora VM, Press VG. Patient-centered care and its effect on outcomes in the treatment of asthma. Patient Relat Outcome Meas. 2011, 2:81-109. 10.2147\/PROM.S12634","journal-title":"Patient Relat Outcome Meas"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.38922.650521.80","article-title":"Prevention and early detection of vascular complications of diabetes","volume":"333","author":"Marshall SM","year":"2006","unstructured":"Marshall SM, Flyvbjerg A. Prevention and early detection of vascular complications of diabetes. BMJ. 2006, 333:475-80. 10.1136\/bmj.38922.650521.80","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-23847-0","article-title":"Public Health Ethics: Cases Spanning the Globe","author":"Barrett DH","year":"2016","unstructured":"Barrett DH, Ortmann LW, Dawson A, et al.. Public Health Ethics: Cases Spanning the Globe. Springer, Cham (CH); 2016. 10.1007\/978-3-319-23847-0"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.10092","article-title":"Limb salvage versus amputation: a review of the current evidence","volume":"12","author":"Qureshi MK","year":"2020","unstructured":"Qureshi MK, Ghaffar A, Tak S, Khaled A. Limb salvage versus amputation: a review of the current evidence. Cureus. 2020, 12:e10092. 10.7759\/cureus.10092","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.120.314595","article-title":"Epidemiology and risk of amputation in patients with diabetes and peripheral artery disease","volume":"40","author":"Barnes JA","year":"2020","unstructured":"Barnes JA, Eid MA, Creager MA, Goodney PP. Epidemiology and risk of amputation in patients with diabetes and peripheral artery disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2020, 40:1808-17. 10.1161\/ATVBAHA.120.314595","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"ref55","article-title":"Quality of Life and Technology Assessment: Monograph of the Council on Health Care Technology","year":"1989","unstructured":"Quality of Life and Technology Assessment. Monograph of the Council on Health Care Technology. Institute of Medicine, Washington, D.C.; 1989."},{"key":"ref56","article-title":"Diagnosis and Management of Diabetic Foot Complications","author":"Boulton AJ","year":"2018","unstructured":"Boulton AJ, Armstrong DG, Kirsner RS, et al.. Diagnosis and Management of Diabetic Foot Complications. American Diabetes Association, Arlington; 2018."},{"key":"ref57","article-title":"Blood glucose monitoring","author":"Mathew TK","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mathew TK, Zubair M, Tadi P. Blood glucose monitoring. StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island (FL); 2023. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK555976\/:"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4065\/mcp.2010.0575","article-title":"Medication Adherence: WHO Cares?","volume":"86","author":"Brown MT","year":"2011","unstructured":"Brown MT, Bussell JK. Medication Adherence: WHO Cares?. Mayo Clin Proc. 2011, 86:304-14. 10.4065\/mcp.2010.0575","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.32855","article-title":"Physiotherapy rehabilitation in an above-knee amputee following compartment syndrome in post-tibial plateau fracture: a case report","volume":"14","author":"Chouhan D","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chouhan D, Phansopkar P, Chitale NV, Lakhwani M. Physiotherapy rehabilitation in an above-knee amputee following compartment syndrome in post-tibial plateau fracture: a case report. Cureus. 2022, 14:e32855. 10.7759\/cureus.32855","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_861_19","article-title":"Educating patients of diabetes mellitus for diabetic foot care","volume":"9","author":"Singh S","year":"2020","unstructured":"Singh S, Jajoo S, Shukla S, Acharya S. Educating patients of diabetes mellitus for diabetic foot care. J Family Med Prim Care. 2020, 9:367-73. 10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_861_19","journal-title":"J Family Med Prim Care"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v7.i7.153","article-title":"Diabetic foot disease: from the evaluation of the \"foot at risk\" to the novel diabetic ulcer treatment modalities","volume":"7","author":"Amin N","year":"2016","unstructured":"Amin N, Doupis J. Diabetic foot disease: from the evaluation of the \"foot at risk\" to the novel diabetic ulcer treatment modalities. World J Diabetes. 2016, 7:153-64. 10.4239\/wjd.v7.i7.153","journal-title":"World J Diabetes"},{"key":"ref62","article-title":"Health disparities: gaps in access, quality and affordability of medical care","volume":"123","author":"Riley WJ","year":"2012","unstructured":"Riley WJ. Health disparities: gaps in access, quality and affordability of medical care. Trans Am Clin Climatol Assoc. 2012, 123:167-74.","journal-title":"Trans Am Clin Climatol Assoc"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/ahs.v14i1.2","article-title":"Treatment non-adherence among patients with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes in ambulatory care settings in southwestern Nigeria","volume":"14","author":"Adisa R","year":"2014","unstructured":"Adisa R, Fakeye TO. Treatment non-adherence among patients with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes in ambulatory care settings in southwestern Nigeria. Afr Health Sci. 2014, 14:1-10. 10.4314\/ahs.v14i1.2","journal-title":"Afr Health Sci"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2010.03.002","article-title":"Awareness of chronic kidney disease among patients and providers","volume":"17","author":"Plantinga LC","year":"2010","unstructured":"Plantinga LC, Tuot DS, Powe NR. Awareness of chronic kidney disease among patients and providers. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis. 2010, 17:225-36. 10.1053\/j.ackd.2010.03.002","journal-title":"Adv Chronic Kidney Dis"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/wound.2015.0635","article-title":"Challenges in the treatment of chronic wounds","volume":"4","author":"Frykberg RG","year":"2015","unstructured":"Frykberg RG, Banks J. Challenges in the treatment of chronic wounds. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle). 2015, 4:560-82. 10.1089\/wound.2015.0635","journal-title":"Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle)"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics12080735","article-title":"Skin wound healing process and new emerging technologies for skin wound care and regeneration","volume":"12","author":"Tottoli EM","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tottoli EM, Dorati R, Genta I, Chiesa E, Pisani S, Conti B. Skin wound healing process and new emerging technologies for skin wound care and regeneration. Pharmaceutics. 2020, 12:735. 10.3390\/pharmaceutics12080735","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"ref67","article-title":"New technologies for the treatment of peripheral artery disease","author":"Topfer LA","year":"2018","unstructured":"Topfer LA, Spry C. New technologies for the treatment of peripheral artery disease. CADTH Issues in Emerging Health Technologies. Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health, Ottawa (ON); 2018."},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/193229680800200301","article-title":"Personalized medicine for diabetes","volume":"2","author":"Klonoff DC","year":"2008","unstructured":"Klonoff DC. Personalized medicine for diabetes. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2008, 2:335-41. 10.1177\/193229680800200301","journal-title":"J Diabetes Sci Technol"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.121.319984","article-title":"Bioengineering human tissues and the future of vascular replacement","volume":"131","author":"Naegeli KM","year":"2022","unstructured":"Naegeli KM, Kural MH, Li Y, Wang J, Hugentobler EA, Niklason LE. Bioengineering human tissues and the future of vascular replacement. Circ Res. 2022, 131:109-26. 10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.121.319984","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.25122\/jml-2019-0006","article-title":"Telemonitoring in diabetes: evolution of concepts and technologies, with a focus on results of the more recent studies","volume":"12","author":"Andr\u00e8s E","year":"2019","unstructured":"Andr\u00e8s E, Meyer L, Zulfiqar AA, et al.. Telemonitoring in diabetes: evolution of concepts and technologies, with a focus on results of the more recent studies. J Med Life. 2019, 12:203-14. 10.25122\/jml-2019-0006","journal-title":"J Med Life"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13047-023-00645-9","article-title":"The experiences of health workers using telehealth services for diabetes-related foot complications: a qualitative exploration","volume":"16","author":"Graham K","year":"2023","unstructured":"Graham K, Siatis CM, Gunn KM, Ong E, Loughry C, McMillan N, Fitridge R. The experiences of health workers using telehealth services for diabetes-related foot complications: a qualitative exploration. J Foot Ankle Res. 2023, 16:47. 10.1186\/s13047-023-00645-9","journal-title":"J Foot Ankle Res"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/tmj.2015.0029","article-title":"The empirical evidence for the telemedicine intervention in diabetes management","volume":"21","author":"Bashshur RL","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bashshur RL, Shannon GW, Smith BR, Woodward MA. The empirical evidence for the telemedicine intervention in diabetes management. Telemed J E Health. 2015, 21:321-54. 10.1089\/tmj.2015.0029","journal-title":"Telemed J E Health"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/31837","article-title":"Impact of electronic health record interoperability on telehealth service outcomes","volume":"10","author":"Zhang X","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang X, Saltman R. Impact of electronic health record interoperability on telehealth service outcomes. JMIR Med Inform. 2022, 10:e31837. 10.2196\/31837","journal-title":"JMIR Med Inform"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.13680","article-title":"Diabetes-related lower-extremity complications are a leading cause of the global burden of disability","author":"Lazzarini PA","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lazzarini PA, Pacella RE, Armstrong DG, van Netten JJ. Diabetes-related lower-extremity complications are a leading cause of the global burden of disability. Diabet Med. 2018, 10.1111\/dme.13680","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2018.01.005","article-title":"Multidisciplinary coordinated care for type 2 diabetes: a qualitative analysis of patient perspectives","volume":"12","author":"Berkowitz SA","year":"2018","unstructured":"Berkowitz SA, Eisenstat SA, Barnard LS, Wexler DJ. Multidisciplinary coordinated care for type 2 diabetes: a qualitative analysis of patient perspectives. Prim Care Diabetes. 2018, 12:218-23. 10.1016\/j.pcd.2018.01.005","journal-title":"Prim Care Diabetes"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-021-06183-z","article-title":"Collaborative care model for diabetes in primary care settings in Qatar: a qualitative exploration among healthcare professionals and patients who experienced the service","volume":"21","author":"Abdulrhim S","year":"2021","unstructured":"Abdulrhim S, Sankaralingam S, Ibrahim MI, et al.. Collaborative care model for diabetes in primary care settings in Qatar: a qualitative exploration among healthcare professionals and patients who experienced the service. BMC Health Serv Res. 2021, 21:192. 10.1186\/s12913-021-06183-z","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2019.08.244","article-title":"A systematic review of multidisciplinary teams to reduce major amputations for patients with diabetic foot ulcers","volume":"71","author":"Musuuza J","year":"2020","unstructured":"Musuuza J, Sutherland BL, Kurter S, Balasubramanian P, Bartels CM, Brennan MB. A systematic review of multidisciplinary teams to reduce major amputations for patients with diabetic foot ulcers. J Vasc Surg. 2020, 71:1433-46.e3. 10.1016\/j.jvs.2019.08.244","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241814404","article-title":"Hepatocellular carcinoma prevention in the era of hepatitis c elimination","volume":"24","author":"Lazarus JV","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lazarus JV, Picchio CA, Colombo M. Hepatocellular carcinoma prevention in the era of hepatitis c elimination. Int J Mol Sci. 2023, 24:14404. 10.3390\/ijms241814404","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-60761-685-6_5","article-title":"Role of biomarkers in health care","author":"Jain KK","year":"2010","unstructured":"Jain KK. Role of biomarkers in health care. The Handbook of Biomarkers. 2010, 115-88. 10.1007\/978-1-60761-685-6_5","journal-title":"The Handbook of Biomarkers"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/medinform.4514","article-title":"The impact of information technology on patient engagement and health behavior change: a systematic review of the literature","volume":"4","author":"Sawesi S","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sawesi S, Rashrash M, Phalakornkule K, Carpenter JS, Jones JF. The impact of information technology on patient engagement and health behavior change: a systematic review of the literature. JMIR Med Inform. 2016, 4:e1. 10.2196\/medinform.4514","journal-title":"JMIR Med Inform"},{"key":"ref81","article-title":"The root causes of health inequity","year":"2017","unstructured":"The root causes of health inequity. Communities in Action. Pathways to Health Equity. Baciu A, Negussie Y, Geller A, et al. (ed): National Academies Press, Washington, D.C.; 2017."},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11121-015-0610-7","article-title":"Planning for long-term follow-up: strategies learned from longitudinal studies","volume":"17","author":"Hill KG","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hill KG, Woodward D, Woelfel T, Hawkins JD, Green S. Planning for long-term follow-up: strategies learned from longitudinal studies. Prev Sci. 2016, 17:806-18. 10.1007\/s11121-015-0610-7","journal-title":"Prev Sci"},{"key":"ref83","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness analysis","author":"Thomas R","year":"2016","unstructured":"Thomas R, Chalkidou K. Cost-effectiveness analysis. Health System Efficiency: How to Make Measurement Matter for Policy and Management. Cylus J, Papanicolas I, Smith PC (ed): European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies, Copenhagen (Denmark); 2016."}],"container-title":["Cureus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/198242-a-comprehensive-review-of-the-vascular-consequences-of-diabetes-in-the-lower-extremities-current-approaches-to-management-and-evaluation-of-clinical-outcomes","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,9]],"date-time":"2024-02-09T20:12:05Z","timestamp":1707509525000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/198242-a-comprehensive-review-of-the-vascular-consequences-of-diabetes-in-the-lower-extremities-current-approaches-to-management-and-evaluation-of-clinical-outcomes"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,23]]},"references-count":83,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.47525","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-8184"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-8184","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,23]]}}}